THE IMPORTANCE OF INSTİTUTİONALİZATİON İN THE COORDİNATİON AND MANAGEMENT OF DİGİTAL LAW ENFORCEMENT SERVİCES: THE UNİTED KİNGDOM CASE

Öz

Modern law enforcement and policing are challenged by a multitude of variables, including changing criminal activity, changing needs of society, and expectations for more effective organizations and methods. However, the main pressure on police forces to change their current practices and attitudes comes from ever-evolving information technology and digital applications. In the face of these constraints, there are various mechanisms that facilitate the adaptation of police forces, as a key actor in countries' internal security policies and governance, to the demands for change. However, the multiplicity of information sources and digital tools, as well as the need for coordination between institutions and their strategic objectives, make it difficult to build predictive policing based on effective data analysis. This situation reveals a need to strengthen institutional capacity in the coordination and management of digital law enforcement services. The study examines the response to this need through the Digital Public Service operating within the UK police forces. The institution offers a unique framework through the way it is organized and funded, as well as through its practices that guide the development of modern predictive policing.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Law enforcement forces
• modern policing
• predictive policing
• United Kingdom
• Police Digital Service

DİJİTAL KOLLUK HİZMETLERİNİN KOORDİNASYONUNDA VE YÖNETİMİNDE KURUMSALLAŞMANIN ÖNEMİ: BİRLEŞİK KRALLIK ÖRNEĞİ

Öz

Modern kolluk kuvvetleri ve polislik değişen suç eylemleri, toplumun ihtiyaçlarındaki değişim, örgütlerin ve yöntemlerin daha etkin olmasına ilişkin beklentiler gibi çok sayıda değişken tarafından sınanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, polis kuvvetlerinin mevcut uygulama ve tutumlarını değiştirmeleri yönündeki asıl baskı sürekli gelişen bilgi teknolojisi ve dijital uygulamalar üzerinden gelmektedir. Söz konusu kısıtlamalar karşısında, ülkelerin iç güvenlik politikalarının ve yönetimlerinin kilit aktörlerinden biri olan polis kuvvetlerinin değişim taleplerine karşı uyum sağlamalarını kolaylaştıran çeşitli mekanizmalar bulunmaktadır. Buna karşın gerek bilgi kaynakları ve dijital araçları arasındaki çok seslilik gerekse kurumlar ve kurumların stratejik hedefleri arasında eşgüdüm sağlanması ihtiyacı etkili veri analizlerine dayalı öngörücü bir polisliğin inşası güçleştirmektedir. Bu durum, dijital kolluk hizmetlerinin koordinasyonunda ve yönetiminde kurumsal kapasitenin güçlendirilmesi yönünde bir ihtiyacı ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Çalışma, söz konusu bu ihtiyaca verilen cevabı Birleşik Krallık polis kuvvetleri içinde faaliyet gösteren Digital Public Service kurumu üzerinden incelemektedir. Kurum gerek örgütlenme ve finanse edilme biçimi gerekse modern öngürücü polislik anlayışının geliştirilmesine rehberlik eden uygulamaları aracılığıyla özgün bir çerçeve sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kolluk kuvvetleri
• modern polislik
• öngörücü polislik
• Birleşik Krallık
• Police Digital Service

Kaynakça

1. Afzal, M. ve Panagiotopoulos, P. (2024). Data in policing: An integrative review. International Journal of Public Administration, 1-20, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2024.2360586.
2. Babuta, A. ve Oswald, M. (2020). Data analytics and algorithms in policing in England and Wales – Towards a new policy framework. RUSI Occasional Paper. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies.
3. Bell, I. (2023). The UK’s police digital service - Public sector future. Erişim Tarihi: 27 Aralık 2024, https://wwps.microsoft.com/episodes/police-digital-service-uk.
4. Brayne, S. (2017). Big data surveillance: The case of policing. American Sociological Review, 82(5), 977-1008, doi: 10.1177/0003122417725865.
5. Byrne, J. ve Hummer, D. (2017). Technology, innovation and twenty-first-century policing. M. R. McGuire ve T. Holt (Ed.), The routledge handbook of technology, crime and justice (ss. 375-389). London: Routledge.
6. Chan, J. (2021). The future of AI in policing - Exploring the sociotechnical imaginaries. J. L. M. McDaniel ve K. G. Pease (Ed.), Predictive policing and artificial intelligence (ss. 41-57). New York: Routledge.
7. Donnelly, C. (2024). What do the home secretary’s policing reforms mean for the future of the Police Digital Service? Erişim Tarihi: 20 Aralık 2024, https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366616935/What-do-the-Home-Secretarys-policing-reforms-mean-for-the-future-of-the-Police-Digital-Service.
8. Feeney, M. K. ve Mughan, S. (2024). Policing, technology, and public values: A public administration research agenda. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 1-15, doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvae011.

9. Frenkel, O. (2024). Crime analysis software: A key tool for modern policing. Erişim Tarihi: 18 Aralık 2024, https://www.cognyte.com/blog/crime-analysis-software/.
10. Hamilton, M. (2021). Predictive policing through risk assessment. J. L. M. McDaniel ve K. G. Pease (Ed.), Predictive policing and artificial intelligence (ss. 58-78). New York: Routledge.
11. Lee, J. (2023). Revolutionizing law enforcement data analytics with advanced AI. Erişim Tarihi: 20 Aralık 2024, https://www.police1.com/police-products/investigation/investigative-software/articles/revolutionizing-law-enforcement-data-analytics-with-advanced-ai-rRpAEaXQe7Cp7iS3/.
12. Lee, Y., Bradford, B. ve Posch, K. (2024). The effectiveness of big data-driven predictive policing: Systematic review. Justice Evaluation Journal, 7(2), 127-160, doi: 10.1080/24751979.2024.2371781.
13. Marlio, W. M. ve Pickles, C. (2016). The future of public services: digital policing. London: Reform.
14. McDaniel, J. L. M. ve Pease, K. G. (2021). Introduction. J. L. M. McDaniel ve K. G. Pease (Ed.), Predictive policing and artificial intelligence (ss. 1-38). New York: Routledge.
15. Meijer, A. ve Wessels, M. (2019). Predictive policing: Review of benefits and drawbacks. International Journal of Public Administration, 42(12), 1031-1039, doi: 10.1080/01900692.2019.1575664.
16. National Police Chiefs’ Council (NPCC) ve Association of Police and Crime Commissioners (APCC) (2020). National policing digital strategy – Digital, data and technology strategy 2020-2030. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Aralık 2024, https://pds.police.uk/national-policing-digital-strategy-2020/.
17. National Police Chiefs’ Council (NPCC) (2025a). Investing in tech would free up 15 million hours of police time. Erişim Tarihi: 14 Temmuz 2025, https://news.npcc.police.uk/releases/better-investing-in-science-and-technology-would-free-up-15-million-hours-of-police-time.
18. National Police Chiefs’ Council (NPCC) (2025b). National policing digital strategy 2025-2030. Erişim Tarihi: 14 Temmuz 2025, https://pds.police.uk/national-policing-digital-strategy/.
19. Police Digital Service (2022). Annual report 2022/2023. Erişim Tarihi: 15 Aralık 2024, https://pds.police.uk/about-us/publications/.
20. Police Digital Service (2023). Annual report 2023/2024. Erişim Tarihi: 15 Aralık 2024, https://pds.police.uk/about-us/publications/.
21. Police Digital Service (2024). Annual report 2023/2024. Erişim Tarihi: 18 Aralık 2024, https://pds.police.uk/about-us/publications/.
22. Police Digital Service (t.y.). About us. Erişim Tarihi: 21 Aralık 2024, https://pds.police.uk/about-us/.
23. Police Digital Service (t.y.). Our history. Erişim Tarihi: 25 Aralık 2024, https://pds.police.uk/about-us/our-history/.
24. Police Digital Service (2025). Police Digital Service’s TecSAFE technology supported thousands of vulnerable people in the UK. Erişim Tarihi: 14 Temmuz 2025, https://pds.police.uk/police-digital-services-tecsafe-technology-supported-thousands-of-vulnerable-people-in-the-uk/.
25. Richards, P., Roberts, D. ve Britton, M. (2021). Decision- making - Using technology to enhance learning in police officers. J. L. M. McDaniel ve K. G. Pease (Ed.), Predictive policing and artificial intelligence (ss. 269-288). New York: Routledge.
26. Stenström, A. (2023) Partnership policing and the dynamics of administrative growth. Policing and Society, 33(9-10), 1051-1065, doi: 10.1080/10439463.2023.2239427.
27. Tyworth, M. (2011). Policing and technology. The Information Society, 27(1), 63-67, doi: 10.1080/01972243.2011.534371.
28. Usluer, E. (t.y.). Kırık cam teorisi. Erişim Tarihi: 25 Aralık 2024, https://epsikolog.com/yazi/kirik-cam-teorisi.
29. Wessels, B. (2007). Inside the digital revolution - Policing and changing communication with the public. England: Ashgate Publishing Limited.