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ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIGNATURE OF EASTERN EUROPEAN TURKISH HISTORY: BONE TRANSFORMATION AND DEFORMATION

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 12, 311 - 330, 20.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1484857

Öz

Bones and skeletons are important in archaeological studies in terms of providing information about society and the individual. Deformations on bones are caused by various reasons such as accidents, diseases, congenital anomalies, traumatic injuries, treatments, deliberate shaping, and ritualistic actions. Regardless of their purpose or the cause of the deformation, they provide clues about the lifestyle and culture of the society. In this context, they have an important place in archaeological excavations. Deformations on bone are evaluated under two main headings as unintentional and intentional deformations. Unintentional bone deformations are the deformations caused by physical activities in daily life, injuries or various diseases. These types of deformations are not specific to any particular society or geography and can be seen in every community. They are important in providing information about the parts of the skeleton where these deformations are present and their frequency of occurrence. Intentional deformations are deformations made for certain purposes. One of the most distinctive features between these deformations and unintentional deformations is that they occur as a result of medical treatment or during rituals. In this deliberate shaping process, some applications have been carried out to ensure the permanence of the deformation. Intentional bone deformations are deformations made especially on the skull. The shaping of the skull using objects such as bandages, wood and cloth refers to the tradition of cranial shaping. Another example of intentional skull deformation is trepanation. This is not only a therapeutic surgical procedure, but also a symbolic ritualistic one. The tradition of intentional cranial deformation and trepanation has been practiced by many societies for different purposes throughout history. This tradition, which is known to have existed in Turkestan, was also practiced by the Turkish kaganates living in Eastern Europe.

Although pathological analyses on bone cannot provide a clear view of the types and patterns of deformations on bone, they allow for predictions. In this context, this situation, which allows us to comment on the conditions of the period centuries before today, is also valid for the Turks who dominated the Eastern European geography. In our study, we aim to provide information about the deformations present on the bone, whether intentional or unintentional. In addition, we will try to give examples of what these deformations are, for what reasons they may have been made, and with which practices they may have been realized, through archaeological finds in the Turkish kaganates in Eastern Europe. On the other hand, taking into account the regions where unintentional deformations are concentrated on the bones, the daily lives, physical behaviors, diseases and traumatic conditions of the Eastern European Turks are the basis of our study. In the case of intentional deformations, the examples and cultural traces of the tradition of skull shaping and trepanations in Eastern European Turkish history will be given through archaeological finds. In this context, it is important to consider the presence of unintentional or intentional deformations on bone as an archaeological signature in the Turks as a whole.

Kaynakça

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DOĞU AVRUPA TÜRK TARİHİNİN ARKEOLOJİK İMZASI: KEMİK DÖNÜŞÜMÜ VE DEFORMASYONU

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 12, 311 - 330, 20.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1484857

Öz

Kemik ve iskeletler arkeolojik çalışmalarda toplum ve birey açısından birtakım bilgilere ulaşma noktasında önem arz etmektedirler. Kemik üzerindeki deformasyonlar ve dönüşümler kazalar, hastalıklar, doğuştan gelen anomaliler, travmatik yaralanmalar, tedaviler, kasıtlı yapılan şekillendirmeler, ritüel amacı taşıyan eylemler gibi çeşitli sebepler dolayısıyla oluşmaktadır. Yapılma amacı ya da deformasyonun sebebi ne olursa olsun toplumun yaşam tarzı ve kültürüne dair ipucu niteliğindedirler. Bu bağlamda kemikler yapılan arkeolojik kazılarda da önemli bir yere sahiptirler. Kemik üzerindeki değişimler kasıtlı ve kasıtlı olmayan değişimler olarak iki ana başlık altında değerlendirilmektedir. Kasıtlı olmayan kemik deformasyonları kemik üzerinde kişinin günlük yaşamındaki fiziksel aktivitelerinin, yaralanmaların ya da çeşitli hastalıkların yarattığı deformasyonları oluşturmaktadır. Bu tür deformasyonlar herhangi bir topluma ya da coğrafyaya özgü olmayan her toplulukta farklı türlerinin görülebileceği deformasyonlardır. Bu deformasyonlar iskelet üzerinde mevcut olduğu kısımlar ve görülme sıklığı açısından bilgi verme noktasında önemlidirler. Kasıtlı deformasyonlar ya da dönüşümler ise birtakım amaçlarla yapılan uygulamalardır. Bu tür uygulamaların tıbbi tedavi amacıyla ya da ritüeller sırasında yapılan uygulamalar sonucunda oluşması kasıtlı olmayan deformasyonlar ile aralarındaki en belirgin özelliklerdendir. Bilinçli olarak yapılan şekillendirme işleminde deformasyonun kalıcılığını sağlamak için bazı uygulamalar gerçekleştirilir. Kafatası üzerinde yapılan uygulamalar kasıtlı kemik değişiminin büyük bir kısmını oluştururlar. Kasıtlı kemik değişiminin ilk türü kafatasının şekillendirilmesi usulüne dayanır. Bu uygulamada kafatasının bandaj, tahta, bez gibi nesneler kullanılarak geri döndürülemez şekilde şekillendirmesi esastır. Kasıtlı kafatası deformasyonun bir diğer örneği ise trepanasyondur. Bu uygulama tedavi amacıyla yapılan cerrahi işlem olmasının yanı sıra ritüel amacı taşıyan sembolik bir işlem de olduğu kabul edilir. Kasıtlı kafatası (cranial) şekillendirme geleneği ve trepanasyon tarihi süreç içerisinde birçok toplum tarafından değişik amaçlarla uygulanmış bir gelenektir. Türkistan sahasında da varlığını bildiğimiz bu gelenek Doğu Avrupa coğrafyasında yaşayan Türk kağanlıkları tarafından da uygulanmıştır.

Kemik üzerinde yapılan patolojik analizler kemik üzerindeki deformasyonların türlerine ve oluş şekillerine dair net bir görüş sağlayamasa da öngörü yapmaya olanak tanımaktadır. Bu bağlamda günümüzden yüzyıllar öncesi dönemin koşullarına dair yorum yapmayı sağlayan bu durum yüzyıllar boyu Doğu Avrupa coğrafyasına hâkimiyet kurmuş Türkler için de geçerlidir. Çalışmamızda kasıtlı ya da kasıtsız fark etmeksizin kemik üzerinde mevcut olan deformasyonlara ve değişimlere dair bilgi vermeyi amaçlamaktayız. Ayrıca bu deformasyonların ve değişimlerin neler olduğu, hangi sebeplerle yapılmış olduğu, hangi uygulamalarla gerçekleştirilmiş olabileceğini Doğu Avrupa’daki Türk kağanlıklarındaki örneklerini arkeolojik buluntular üzerinden vermeye çalışacağız. Öte yandan kasıtlı olmayan deformasyonların kemikler üzerinde yoğunlaştığı bölgeleri dikkate alarak Doğu Avrupa Türklerinin gündelik yaşamları, fizikî davranışları, sahip oldukları hastalıkları, travmatik durumlarının tespiti de çalışmamızın temelini oluşturmaktadır. Kasıtlı dönüşüm ve deformasyonlarda ise özellikle kafatası şekillendirme geleneği ve trepanasyonların Doğu Avrupa Türk tarihindeki örnekleri, kültürel izleri de arkeolojik buluntular üzerinden verilecektir. Bu bağlamda kemik üzerindeki kasıtlı olmayan ya da kasıtlı deformasyonların/dönüşümlerin arkeolojik imza olarak Türklerdeki varlığının bir bütün halinde ele alınması önem arz etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • ANDREİCA (SZİLAGYİ), Luminița, “The Anthropological Analysis of the Graves from the Late Avar Age from Nădlac”, Archaeologia Bulgarica, S. 20, 2016, ss. 77-86.
  • BERECZKİ, Zsolt, MOLNÁR, Erika, MARCSİK, Antónia, “Rare Types of Trephination from Hungary Shed New Light on Possible Cross-cultural Connections in the Carpathian Basin”, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, C. 25, S. 3, 2013, ss. 322-333.
  • BERECZKİ, Zsolt, MOLNÁR, Erika, MARCSİK, Antónia, PÁLFİ, György, “Evidence of Surgical Trephinations in Infants from the 7th-9th Centuries AD Burial Site of Kiskundorozsma-Kettôshatár”, Acta Biologica Szegediensis, C. 54, S. 2, 2010, ss. 93-98.
  • BERECZKİ, Zsolt, VÀRADİ, Orsolya Anna, MOLNÀR, Erika, “Possible Signs of Ritual Healing Observed in the 7-8th C. AD Avar Age Site of Csaszarszallashanzely Tanya (Mrt 10. 385. 4/21. Lh.)”, The Talking Dead New Results from Central-and Eastern european Osteoarchaeology, Proceedings of the First International Conference of the Torok Aurel Anthropological Association from Târgu Mureş”, ed. Szilàrd Sàndor Gàl, 13-15 November 2015, ss. 19-28.
  • BERTHON, William, BAİLLİF-DUCROS, Christèle, FUKA, Matthew, DJUKİC, Ksenija, “Horse Riding and the Lower Lims”, Behaviour in Our Bones How Human Behaviour Influences Skeletal Morphology, ed. Cara Stella Hirst, Rebecca J. Gilmour, Kimberly A.Plomp, vd., Elsevier, Netherlands 2023, ss. 219-253.
  • BUZHİLOVA, Alexandra, “Probable Cases of Tuberculosis in Early Medieval Pastoralists of Eastern Europe”, Tuberculosis, C. 143, 2023, ss. 1-6.
  • BÜHLER, Birgit, KİRCHENGAST, Sylvia, “A Life on Horseback? Prevalance and Correlation of Metric and Non-metric Traits of the “Horse-riding Syndrome” in an Avar Population (7th-8th century AD) in Eastern Austria”, Anthropological Review, C. 85, S. 3, 2022, ss. 67-81.
  • CARİĆ, Mario, ZAGORC, Brina, LOŽNJAK DİZDAR, Daria, PAPEŠA, Anita Rapan, RIMPF, Andrea, ČAVKA, Mislav, JANKOVİĆ, Ivor, NOVAK, Mario, “Bioarchaeology of the Late Avar Population from Šarengrad–Klopare: Preliminary Results”, Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu, C. 36, 2019, ss. 161-180.
  • CZÉKUS, Géza, “Presentation of the Trepanned Skull Labelled MO-90, Found in the Avar Cemetery on the Territory of Settlements Ómoravica-Kopláló in Serbia”, International Journal Morphology, C. 36, S. 1, 2018, ss. 243-247.
  • ENCHEV, Yavor, NEDELKOV Grigoriy, ATANASSOVA-TIMEVA, Nadezhda, JORDANOV, Jordan, “Paleoneurosurgical Aspects of Proto-Bulgarian Artificial Skull Deformations”, Neurosurg Focus, C. 29, S. 6, 2010, ss. 1-7.
  • FRÎNCULEASA, Alin, SİMALCSİK, Angela, PETRUNEAC, Marta, FOCŞĂNEANU, Marin, SÎRBU, Robert, FRÎNCULEASA, Mădălina Nicoleta, “From the Eurasian Steppe to the Lower Danube: the Tradition of Intentional Cranial Deformation during the Bronze Age”, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, C. 15, S. 8, 2023, ss. 1-17.
  • GÁLL, Erwin, At the Periphery of the Avar Core Region, L’Harmattan Publishing, Paris-Budapest 2017.
  • GİLMOUR, Rebecca J., MANSUKOSKİ, Liina, SCHRADER, Sarah, “Injury, Disease, and Recovery: Skeletal Adaptations to Immobility and Impairment”, Behaviour in Our Bones How Human Behaviour Influences Skeletal Morphology, ed. Cara Stella Hirst, Rebecca J. Gilmour, Kimberly A.Plomp, vd., Elsevier, Netherlands 2023, ss. 281-307.
  • GÖKSAL, Nevin, “Trepanation Practices in diffirent Geographies and Cultures”, Current Debates in Anthropology& Archaeology, C. 14, ed. Vahdet Özkoçak, IJOPEC Publication, İstanbul-London 2018, ss. 11-21.
  • GRİGOROV, Valeri, RUSSEVA, Victoria, ATANASSOVA, Nadezhda, “Graves from The Palace Centre-East Site: an Attempt at Ethnic Cultural Identification of Burials Intra Muros in Pliska”, Contributions to Bulgarian Archaeology, C. 12, 2022, ss. 101-146.
  • HAKENBECK, Susanne, “‘Hunnic’ Modified Skulls: Physical Appearance, Identity and the Transformative Nature of Migrations”, Mortuary Practices and Social Identities in the Middle Ages: Essays in Burial Archaeology in Honour of Heinrich Härke, University of Exeter Press 2009, ss. 64-80.
  • HAKENBECK, Susanne, “Infant Head Shaping in Eurasia in the First Millennium Ad”, The Oxford Handbook of The Archaeology of Childhood, ed. Sally Crawford, Dawn M. Hadley, Gillian Shepherd, Oxford University Press, UK 2018, ss. 483-504.
  • HOLOD, Reneta, RASSAMAKİN, Yuriy, “Imported and Native Remedies for a Wounded “Prince”: Grave Goods from the Chungul Kurgan in the Black Sea Steppe of the Thirteenth Century”, Medieval Encounters, C. 18, S. 4-5, 2012, ss.339-381.
  • ILGIN, Fatma Aysel, Avarlar Avrupa’da 250 yıllık Hakimiyetin İzleri, İdeal Kültür Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2023.
  • KİRÁLY, Kitty, VÁRADİ, Orsolya Anna, KİS, Luca, NAGY, Réka, ELEKES, Gréta, BUKVA, Mátyás, TİHANYİ, Balázs, SPEKKER, Olga, MARCSİK, Antónia, MOLNÁR, Erika, PÁLFİ, György, BERECZKİ, Zsolt, “New Insights in the Investigation of Trepanations from the Carpathian Basin”, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, C. 14, S. 75, 2022, ss. 1-17.
  • KRİVOSHAPKİN, Alexey L., CHİKİSHEVA, Tatiana A., ZUBOVA Alisa V., KURBATOV, Vladislav P., TİTOV, Anatoli T., VOLKOV, Pavel V., “Scythian Trepanations in the Gorny Altai in Hippocratic Times: Modern Expert Appraisal of Ancient Surgical Technologies”, World Neurosurgery, C. 82, S. 5, 2014, ss. 649-655.
  • LÁSZLÓ, Orsolya, “Detailed Analysis of a Trepanation from the Late Avar Period (Turn of the 7th–8th Centuries—811) and Its Significance in the Anthropological Material of the Carpathian Basin”, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, C. 26, S. 2, 2014, ss. 359-365.
  • LİPTÁK, Pál, “Anthropological Analysis of the Avar-Period Population of Szekszárd-Palánkpusta”, Acta Biologica Szeged, C. 20, 1974, ss. 199-211.
  • MARCSİK, Antónia, BALÀZS, János, MOLNÁR, Erika, “Anthropological Analysis of an Avar Age Cemetery from the Duna-Tisza Interfluve (Hajós-Cifrahegy)”, The Talking Dead New Results from Central-and Eastern European Osteoarchaeology, Proceedings of the First International Conference of the Torok Aurel Anthropological Association from Târgu Mureş”, ed. Szilàrd Sàndor Gàl, 13-15 November 2015, ss. 65-78.
  • MARCSİK, Antόnia, “Comparative Evaluation of Pathological Avar Findings from Excavations Between the Dan
  • ube and Tisza Rivers”, Acta Biologica Szeged, C. 24, S. 1-4, 1978, ss. 143-150.
  • MAYALL, Peter, PİLBROW, Varsha, “A Review of the Practice of Intentional Cranial Modification in Eurasia during the Migration Period (4th-7th c AD)”, Journal of Archaeological Science, C. 105, 2019, ss. 19-30.
  • MAYALL, Peter, PİLBROW, Varsha, Bitadze, Liana, “Migrating Huns and Modified Heads: Eigenshape Analysis Comparing Intentionally Modified Crania from Hungary and Georgia in the Migration Period of Europe”, Plos One, C. 12, S. 2, 2017, ss. 1-23.
  • MEDNİKOVA, Mariya Borisovna, “Fenomen Kulturnoy Deformatsii Golovı:Yevraziyskiy Kontekst”, Opus: Mezdistsiplinarnyye İssledovaniya v Arheologii, C. 5, 2006, ss. 206-229.
  • MİLADİNOVİĆ-RADMİLOVİĆ, Nataša, “Artificial Cranial Deformation”, Journal of Serbian Archaeological Society, C. 28, 2012, ss. 301-312.
  • MOLNÁR, Mónika, JÁNOS, István, SZŰCS, László, SZATHMÁRY, László, “Artificially Deformed Crania from the Hun-Germanic Period (5th–6th century ad) in Northeastern Hungary: Historical and Morphological Analysis”, Neurosurg Focus, C. 36, S. 4, 2014, ss. 1-9.
  • MOLNÁR, Mónika, SZATHMÁRY, László, SZŰCS, László, SZÉLL, Róbert Ferenc, JÁNOS, István, “A Unified Descriptive Method for Analysing Artificial Cranial Deformation from a Palaeopathological Perspective”, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, C. 11, S. 10, 2019, ss. 5553-5568.
  • NİEBYLSKİ, Jakub M., DOBRZAŃSKA, Halina, SZCZEPANEK, Anita, KRZEWİŃSKA, Maja, GAN, Pawel, BARSZCZ, Marta, RODRÍGUEZ-VARELA, Ricardo, PACHON, Zoé, LİTYŃSKA-ZAJAC, Maria, MAKOWİCZ-POLİSZOT, Danuta, PANKOWSKA, Anna, RAUBA-BUKOWSKA, Anna, WASİLEWSKİ, Michał, KOZERSKA, Magdalena, URBANİK, Andrzej, WŁODARCZAK, Piotr, POPOVİĆ, Danijela, BACA, Mateusz, GÖTHERSTRÖM, Anders, “Unveiling Hunnic Legacy: Decoding Elite Presence in Poland through a Unique Child’s Burial with Modified Cranium”, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, C. 56, 2024, ss. 1-14.
  • PÁLFİ, György, “Spondylarthropathies in Avar-Age Human Remains”, Acta Biologica Szeged, C. 36, 1990, ss. 81-94.
  • PÁLFİ, György, MAİXNER, Frank, MACZEL Marta, MOLNÁR, Erika, PÓSA, Annamária, KRİSTÓF, Lilla Alida, MARCSİK, Antonia, BALÁZS, János, MASSON, Muriel, PAJA, Laszlo, PALKÓ, András, SZENTGYÖRGYİ, Reka, NERLİCH, Andreas, ZİNK, Albert, DUTOUR, Olivier, “Unusual Spinal Tuberculosis in an Avar Age Skeleton (Csongrád-Felgyő, Ürmös-tanya, Hungary): A Morphological and Biomolecular Study”, Tuberculosis, C. 95, 2015, ss. 29-34.
  • PERERVA, Evgeniy Vladimiroviç, “Trepanation in the Sarmatians of the Lower Volga Region”, Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine, C. 36, S. 3, 2020, ss. 465-475.
  • POPA, Ștefan, RĂDAC, Ionela, TOROK-OANCE, Rodica, “Anthropological analysis of five Skeletons from Sarmatian Culture Discovered in Timișoara – Freidorf (Romania)”, Current Trends in Natural Sciences”, C. 9, S. 18, 2020, ss. 20-31.
  • SCHİJMAN, Edgardo, “Artificial Cranial Deformation in Newborns in the pre-Columbian Andes”, Child’s Nervous System, C. 21, S. 11, 2005, ss. 945-950.
  • SHARAPOVA, Svetlana, “Intentional Cranial Deformation: Bioarchaeological Recognition of Social Identity in Iron Age Sargat Culture”, Tattoos and Body Modifications in Antiquity: Proceedings of the sessions at the EAA annual meetings in The Hague and Oslo, 2010/11, ed. Philippe Della Casa, Constanze Witt, Zurich Studies in Archaeology, C. 9, 2013, ss. 103-113.
  • SPEKKER, Olga, KİS, Luca, LUKÁCS, Nikoletta, PATYİ, Eszter, TİHANYİ, Balázs, “The First Probable Case with Tuberculous Meningitis from the Hun Period of the Carpathian Basin-How Diagnostics Development can Contribute to Increase Knowledge and Understanding of the Spatio-temporal Distribution of Tuberculosis in the Past”, Tuberculosis, C. 143, 2023, ss.1-5.
  • SUBLETT, Audrey J., WRAY, Charles F., “Some Examples of Accidental and Deliberate Human Skeletal Modification in the Northeast”, The Bulletin Journal of the New York State Archaeological Association, S. 50, 1970, ss. 14-26.
  • TORRES-ROUFF, Christina, YABLONSKİY, Leonid Teodoroviç, “Cranial Vault Modification as a Cultural Artifact: a Comparison of the Eurasian Steppes and the Andes”, Journal of Comparative Human Biology, S. 56, 2005, ss. 1-16.
  • ÜREN, Umut, “Doğu Avrupa’da Kafatası Şekillendirme Geleneği ve Batı Hunları”, Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, C. 4, S. 2, 2019, ss. 55-83.
  • VARGA, I, MARCSİK, Antónia, “Palaeopathological Characterization of the Skeletons of an Avar Series (Kunszállás-Fülöpjakab)”, Acta Biologica Szeged, C. 21, S. 1-4, 1975, ss. 181-192.
  • VERANO, John W., “Differential Diagnosis: Trepenation”, International Journal of Paleopathology, C. 14, 2016, ss. 1-9.
  • WENTZ, Rachel K., GRUMMOND, Nancy de, “Life on Horseback: Palaeopathology of Two Scythian Skeletons from Alexandropol, Ukraine”, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, C. 19, S. 1, 2009, ss. 107-115.
  • ZAYÇENKO, Aleksandr Anatolyeviç, “Manifestatsiya «Politiki Tela»: Iskusstvennaya Deformatsiya Çerepa”, Psikhologiya telesnosti: teoretiçeskiye i praktiçeskiye issledovaniya Sbornik statey II Mezdunarodnaya nauçno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya, 2009, ss. 113-120.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İslam Öncesi Türk Tarihi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gülay Hoştaş 0000-0001-8951-1998

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 28 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 12

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Hoştaş, Gülay. “DOĞU AVRUPA TÜRK TARİHİNİN ARKEOLOJİK İMZASI: KEMİK DÖNÜŞÜMÜ VE DEFORMASYONU”. Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 6, sy. 12 (Temmuz 2024): 311-30. https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1484857.

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