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Defining of homogeneous climate regions in Türkiye using panel clustering analysis

Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2 21 Mayıs 2026
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Defining of homogeneous climate regions in Türkiye using panel clustering analysis

Öz

We analyze Türkiye’s climate heterogeneity using annual maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), and total precipitation (Ptot) from the national station network for 1965–2022. Employing both univariate and multivariate panel clustering, we evaluate hierarchical, k-means, and PAM algorithms across k=2,…,10 and compare outcomes with seven internal validity indices. Univariate results indicate five clusters for Tmax and two clusters for both Tmin and Ptot; an eastern Black Sea high-precipitation station forms a distinct group in the precipitation analysis. The multivariate approach, which jointly considers (Tmax, Tmin, Ptot), yields two coherent clusters that summarize broad maritime/coastal versus continental/orographic regimes. We also observe indications of convergence in maximum temperatures across certain clusters. Overall, the station-level, multivariate panel framework offers a more nuanced regionalization of Türkiye’s climate and provides actionable guidance for water-resource management, agricultural planning, urban heat mitigation strategies, and climate-risk assessment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Climate variability, Homogeneous climate zones, Panel clustering analysis, Panel data analysis

Kaynakça

  1. Abadi, A. M., Rowe, C. M., & Andrade, M. (2020). Climate regionalization in Bolivia: a combination of non‐hierarchical and consensus clustering analyses based on precipitation and temperature. International Journal of Climatology, 40(10), 4408-4421. 10.1002/joc.6464
  2. Aggarwal, C. C., & Reddy, C. K. (2014). Data clustering: algorithms and applications. (1st edition). Chapman and Hall/CRC.
  3. Brock, G., Pihur, V., Datta, S., & Datta, S. (2008). clValid: An R package for cluster validation. Journal of statistical Software, 25(1), 1-22. 10.18637/jss.v025.i04
  4. Bulut, H. (2019). Türkiye'deki illerin yaşam endekslerine göre kümelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(1), 74-82. 10.19113/sdufenbed.444143
  5. Bulut, H. (2020). The construction of a composite index for general satisfaction in Turkey and the investigation of its determinants. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 71, 100811. 10.1016/j.seps.2020.100811
  6. Bulut, H. (2023). R uygulamaları ile çok değişkenli istatistiksel yöntemler (2nd edition). Nobel Academic Publishing.
  7. Deniz, Z. A., Gönençgil, B., & Mestav, B. (2016). Türkiye Ekstrem Sıcaklıklarının Kümeleme Analizine Göre Değerlendirilmesi. International Geography Symposium, Ankara.
  8. Di Giuseppe, E., Jona Lasinio, G., Esposito, S., & Pasqui, M. (2013). Functional clustering for Italian climate zones identification. Theoretical and applied climatology, 114, 39-54. 10.1007/s00704-012-0801-0
  9. Dikbas, F., Firat, M., Koc, A. C., & Gungor, M. (2012). Classification of precipitation series using fuzzy cluster method. International Journal of Climatology, 32(10), 1596-1603. 10.1002/joc.2350
  10. Fovell, R. G., & Fovell, M.-Y. C. (1993). Climate zones of the conterminous United States defined using cluster analysis. Journal of climate, 6(11), 2103-2135. 10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<2103:CZOTCU>2.0.CO;2

Kaynak Göster

APA
Bulut, H., & Sözen, Ç. (2026). Defining of homogeneous climate regions in Türkiye using panel clustering analysis. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(2), 513-534. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1828013
AMA
1.Bulut H, Sözen Ç. Defining of homogeneous climate regions in Türkiye using panel clustering analysis. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;16(2):513-534. doi:10.17714/gumusfenbil.1828013
Chicago
Bulut, Hasan, ve Çağlar Sözen. 2026. “Defining of homogeneous climate regions in Türkiye using panel clustering analysis”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 16 (2): 513-34. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1828013.
EndNote
Bulut H, Sözen Ç (01 Mayıs 2026) Defining of homogeneous climate regions in Türkiye using panel clustering analysis. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 16 2 513–534.
IEEE
[1]H. Bulut ve Ç. Sözen, “Defining of homogeneous climate regions in Türkiye using panel clustering analysis”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 16, sy 2, ss. 513–534, May. 2026, doi: 10.17714/gumusfenbil.1828013.
ISNAD
Bulut, Hasan - Sözen, Çağlar. “Defining of homogeneous climate regions in Türkiye using panel clustering analysis”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 16/2 (01 Mayıs 2026): 513-534. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1828013.
JAMA
1.Bulut H, Sözen Ç. Defining of homogeneous climate regions in Türkiye using panel clustering analysis. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;16:513–534.
MLA
Bulut, Hasan, ve Çağlar Sözen. “Defining of homogeneous climate regions in Türkiye using panel clustering analysis”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 16, sy 2, Mayıs 2026, ss. 513-34, doi:10.17714/gumusfenbil.1828013.
Vancouver
1.Hasan Bulut, Çağlar Sözen. Defining of homogeneous climate regions in Türkiye using panel clustering analysis. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 01 Mayıs 2026;16(2):513-34. doi:10.17714/gumusfenbil.1828013