“Public Knowledge” or “Science” in John M. Ziman

Öz

The goal of science is to understand not to gather data or to get at formulas. Traditional philosophies of sciences have made attempts to keep the irrational, psychological, sociological and philosophical elements out of science and to reject them; whereas, the most important thing is to take into consideration these dimensions of science. Scientific knowledge, which is produced by men of letters, is never ever objective. Science is done by men of science for the sake of human beings; thus preconceived ideas are always dominant in science and so science is validated not by sound logic but by personal judgments. Science is also subject to the material interests, historical experience, cultural traditions and social relations of scientist doing it

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Irrational elements,scientific knowledge,objective,preconceived ideas,cultural traditions,social relations

JOHN M. ZIMAN’DA “KAMUSAL BİLGİ” YA DA “BİLİM”

Öz

Bilimin amacı anlamadır; veri toplamak ya da formül bulmak değildir. Geleneksel bilim felsefeleri bilimdeki usdışı, psikolojik, sosyolojik ve felsefi unsurları bilimden uzaklaştırmaya ve ayıklamaya çabalamışlardır; halbuki asıl olan bilimdeki bu boyutların da hesaba katılmasıdır. Bilimsel bilgi, onu üretenler insanlar oldukları için hiç mi hiç nesnel değildir. Bilim insanlar tarafından insanlar için yapılır; şu halde, bilimde peşin hükümler her zaman söz konusudur ve bilim sağın mantıkla değil kişisel yargıla da bulunularak geçerli kılınır. Bilim maddi çıkarlara, tarihsel deneyime, kültürel geleneklere ve onu yapanların toplumsal ilişkilerine de tabidir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Usdışı unsurlar,bilimsel bilgi,nesnel,peşin hükümler,kültürel gelenekler,toplumsal ilişkiler

Kaynakça

1. BOCHENSKI, J.M. The Methods of Contemporary Thought, New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1968
2. ZIMAN, J.M., Real Science, what it is and what it means, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, s.102.
3. BOCHENSKI, J.M. Çağdaş Düşünme Yöntemleri, (Çev. Talip kabadayı- Mustafa Irmak), Ankara: BilgeSu Yayıncılık, 2008
4. BRODY, Baruch A. (Ed.). Readings in The Philosophy of Science, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1970
5. KABADAYI, Talip. “Kuramdan Bağımsız Gözlem ve Deney Dili
6. Olanaklı mıdır?” FLSF Dergisi, Sayı-2, Güz, ss.29-43, 2006
7. KABADAYI, Talip. “'Bilim' Tasarımlarının Kısa Tarihi”, FLSF Dergisi, Sayı-3, Bahar, ss. 1.-26, 2007
8. KABADAYI, Talip. “The Second Verificationists”, EJER, 7, 29, ss. 35- 43, 2007

9. KABADAYI, Talip. “Larry Laudan'da ‘Araştırma Gelenekleri’nin Yöntembilgisi”, FLSF Dergisi, Sayı-5, Bahar, s. 7-34, 2008
10. KUHN, Thomas S. The Structure Of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1970
11. KUHN, Thomas S. The Essential Tension, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1977
12. LAUDAN, Larry. Progress and Its Problems, Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth, London and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977
13. LAUDAN, Larry. Science and Hypothesis, London: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1981
14. LAUDAN, Larry. Science and Values, The Aims of Science and Their Role in Scientific Debate, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984
15. LAUDAN, Larry. Beyond Positivism and Relativism, Theory, Method and Evidence, Boulder: Westview Press, 1996
16. O’HEAR, Anthony. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990
17. ZIMAN, J.M., Public Knowledge, an essay concerning the social dimension of science, London: Cambridge University Press, 1968
18. ZIMAN, J.M., Reliable Knowledge, an exploration of the grounds for belief in science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978
19. ZIMAN, J.M., Teaching and Learning about Science and Society, London: Cambridge University Press, 1980
20. ZIMAN, J.M., An Introduction to Science Studies, the philosophical and social aspects of science and technology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984
21. ZIMAN, J.M., Prometheus Bound, science in a dynamic steady state, Cambridge University Press, 1994
22. ZIMAN, J.M., Real Science, what it is and what it means, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000