İç mekân donatı elemanlarında biyo-esaslı malzeme kullanımı

Öz

Bu çalışmada iç mekân donatı elemanlarında kullanılabilecek biyo-esaslı malzemelerin kullanım alanlarına alternatif öneriler getirilmesi ve bu malzemelerin bilinirliliğine katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, iç mekân donatı elemanlarında kullanılan biyo-esaslı malzemelerin tasarım ve üretim aşamaları detaylı olarak incelenerek örneklerle açıklanmıştır. Çalışmada tarımsal atıklardan, deniz kaynaklı atıklarından ve canlı organizmalardan üretilen biyo-esaslı malzemelerin, iç mekân donatılarından; mobilya, döşeme ve yüzey kaplama malzemesi olarak kullanımı ele alınmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında literatürde yer alan ilgili makaleler, tezler, kitaplar ve çevrimiçi kaynaklarından faydalanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak tarımsal ve deniz kaynaklı doğal atıklardan ve canlı organizmalardan üretilen biyo-esaslı malzemelerin iç mekân kullanımına uygun olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Biyo-esaslı malzemelerin ulaşılabilir, uygulanabilir ve estetik değere sahip olduğu, üretim sürecinde ise harcanan enerjiyi ve hammadde ihtiyacını azaltacağı görülmüştür. Biyo-esaslı malzemeler üzerine yapılan çalışmaların büyük oranda tasarım araştırmaları kategorisinde yoğunlaştığı, bu nedenle mevcut üretim teknolojilerinde köklü değişiklikler yaratmadığı anlaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyo-esaslı malzemeler
• İç mekân
• Tasarım
• Çevresel problemler
• Atık malzemeler
• Canlı organizmalar

Usage of bio-based materials in indoor members

Abstract

In this paper, it was aimed to bring alternative suggestions to the usage areas of bio-based materials used in interior reinforcement elements and to contribute to the awareness of these materials. In this regard, the design and production stages of bio-based materials used in interior members were examined in detail and explained with examples. In the study, bio-based materials produced from agricultural wastes, marine wastes, and living organisms, indoor equipment; their use as furniture, flooring, and surface coating material was discussed. Within the scope of the study, relevant articles, theses, books and online resources in the literature were used. As a result, it was understood that bio-based materials produced from agricultural and marine natural wastes and living organisms are suitable for indoor use. It was observed that bio-based materials are accessible, applicable and have aesthetic value, and will reduce the energy consumed and the need for raw materials in the production process. It was understood that studies on bio-based materials are mostly concentrated in the category of design researches, therefore, they do not create essential changes in existing production technologies.

Keywords

• Bio-based materials
• Interior
• Design
• Environmental problems
• Waste materials
• Living organisms

Kaynakça

1. A circular economy, (2020, May). How Reishi could bring fashion closer to circularity. Mycoworks. Erişim adresi (10 Şubat 2022): https://www.mycoworks.com/how-reishi-could-bring-fashion-closer-to-circularity
2. Ak, D. (2020, 23 Şubat). Biyo-esaslı malzeme nedir? Medium. Erişim adresi (11 Ocak 2020): https://medium.com/@denizak/Biyo-esaslı malzeme-nedir-a3138e2869f6
3. Alvarado Teyssier, R., Escobedo Garrido, J., Aceves Ruiz, E., Morales Jimenez, J., & Mora Perez, M. (2021). La cadena de valor de la hoja de maiz (Totomoxtle) en el Valle de Puebla, Mexico. Agricultura Sociedad Y Desarrollo, 17(4), 583-602. Erişim adresi (9 Şubat 2022): https://doi.org/10.22231/asyd.v17i4.1393
4. Ataç, A. (2019). Mimarlıkta biyomalzemelerin kullanını: Sıkıştırılmış toprak blokların performansının mikorizal mantar kullanılarak geliştirilmesi (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Programlar Enstitüsü, İstanbul
5. Attias, N. (2016). Biological materials - Cabinets of curiosities. B. B. Yael Eylat Van-Essen (Ed.), Life object - merging biology & Architecture (pn. 123-130). Quebec: Sternthal Books, Inc. Montreal.
6. Attias, N., Danai, O., Tarazi, E. & Grobman, Y. J. (2017). Developing novel applications of mycelium based bio-composite materials for architecture and design. Building with bio-based materials: Best practice and performance specification. September 6th-7th. Zagreb, Croatia.
7. Bezirhan Arıkan, E., Bilgen, H. D. (2019), Production of bioplastic from potato peel waste and investigation of its biodegradability. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal 03(02). Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iarej/article/420633
8. Biorenewables Dewelopment Centre, (t.y.). Parblex: from food waste to bioplastics. European regional development funding. Erişim adres (12 Aralık 2020): http://www.biorenewables.org/casestudy/parblex-food-waste-bioplastics/

9. Boyer, M. (2014, 25 June). Philip Ross Molds Fast-Growing Fungi Into Mushroom Building Bricks That Are Stronger than Concrete. Inhabitat. Erişim adresi (19 Mart 2021): https://inhabitat.com/phillip-ross-molds-fast-growing-fungi-into-mushroom-building-bricks-that-are-stronger-than-concrete/
10. Bozkurt, G., (2016, 6 Eylül). Biyobuzumur polimerler. Kimyasal gelişmeler. Erişim adresi (11 Mart2021): http://www.kimyasalgelismeler.com/sektorler/polimer-ve-plastik-teknolojisi/biyobozunur-polimerler.html
11. Campbell, S., David, C., Wood, D., Achim, M., 2017. Modular mycelia- scaling fungal growth for architectural assembly. In: Benjamin Spaeth, W.J. (Ed.), The Virtual and the Physical ECAADe RIS 2017: Welsh School of Architecture. Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom, pp. 125e134.
12. Chino, M., (2014, 14 November). These Elegant Cascade Pendant Lights are Actually Made From Mushrooms. Inhabitat. Erişim adres (18 Şubat 2021): https://inhabitat.com/these-elegant-cascade-pendant-lights-are-actually-made-from-mushrooms/
13. Cooke, L., (2016a, 12 February). Furniture grown from bacteria and mushrooms is now available for purchase. Inhabitat. Erişim adresi (17 Mart 2021): https://inhabitat.com/furniture-grown-from-bacteria-and-mushrooms-is-now-available-for-purchase/ecovative-biomason-mushroom-furniture/
14. Cooke, L., (2016b, 12 February). Furniture grown from bacteria and mushrooms is now available for purchase. Inhabitat. Erişim adresi (17 Mart 2021): https://inhabitat.com/furniture-grown-from-bacteria-and-mushrooms-is-now-available-for-purchase/
15. Crook, L., (2020, 28 August). Sea Stone is a concrete-like material made from shells. Dezeen. Erişim adresi (12 Aralık 2020): https://www.dezeen.com/2020/08/28/sea-stone-newtab-22-design-shells-materials/?li_source=LI&li_medium=bottom_block_1
16. Dahmen, J., 2017. Soft futures: mushrooms and regenerative design. J. Archit. Educ. 71, 57e64. https://doi.org/10.1080/10464883.2017.1260927
17. Dfordesign, (2019, 30 Agust). Biomaterials in design: London design fair 2019 preview. Dfordesign. Erişim adresi (13 Şubat 2021): https://dfordesign.style/blog/biomaterials-in-design-london-design-fair-2019-preview
18. Düzgün, E. (2017). Günümüz tasarım anlayışında iç mekân donatısı olarak mobilyanın biçim-İşlev-Malzeme yönünden değerlendirilmesi (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul. Erişim adresi: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=l0fS0bCUj93YTmqCt-o7nA&no=nICvtKLFkSxR7uiPzQX1wA
19. Ecovative design, (t.y.). We grow materials. Ecovativedesign. Erişim adres (18 Şubat 2021): https://ecovativedesign.com/
20. Fricker, M., Boddy, L. & Bebber, D. (2007). Biology of the Fungal Cell. Springer Publications.
21. Gönülkırmaz, Ö., (t.y.). Geri dönüşebilen patatesler. Basaksehir-Livinglab. Erişim adresi (11 Aralık 2020): http://basaksehir-livinglab.com/BLL/wp-Content/uploads/2016/01/Geri_D%C3%B6n%C3%BC%C5%9Febilen_PatateslerPanBiyoteknoloji.pdf
22. Hahn, J., (2020, 22 August). Tômtex is a leather alternative made from waste seafood shells and coffee grounds. Dezeen. Erişim adresi (18 Aralık 2020): https://www.dezeen.com/2020/08/22/tomtex-leather-alternative-biomaterial-seafood-shells-coffee/?li_source=LI&li_medium=bottom_block_1
23. Hitti, N., (2019, 22 February). Shellworks turns discarded lobster shells into recyclable bioplastic objects. Dezeen. Erişim adresi (7 Ocak 2021): https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/22/shellworks-bioplastic-lobster-shell-design/
24. Jones, M., Huynh, T., Dekiwadia, C., Daver, F. & John. S. (2017). Mycelium composites: A review of engineering characteristics and growth kinetics. Journal of Bionanoscience, 11(4): 241257.
25. Karana, E., Blauwhoff, D., Hultink, E. J., & Camere, S. (2018). When the material grows: A case study on designing (with) mycelium-based materials. International Journal of Design, 12(2). Erişim adresi: http://www.ijdesign.org/index.php/IJDesign/article/view/2918/823
26. Laposse, F. (t.y.). Totomoxtle. Erişim adresi (26 Aralık 2020): https://www.fernandolaposse.com/projects/totomoxtle/
27. Laposse, F., (t.y.). Totomoxtle. Fernandolaposse Erişim adresi (16 Şubat 2021): https://www.fernandolaposse.com/projects/totomoxtle/
28. Markström, E., Bystedt, A., Fredriksson, M., & Sandberg, D., (2016). Use of bio-based building materials: perceptions of Swedish architects and contractors. In Forest Products Society International Convention: 26/06/2016-29/06/2016. Forest Products Society, Portland, Oregon, USA
29. Material District, (2014, 17 October). Palmleather. Erişim adresi (18 Aralık 2020): https://materialdistrict.com/material/palmleather/ https://inhabitat.com/dutch-designer-creates-leather-alternative-from-palm-leaves/
30. MaterialDistrict, (2014, 17 October). Palmleather. MaterialDistrict Erişim adresi (19 Aralık 2020): https://materialdistrict.com/material/palmleather/
31. Mayoral Gonz alez, E., Gonzalez Díez, I., Mayoral Gonz alez, E., Gonz alez Díez, I., 2016. Bacterial Induced Cementation Processes and Mycelium Panel Growth from Agricultural Waste, Key Engineering Materials. Trans Tech Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.663.42.
32. Mecc Interiors, (2020, 20 April). Unique palm leather design options. Erişim adresi (18 Aralık 2020): https://meccinteriors.com/designbites/unique-palm-leather-design-options/
33. Meriç, D. (2019). Sürdürülebilir yaklaşımlara bir örnek olarak biyoesaslı malzemelerin tekstil ve moda tasarımı alanlarında kullanımı. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(2), 111-121.
34. Mycoform, (t.y.). Multi-curved mycelium mushroom structure. Terreform. Erişim adresi (15 Ocak 2021): https://terreform.org/projects
35. Newtab-22, (t.y.). Material ‘Sea Stone’. Newtab-22. Erişim adresi (27 Aralık 2020): https://www.newtab-22.com/concept
36. Ozen E, Yildirim N, Dalkilic, B, Ergun M.E. (2021) Effects of microcrystalline cellulose on some performance properties of chitosan aerogels. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol 23
37. Pelletier, M.G.G., Holt, G.A.A., Wanjura, J.D.D., Bayer, E., McIntyre, G., 2013. An evaluation study of mycelium based acoustic absorbers grown on agricultural by-product substrates. Ind. Crops Prod. 51, 480e485. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.indcrop.2013.09.008.
38. Pinnock, O. (2019). 5 Innovative Fashion MaterialsMade From Food By-Products. Erişim Adresi (17 Şubat 2022): https://www.forbes.com/sites/oliviapinnock/2019/01/23/5-innovative-fashion-materials-made-from-food-byproducts/#19e277e55749
39. Scherer, D. (t.y.). Exercises in root system domestication. Dianascherer. Erişim adresi (15 Mart 2021): http://dianascherer.nl/
40. Studio Tjeerd Veenhoven, (2011). Palm leather. Erişim adresi (26 Aralık 2020): https://www.tjeerdveenhoven.com/portfolio_page/palm-leather/
41. Tomtex, (t.y.). What if we can use waste as raw material? Erişim Adresi (26 Aralık 2020): https://www.tomtex.co/our-story
42. Turgay, O. ve Altuncu, D. (2011). İç mekânda kullanılan yapay aydınlatmanın kullanıcı açısından etkileri. Çankaya University Journal of Science and Engineering, Volume 8(1). Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/cankujse/issue/33205/369900
43. Yoneda, Y., (2014, 29 June). First Ever Mushroom Tower Sprouts at MoMA PS1 in New York. Inhabitat. Erişim adresi (18 Mart 2021): https://inhabitat.com/worlds-first-tower-made-from-mushrooms-takes-root-at-moma-ps1-in-new-york/
44. Zavaleta Lopez, K. P. (2017). Munecas de hoja de maiz (Totomoxtle). Interconectando Saberes, (3), 85–92. Erişim adresi (5 Şubat 2022): https://is.uv.mx/index.php/IS/article/view/2535
45. Zimmer, L. (2014, 10 May). 3D-Printed Mycelium Chair Sprouts Living Mushrooms! Inhabitat. Erişim adresi (19 Mart 2021): https://inhabitat.com/3d-printed-mycelium-chair-sprouts-living-mushrooms/