KİŞİLİK ÖZELLİKLERİ VE RİSKLİ SÜRÜCÜLÜK: BİR DERLEME ÇALIŞMASI

Öz

Dünya genelinde ölüm nedenleri arasında her yıl gittikçe daha yüksek sıralarda yer alan trafik kazaları ciddi bir halk sağlığı meselesidir. Trafik kazalarını önleyebilmek için öncelikle bu sorunu anlamak ve açıklayabilmek gerekir. Trafik kazalarının nedenleri arasında en önemlisi insan faktörüdür ve sürücülük becerileri ile davranışları olmak üzere iki ana başlıkta incelenir. Sürücülük tarzı, kişinin belli sürücülük becerileri düzeyiyle ne yapmayı seçtiği ile ilgilidir ve kişilik özelliklerinden etkilenir. Bu çalışmanın amacı riskli sürücülük tarzını açıklamayı hedefleyen çalışmalarda incelenen kişilik özelliklerini tanıtmak ve bu çalışmaların bulgularını bir araya getirmektir. Bu kapsamda, trafik psikolojisi yazınında incelenen beş faktörlü kişilik modeli, treyt öfke, heyecan arama, dürtüsellik, Karanlık Üçlü kişilik özellikleri ve kontrol odağı değişkenlerinin riskli sürücülükle ilişkilerini araştıran alanyazın bu derleme çalışmasında özetlenerek sunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kişilik Özellikleri
• Riskli Sürücülük
• Derleme

PERSONALITY TRAITS AND RISK DRIVING: A REVIEW

Öz

Traffic accidents, increasingly ranking among the leading causes of death worldwide, pose a serious public health issue. To be able to prevent road traffic accidents, this problem should be understood and explained first. The most significant cause of traffic accidents is the human factors in driving and it entails driving skills and behaviors. Driving style is related to what the driver chooses to do with a specific skill level and it is known that driving style is influenced by personality traits. The aim of the present study is to introduce the personality traits that are examined in the studies trying to explain risky driving style and compile the findings of these studies. In this realm, the associations of the personality variables examined in the traffic psychology literature- namely five factor model of personality, trait anger, sensation seeking, impulsivity, Dark Triad personality traits and locus of control- with risky driving are presented in the current review study.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Personality Traits
• Risky Driving
• Review

Kaynakça

1. Akbari, M., Lankarani, K. B., Heydari, S. T., Motevalian, S. A., Tabrizi, R., Asadi-Shekari, Z., & Sullman, M. J. M. (2019). Meta-analysis of the correlation between personality characteristics and risky driving behaviors. Journal of Injury Violence Research, 11, 107-122.
2. Arnett, J. (1994). Sensation Seeking: A new conceptualization and a new scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 289-296.
3. Arthur, W., Barrett, G. V., & Alexander, R. A. (1991). Prediction of vehicular accident involvement: A meta-analysis. Human Performance, 4, 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup0402_1.
4. Arthur, W., & Doverspike, D. (1992). Locus of control and auditory selective attention as predictors of driving accident involvement: A comparative longitudinal investigation. Journal of Safety Research, 23, 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4375(92)90023-3.
5. Arthur, W., & Graziano, W. G. (1996). The five-factor model, concscientiousness, and driving accident involvement. Journal of Personality, 64, 593-618.
6. Averill, J. R. (1982). Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion. New York: Springer/Verlag.
7. Ball, L., Tully, R., & Egan, V. (2018). The influence of impulsivity and the Dark Triad on self-reported aggressive driving behaviours. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 120, 130-138.
8. Bıçaksız, P., & Özkan, T. (2016a). Impulsivity and driver behaviors, offences and accident involvement: A systematic review. Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour, 38, 194-223. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.06.001

9. Bıçaksız, P. (2019). Karanlık üçlü kişilik özellikleri ve sürücü davranışları arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Trafik ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 66-77.
10. Bıçaksız, P., & Özkan, T. (2016b). Developing the Impulsive Driver Behavior Scale. Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour, 43, 339-356. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.09.005
11. Bogdan, S. R., Mairean, C., & Havârneanu, C. E. (2016). A meta-analysis of the association between anger and aggressive driving. Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour,X, X-X.
12. Burtăverde, V., Chraif, M., Aniţei, M., & Mihăil, T. (2016). The incremental validity of the dark triad in predicting driving aggression. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 96, 1-11.
13. Caci,H., Nadalet, L., Baylé, F. J., Robert, P., & Boyer, P. (2003). Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: Contribution to the construct validity. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 107 (1), 34-40.
14. Clarke, S., & Robertson, I. T. (2005). A meta-analytic review of the Big Five personality factors and accident involvement in occupational and non-occupational settings. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 355-376.
15. Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The NEO Personality Inventory manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL.
16. Craske, S. (1968). A study of the relationship between personality and accident history. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 41, 399-404.
17. Dahlen, E.R., Edwards, B.D., Tubré, T., Zyphur, M.J., Warren, C.R., (2012). Taking a look behind the wheel: an investigation into the personality predictors of aggressive driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 45, 1–9.
18. Deffenbacher, J. L. (2016). A review of interventions for the reduction of driving anger. Transportation Research Part F, 42, 411-421
19. Deffenbacher, J. L., Deffenbacher, D. M., Lynch, R. S. ve Richards, T. L. (2003). Anger, aggression, and risky behav¬ior: a comparison of high and low anger drivers. Behav¬iour Research and Therapy, 41, 701-718.
20. Deffenbacher, J.L., Huff, M.E., Lynch, R.S., Oetting, E.R., Salvatore, N.F. (2000). Characteristics and treatment of high-anger drivers. Journal of Counseling Psychology 47, 5–17, doi:10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.5.
21. Deffenbacher, J.L., Lynch, R.S., Oetting, E.R., Swaim, R.C. (2002). The Driving Anger
22. Expression Inventory: A measure of how people express their anger on the road. Behaviour Research and Therapy 40, 717–737, doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00063-8.
23. Eysenck, H. J. (1970). The personality of drivers and pedestrians. Medicine, Science and the Law, 3, 416–423.
24. Eysenck, H.J. (1983) A biometrical-genetical analysis of perception of traffic signs and driver violations and accidents. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 11, 125–127.
25. Eysenck. H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1968). Manual for the Eysenck Personality Inventory. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
26. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
27. Deffenbacher, J.L., Lynch, R.S., Oetting, E.R., Yingling, D.A., (2001). Driving anger: Correlates and a test of state-trait theory. Personality and Individual Differences 31, 1321–1331, doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00226-9.
28. Deffenbacher, J.L., Oetting, E.R., Lynch, R.S., (1994). Development of a driving anger scale. Psychological Reports 74, 83–91.
29. Demir, B., Demir, S., & Özkan, T. (2016). A contextual model of driving anger: a meta-analysis. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 42, 332-349.
30. De Wit, H. (2009). Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: A review of underlying processes. Addiction Biology, 14, 22-31. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00129.x
31. Dickman, S. J. (1990). Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: personality and cognitive correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 95–102.
32. Endriulaitiene, A., Šeibokaite, L., Zardeckaite-Matulaitiene, K., Markšaityte, R., & Slavinskiene, J. (2018). Attitudes towards risky driving and Dark Triad personality traits in a group of learner drivers. Transportation Research Part F, 56, 362-370.
33. Eşiyok, B., Yasak, Y., & Korkusuz, İ. (2007). Trafikte Öfke İfadesi: Sürücü Öfke İfadesi Envanteri’nin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 18(3), 231-243.
34. Evans, L. (1996). Comments: The dominant role of driver behavior in traffic safety. American Journal of Public Health, 86(6), 784-786.
35. Goldberg, L.R., 1993. The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist 48, 26–34, doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.26.
36. Guastello, S. J., & Guastello, D. D. (1986). The relation between locus of construct and involvement in traffic accidents. The Journal of Psychology, 120(3), 293–297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1986.10545255.
37. Hammond, T. B., & Horswill, M. S. (2002). The influence of desire for control on drivers’ risk-taking behavior. Transportation Research Part F, 4, 271–277.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1369-8478(01)00028-6.
38. Horswill, M. S., & McKenna, F. P. (1999). The effect of perceived control on risk taking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(2), 377–391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01392.x.
39. Horvarth, P., & Zuckerman, M. (1993). Sensation seeking, risk appraisal, and risky behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 41-52.
40. Iversen, H., & Rundmo, T. (2002). Personality, risky driving and accident involvement among Norwegian drivers. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1251–1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00010-7.
41. Izard, C. E. (1994). Innate and univerdal facial expression – evidence from developmental and cross-cultural research. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 288-299.
42. Jakobwitz, S., & Egan, V. (2006). The dark triad and normal personality traits. Personality & Individual Differences, 40(2), 331–339.
43. Jonah, B. A. (1997). Sensation seeking and risky driving: A review and synthesis of the literature. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 29, 651-665.
44. Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3) a brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21, 28–41.
45. Kassinove, H., & Tafrate, R. C. (2006). Anger-related disorders: Basic issues, models and diagnostic considerations. In E. L. Feindler (Ed.), Anger-related disorders (pp. 1–27). New York: Springer.
46. Klonowicz, T. (2001). Discontented people: Reactivity of locus of control as determinants of subjective well-being. European Journal of Personality, 15 (1), 29-47.
47. Lajunen, T., & Summala, H. (1995). Driving experience, personality, and skill and safety-motive dimensions in drivers‟ self-assessments. Personality & Individual Differences, 19(3), 307–318.
48. Lemarié, L., Bellavance, F., & Chebat, J. (2019). Regulatory focus, time perspective, locus of control and sensation seeking as predictors of risky driving behaviors. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 127, 19-27.
49. Levenson, H. (1981). Differentiating among internality, powerful others, and chance.In H. M. Lefcourt (Ed.), Research with the locus of control construct (Vol. 1, pp. 15-63). New York: Academic Press.
50. Loo, R. (1979). Role of primary personality factors in the perception of traffic signs and driver violations and accidents. Accident Prevention and Analysis, 17, 449-460.
51. Malesza, M., & Ostaszewski, P. (2016). The utility of the Dark Triad model in the prediction of the self-reported and behavioral risk-taking behaviors among adolescents. Personality & Individual Differences, 90, 7–11.
52. Mayer, R. E., & Treat, J. R. (1977). Psychological, social and cognitive characteristics of high-risk drivers: A pilot study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 9, 1–8.
53. Montag, I., & Comrey, A. L. (1987). Internality and externality as correlates of involvement in fatal driving accidents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 339–343.
54. Monteiro, R. P., Coelho, G. L. H., Hanel, P. H. P., Pimentel, C. E., & Gouveia, V. V. (2018). Personality, dangerous driving, and involvement in accidents: Testing a contextual mediated model. Transportation Research Part F, 58, 106-114.
55. Monterosso, J., & Ainslie, G. (1999). Beyond discounting: possible experimental models of impulse control. Psychopharmacology, 146, 339-347.
56. Morf, C.C. & Rhodewalt, F. (2001), Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A Dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 177-196.
57. Nȁȁtȁnen, R., & Summala, H. (1976). Road User Behavior and Traffic Accidents. North-Holland/American Elsevier: Amsterdam/New York.
58. Nesbit, S. M., Conger, J. C., & Conger, A. J. (2007). A quantitative review of the relationship between anger and aggressive driving. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12, 156-176.
59. Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2005a). A new addition to DBQ: Positive driver behaviour scale. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 8, 355–368. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2005.04.018
60. Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2005b). Multidimensional Traffic Locus of Control Scale (T-LOC): factor structure and relationship to risky driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 533-545.
61. Paaver, M., Eensoo, D., Kaasik, K., Vaht, M., Mäestu, J., & Harro, J. (2013). Preventing risky driving: A novel and efficient brief intervention focusing on acknowledgement of personal risk factors. Accident analysis and Prevention, 50, 430-437
62. Paulhus, D. L. & Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556-563.
63. Petrosky, M. J., & Birkimer, J. C. (1991). The relationship among locus of control, coping styles, and psychological symptom reporting. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 336-345.
64. Plutchik, R. (1994). The psychology and biology of emotion. New York: Harper-Collins.
65. Reason, J. T., Manstead, A., Stradling, S. G., Baxter, J., & Campbell, K. (1990). Errors and violations on the road – A real distinction. Ergonomics, 33(10/11), 1315–1332.
66. Reeve, C. L. (2007). Functional impulsivity and speeded ability test performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 15(1), 56-62.
67. Reknes, I., Visockaite, G., Liefooghe, A., Lovakov, A., ve Einarsen, S. V. (2019). Locus of control moderates the relationship between exposure to bullying behaviors and psychological strain. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01323
68. Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal vs. external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1-28.
69. Sarma, K. M., Carey, R. N., Kervick, A. A., & Bimpeh, Y. (2013). Psychological factors associated with indices of risky, reckless and cautious driving in a national sample of drivers in the Republic of Ireland. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 50, 1226–1235.
70. Selzer, M. L., Rogers, J. E., & Kern, S. (1968). Fatal accidents: The role of psychopathology, social stress and acute disturbance. American Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 1028–1036.
71. Spielberger, C.D., (1988). State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL.
72. Sümer, N. (2003). Personality and behavioral predictors of traffic accidents: Testing a contextual mediated model. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 35, 949-964.
73. Sümer, N., Lajunen, T., & Özkan, T. (2005). Big five personality traits as the distal predictors of road accident involvement. (Ed.) G. Underwood. Ch. 18, Traffic and Transport Psychology. Elsevier Ltd.
74. Sümer, N., & Özkan, T. (2002). Sürücü davranışları, becerileri, bazı kişilik özellikleri ve psikolojik belirtilerin trafik kazalarındaki rolleri. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 17 (50), 1-22.
75. Warner, H. W., Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2010). Can the traffic locus of control (T-LOC) scale be successfully used to predict Swedish drivers’ speeding behaviour? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42, 1113–1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.12.025.
76. Whiteside, S. P., & Lynam, D. R. (2001). The Five Factor Model and impulsivity: using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 669-689.
77. World Health Organization (2008). World health statistics 2008. Retrieved from: www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2008/en/index.html
78. Word Health Organization (2014) The 10 Leading Causes of Death in the World, 2000 and 2012, retrieved from; http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en
79. World Health Organization (2018). “Global status report on road safety 2018” retrieved from https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2018/en/
80. Yasak, Y., & Eşiyok, B. (2009). Anger amongst Turkish drivers: Driving Anger Scale and its adapted, long and its adapted, long and short version. Safety Science, 47(1), 138–144.
81. Yasak Y., Eşiyok B., Başbulut A. Z., & Korkusuz, I. (2005) Trafikte öfke: Sürücü Öfke Ölçeği’nin (SÖÖ) geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Trafik ve Yol Güvenliği 3. Ulusal Kongresi, 4-6 Mayıs, Gazi Üniv. Ankara.
82. Zhang, T., & Chan, A. H. S. (2016). The association between driving anger and driving outcomes: A meta-analysis of evidence from the past twenty years. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 90, 50-62.
83. Zuckerman, M. (1994). Behavioral Expressions and Biosocial bases of Sensation Seeking. University of Cambridge Press, Cambridge
84. Zuckerman, M., Kolin, I., Price, L. and Zoob, I. (1964) Development of a sensation seeking scale. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 28, 477–482.