GÖÇ YÖNETİŞİMİNDE ALGORİTMİK SİSTEMLER VE YAPAY ZEKÂ: TEMEL HAKLAR AÇISINDAN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Öz

Arka plan: Teknolojik ilerleme toplumun tüm kesimlerine eşit ulaşmamakta, en müdahaleci denetimler ise çoğunlukla en savunmasız gruplar üzerinde uygulanmaktadır. Göç yönetişimi, yapay zekâ ve algoritmik sistemlerin sınır kontrollerinden iltica başvurularına kadar yaygın biçimde kullanılmasıyla bu eğilimin en belirgin örneklerinden birini oluşturmaktadır. İdari süreçleri hızlandırmayı amaçlayan bu sistemler, göçmenler üzerinde yoğun bir denetim kurarak temel haklara doğrudan etki etmektedir. Amaç: Bu çalışma, göç yönetişiminde yapay zekâ ve algoritmik sistem kullanımının ayrımcılık yasağı, çocuğun üstün yararı ilkesi ve hak arama özgürlüğü bakımından doğurduğu hukuki sonuçları incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: Araştırma, insan hakları hukuku perspektifinden yürütülen doküman incelemesine dayalı normatif ve karşılaştırmalı bir hukuk çalışmasıdır. Betimsel ve analitik model çerçevesinde, AB Yapay Zekâ Tüzüğü başta olmak üzere birincil hukuk kaynakları ile akademik literatür incelenmiş; elde edilen veriler sistematik ve normatif analiz yöntemleriyle değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Yapay zekâ ve algoritmik sistemlerin, önyargılı veri setleri nedeniyle ayrımcılığı teknik tarafsızlık görünümü altında yeniden ürettiği belirlenmiştir. Özellikle yüz tanıma sistemlerinde etnik köken, yaş ve cinsiyetin kesiştiği gruplarda hata oranlarının arttığı görülmüştür. Biyometrik veri toplama yaşının altıya indirilmesi, çocukların birer güvenlik riski olarak değerlendirilmesine yol açmakta ve çocuğun üstün yararı ilkesiyle çelişmektedir. Ayrıca algoritmik karar mekanizmalarının opak yapısı, kararların gerekçelerinin denetlenmesini güçleştirerek hak arama özgürlüğünü zayıflatmaktadır. Sonuç: Göç yönetişimindeki algoritmik dönüşüm, hukuk devleti ilkeleri açısından önemli riskler barındırmaktadır. Yapay zekâ sistemlerinin ayrımcılığı önleyecek, şeffaflığı sağlayacak ve insan denetimini güvence altına alacak biçimde tasarlanması; çocuk haklarının korunması ve bağımsız etki değerlendirmelerinin zorunlu hâle getirilmesi, temel hakların etkin biçimde korunması açısından gereklidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Göç yönetişimi
• Yapay zekâ
• Ayrımcılık yasağı
• Çocuğun üstün yararı
• Hak Arama özgürlüğü.

ALGORITHMIC SYSTEMS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MIGRATION GOVERNANCE: A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ASSESSMENT

Öz

Background: Technological advancement does not benefit all segments of society equally and the most intrusive surveillance practices are often imposed on the most vulnerable groups. Migration governance has become a key area in which artificial intelligence (AI) and algorithmic systems are increasingly used, from border control to asylum procedures. Although these technologies are intended to improve administrative efficiency, they may intensify surveillance and interfere with the fundamental rights of migrants. Objective: This study examines the legal implications of AI and algorithmic systems in migration governance from the perspectives of the principle of non-discrimination, the best interests of the child and the right to an effective remedy. Method: The research employs a normative and comparative legal approach based on document analysis. Using a descriptive and analytical framework, it examines primary legal sources, particularly the EU Artificial Intelligence Act, together with international human rights instruments and relevant academic literature. Findings: AI and algorithmic systems reproduce biases embedded in training datasets under the appearance of technical neutrality. Facial recognition technologies show higher error rates for groups defined by the intersection of ethnicity, age and gender. Lowering the minimum age for biometric data collection to six conflicts with the principle of the best interests of the child by treating children as potential security risks. Furthermore, the opacity of algorithmic decision-making undermines the right to an effective remedy by limiting individuals' ability to understand and challenge administrative decisions. Conclusion: The algorithmic transformation of migration governance poses significant challenges to the rule of law. AI systems should be designed to prevent discrimination, ensure transparency, and preserve meaningful human oversight. Independent impact assessments and stronger safeguards for children's rights are essential to ensuring that digital migration governance complies with international human rights standards.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Migration governance
• Artificial intelligence
• Prohibition of discrimination
• Best interests of the child
• Access to justice.

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