Araştırma Makalesi
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Sassanids and Huns: Changing Dynamics on the Eastern Frontier

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 187 - 199, 30.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.1560355

Öz

The administrative center of the Sassanid Empire, Mesopotamia, had a long history of urbanization on flat land, facilitated political centralization. The Sassanids, who spread over lands fragmented by mountains, deserts and steppes, shared their western frontier with the Roman Empire, while they encountered communities from the Turkestan steppes on their eastern frontier. Political and military responses were tried to be given to these communities according to the degree of difficulty they posed. Migrations in the 4th and 5th centuries changed the dynamics of the Sassanids in the east. Especially the arrival of the Huns in the region damaged the Sassanid dominance in the east. The constant efforts to strengthen and defend the eastern frontier and the expeditions to Khorasan, Tokharistan and Transoxiana regions seriously exhausted the Sassanid army and treasury. The first wave of Hun migration to these regions was carried out by the Chionites in the second half of the 4th century. Although the Sassanids fought against the Chionites, peace was eventually achieved through a treaty. The Chionites then participated in wars as allies of the Sassanids. However, the rise of the Kidarites, would expel the Chionites from Tokharistan, and the Alchon Huns to the south of the Hindu Kush, increased the tension at the frontier. Major defeats in the wars against the Kidarites and the occupation of Kabul by the Alchon Huns exhausted the Sassanids, leading to the end of their dominion in Tokharistan. Major defeats in the wars against the Kidarites and the occupation of Kabul by the Alchon Huns exhausted the Sassanids, leading to the end of their dominion in Tokharistan. During this period, the plundered Sassanid gold and silver coins were used to mint coins bearing the name of Kidara. With the loss of Tokharistan, the Sassanids changed their policy focus towards preventing further Hun incursions to mitigate damage. Having captured Tokharistan, the Kidarites expanded into Sogdia and aimed to control over the Silk Road trade extending to China. Lasted until the second half of the 5th century, The Kidarite dominion in Tokharistan was brought to an end by a campaign led by Yazdegerd II in 456. However, the sudden death of Yazdegerd II after the victory led to a war for the throne between his sons Hormizd III and Peroz I. The resolution of this dynastic conflict was sought through securing the support of the Hephthalites. Receiving this support, Peroz I defeated his brother and ascended to the Sassanid throne. At the end of the 5th century, the Hephthalites became a great power, conquered Tokharistan with the fall of the Kidarites and expanded towards Sogdia in alliance with the Sassanids. However, the relationship between the Sassanids and the Hephthalites did not continue in a stable and peaceful manner. In the ensuing period, Peroz I organized more than three military campaigns against the Hephthalites. Defeats and heavy taxes put the Sassanids in a difficult situation and Peroz I was killed in battle. Thus, the possibility of a complete occupation of Sassanids by the Hephthalites emerged. In this study, the wars and changing dynamics on the eastern frontier of the Sassanids with the Hun migrations in the 4th and 5th centuries are tried to be conveyed. In particular, the effects of these developments on the Sassanid Empire are evaluated.

Kaynakça

  • Agathias (1975). The Histories (J. D. Frendo, Trans.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Ammianus Marcellinus (1894). The Roman History (C. D. Yonge, Trans.). London: George Bell and Sons.
  • Baum, W. & Winkler, D. W. (2003). The Church of the East: A Concise History. London: Routledge Curzon.
  • Blockley, R. (1983). The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus, V. II. Liverpool: Francis Cairns.
  • Blockley, R. (1985). Subsidies and Diplomacy: Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity. Phoenix 39, 62-74. https://doi.org/10.2307/1088870
  • Bulliet, R. (1976). Medieval Nishapur: A Topograhic and Demographic Reconstruction. Studia Iranica, 5, 67-89.
  • Christensen, P. (2016). Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environment in the Middle East, 500 B.C.-A.D. 1500. London: Tauris.
  • Daryaee, T. (2002). Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr: A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic and History. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers.
  • Elishē (1982). History of Vardan and the Armenian War (R. W. Thomson, Trans.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Firdausī (1915). The Shāhnāma of Firdausī, V. VII (A. G. Warner and E. Warner, Trans.). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Ltd.
  • Harmatta, J. (1996). The Wall of Alexander the Great and the Limes Sasanicus. Bulletin of the Asia Institute, New Series 10, 79-84.
  • Haug, R. (2019). The Eastern Frontier Limits of Empire in Late Antique and Early Medieval Central Asia. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Gignoux, P. (1998). Les inscriptions en moyen-perse de Bandiān. Studia Iranica, 27, 251-258.
  • Gignoux, P. (2008). Le site de Bandiān revisite. Studia Iranica, 37, 163-174. https://doi.org/10.2143/SI.37.2.2034313
  • Gillman, I. & Klimkeit, H.-J. (1999). Christians in Asia before 1500. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Goffart, W. (2006). Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvanian Press.
  • Golden, P. B. (1992). An Introduction to the History the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Göbl, R. (1967). Dokumente zur geschichte der iranischen Hunnen in Baktrien und Indien. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Grenet, F. (1996). Crise et sortie de crise en Bactriane-Sogdiane aux IVe-Ve siècles: de l'héritage antique à l'adoption de modèles sassanides. In Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente and Accademia nazionale dei Lincei (Eds.), La Persia e l’Asia centrale da Alessandro al X secolo (Roma, 9-12 novembre 1994) (pp. 367-390). Rome: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
  • Grenet, F. (2005). Kidarites. In Encyclopadia Iranica, New York: The Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation.
  • John Zonaras (2009). The History of Zonaras: From Alexander Severus to the Death of Theodosious the Great (T. M. Banchich and E. N. Lane, Trans.). London: Routledge.
  • Joshua the Stylite (2000). The Chronicle of Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite. (F. R. Trombley and J. W. Watt, Trans.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Łazar P’arpec’i (1991). The History of Łazar P’arpec’i (R. W. Thomson, Trans.). Atlanta: Scholars Press.
  • Mashkour, M., Khazaeli, R., Fathi, H. vd. (2017). Animal Exploitation and Subsistence on the Borders of the Sasanian Empire: From the Gorgan Wall (Iran) to the Gates of the Alans (Georgia). In E. W. Sauer (Ed.), Sasanian Persia: Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia (pp. 74-95). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Movsēs Dasxurançı (1961). The History of the Caucasian Albanians by Movsēs Dasxurançı (C. J. F. Dowsett, Trans.). London: Oxford University Press.
  • Nerazik, E. E. (1996). Khwarizm: Part One: History and Culture of Khwarizm. In B. A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guang-da and R. Shabani Samghabadi (Eds.), In History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. III, The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750 (pp. 212-226). Paris: UNESCO.
  • Nokandeh, J., Sauer, E. W., Rekavandi, H. O. vd. (2006). Linear Barrier of Northern Iran: The Great Wall of Gorgan and the Wall of Tammishe. Iran, 44, 121-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2006.11834684
  • P’awstos, Buzand (1989). The Epic Histories Buzandaran Patmut'iwnk’ (N. G. Garsoïan, Trans.). Cambridge, Harvard University.
  • Payne, R. (2016). The Making of Turan: The Fall and Transformation of the Iranian East in Late Antiquity. Journal of Late Antiquity, 9, 4-41. https://doi.org/10.1353/jla.2016.0011
  • Potts, D. T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Procopius (1914). History of the Wars (H. B. Dewing, Trans.). London: William Heinemann.
  • Puschnigg, G. (2006). Ceramics of the Merv Oasis: Recycling the City. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
  • Rahbar, M. (1998). Decouverte d’un monument d’epoque sassanide a Bandian, Dargaz (Nord Khorassan): Fouilles 1994 et 1995. Studia Iranica, 27, 213-250. https://doi.org/10.2143/SI.27.2.2003927
  • Rahbar, M. (2008). The Discovery of a Sasanian Period Fire Temple at Bandiyān, Dargaz. In D. Kennet and P. Luft (Eds.), Current Research in Sasanian Archaeology, Art and History (pp. 15-40). Oxford: Archaeopress.
  • Rante, R. & Collinet, A. (2013). Nishapur Revisited: Stratigraphy and Ceramics of the Qohandez. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
  • Rante, R. & Raimkulov A. (2013). Les fouilles de Paykend: nouveaux éléments. Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 21/22, 237-258. Erişim adresi: http://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/1841
  • Rezakhani, K. (2017). Re Orienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Sauer, E. W., Rekavandi, H. O., Wilkinson T. J. & Nokandeh J. (2013). Persia’s Imperial Power in Late Antiquity: The Great Wall of Gorgān and Frontier Landscapes of Sasanian Iran. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
  • Scher, A. (Ed.). (1910). Histoire Nestorienne (Chronique de Seert), premiere partie, fasc. 2. Patrologia Orientalis 5, 217-344.
  • Schindel, N. (2004). Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum: Paris-Berlin-Wien: Band 3/1 Shapur II-Kawad I. 2. Regierung. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Sebêos (1999). The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos, V. I, (R. W. Thomson, Trans.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Shayegan, M. R. (2011). Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenic and Late Antique Persia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sims-Williams, N. (2007). Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan II. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Sneath, D. (2007). The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Ṭabarî, Abū Ja’far Muḥammad b. Jarîr (1999). The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen (C. E. Bosworth, Trans.). The History of al-Tabarî (Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-mulûk), V. 5. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Ṭoğay, A. H. (2023). Sasani Şahı Fîrûz ile Ak Hun Hakanı Aksungur Arasındaki Muharebeler. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 63(2), 1552-1569. https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2023.63.2.26
  • Vaissière, É. de la (2005). Sogdian Traders: A History (J. Ward, Trans.). Leiden: Brill.

Sâsânîler ve Hunlar: Doğu Sınırında Değişen Dengeler

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 187 - 199, 30.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.1560355

Öz

Sâsânîlerin idari merkezi olan Mezopotamya’nın düz bir arazide uzun bir kentleşme tarihine sahip olması, siyasî merkezileşmeyi kolaylaştırmıştır. Dağlar, çöller ve bozkırlarla parçalanmış topraklara yayılmış olan Sâsânîler, batı sınırını Roma İmparatorluğu’yla paylaşmaktayken doğu sınırında Türkistan bozkırlarından gelen topluluklarla karşılaşmışlardır. Bu topluluklara karşı oluşturdukları zorluk derecesinde siyasî ve askerî karşılıklar verilmeye çalışılmıştır. 4. ve 5. yy’larda yaşanan göçler, Sâsânîlerin doğu sınırındaki dinamiklerini değiştirmiştir. Özellikle Hunların bölgeye gelmeleri, Sâsânîlerin doğudaki hâkimiyetine zarar vermiştir. Doğu sınırını sürekli güçlendirme ve savunma çabaları, Horasan, Toharistan ve Mâverâünnehir bölgelerine düzenlenen seferler Sâsânî ordusunu ve hazinesini ciddi manada yormuştur. Bu bölgelere ilk Hun göç dalgası, 4. yy’ın ikinci yarısında Hunsular tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Her ne kadar başlarda Sâsânîler Hunsularla savaşmış olsa da sonrasında yapılan antlaşmayla barış sağlanmıştır. Hunsular, Sâsânîlerin müttefiki olarak savaşlara katılmıştır. Fakat Hunsuları, Toharistan’dan çıkartacak olan Kidara Hunlarının ve Hindukuş’un güneyinde Alkan Hunlarının yükselişi sınırdaki gerilimi arttırmıştır. Kidaralara karşı yapılan savaşlarda büyük yenilgiler alınması, Alkan Hunlarının Kabil’i işgal etmeleri Sâsânîlerin oldukça yıpranmasına ve Toharistan’daki Sâsânî hâkimiyetinin sona ermesine sebep olmuştur. Bu dönemde, yağmalanan Sâsânî altın ve gümüş sikkeleri kullanılarak Kidara adının yer aldığı sikkeler basılmıştır. Toharistan’ın elden çıkmasıyla Sâsânîler politika değişikliğine gitmişler ve Hun akınlarını önlemeye çalışarak zararı önlemeye odaklanmışlardır. Toharistan’ı ele geçiren Kidaralar, Soğdya’ya doğru genişleyerek Çin’e uzanan İpek Yolu ticareti üzerinde söz sahibi olmayı hedeflemişlerdir. 5. yy’ın ikinci yarısına kadar süren Toharistan’daki Kidara hâkimiyeti, 456 yılında II. Yezdicerd tarafından düzenlenen seferle son bulmuştur. Fakat alınan zaferle birlikte II. Yezdicerd’in ani ölümü, oğulları III. Hürmüz ile I. Fîrûz arasında taht savaşı çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Bu taht kavgasının çözümü, Akhunların desteğinin sağlanmasında aranmıştır. Bu desteği alan I. Fîrûz, kardeşini yenerek Sâsânîlerin başına geçmiştir. 5. yy’ın sonlarında büyük bir güce ulaşan Akhunlar, Kidaraların yıkılışıyla birlikte Toharistan’ı ele geçirmişler ve Sâsânîlerle ittifak halinde Soğdya’ya doğru genişlemişlerdir. Fakat Sâsânîlerle Akhunlar arasındaki ilişki, istikrarlı ve barışçıl olarak devam etmemiştir. İlerleyen süreçle I. Fîrûz, Akhunlara karşı üçten fazla askerî sefer düzenlemiştir. Alınan yenilgiler ve ağır vergiler, Sâsânîleri zor durumda bırakmakla birlikte I. Fîrûz savaşta öldürülmüştür. Böylece Sâsânîlerin Akhunlar tarafından tamamen işgal edilme ihtimali ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada, 4. ve 5.yy’larda yaşanan Hun göçleriyle birlikte Sâsânîlerin doğu sınırında vuku bulan savaşlar ve değişen dengeler aktarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Özellikle sınırdaki gelişmelerin Sâsânî İmparatorluğu üzerinde ne gibi etkiler bıraktığı değerlendirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Agathias (1975). The Histories (J. D. Frendo, Trans.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Ammianus Marcellinus (1894). The Roman History (C. D. Yonge, Trans.). London: George Bell and Sons.
  • Baum, W. & Winkler, D. W. (2003). The Church of the East: A Concise History. London: Routledge Curzon.
  • Blockley, R. (1983). The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus, V. II. Liverpool: Francis Cairns.
  • Blockley, R. (1985). Subsidies and Diplomacy: Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity. Phoenix 39, 62-74. https://doi.org/10.2307/1088870
  • Bulliet, R. (1976). Medieval Nishapur: A Topograhic and Demographic Reconstruction. Studia Iranica, 5, 67-89.
  • Christensen, P. (2016). Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environment in the Middle East, 500 B.C.-A.D. 1500. London: Tauris.
  • Daryaee, T. (2002). Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr: A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic and History. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers.
  • Elishē (1982). History of Vardan and the Armenian War (R. W. Thomson, Trans.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Firdausī (1915). The Shāhnāma of Firdausī, V. VII (A. G. Warner and E. Warner, Trans.). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Ltd.
  • Harmatta, J. (1996). The Wall of Alexander the Great and the Limes Sasanicus. Bulletin of the Asia Institute, New Series 10, 79-84.
  • Haug, R. (2019). The Eastern Frontier Limits of Empire in Late Antique and Early Medieval Central Asia. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Gignoux, P. (1998). Les inscriptions en moyen-perse de Bandiān. Studia Iranica, 27, 251-258.
  • Gignoux, P. (2008). Le site de Bandiān revisite. Studia Iranica, 37, 163-174. https://doi.org/10.2143/SI.37.2.2034313
  • Gillman, I. & Klimkeit, H.-J. (1999). Christians in Asia before 1500. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Goffart, W. (2006). Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvanian Press.
  • Golden, P. B. (1992). An Introduction to the History the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Göbl, R. (1967). Dokumente zur geschichte der iranischen Hunnen in Baktrien und Indien. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Grenet, F. (1996). Crise et sortie de crise en Bactriane-Sogdiane aux IVe-Ve siècles: de l'héritage antique à l'adoption de modèles sassanides. In Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente and Accademia nazionale dei Lincei (Eds.), La Persia e l’Asia centrale da Alessandro al X secolo (Roma, 9-12 novembre 1994) (pp. 367-390). Rome: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
  • Grenet, F. (2005). Kidarites. In Encyclopadia Iranica, New York: The Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation.
  • John Zonaras (2009). The History of Zonaras: From Alexander Severus to the Death of Theodosious the Great (T. M. Banchich and E. N. Lane, Trans.). London: Routledge.
  • Joshua the Stylite (2000). The Chronicle of Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite. (F. R. Trombley and J. W. Watt, Trans.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Łazar P’arpec’i (1991). The History of Łazar P’arpec’i (R. W. Thomson, Trans.). Atlanta: Scholars Press.
  • Mashkour, M., Khazaeli, R., Fathi, H. vd. (2017). Animal Exploitation and Subsistence on the Borders of the Sasanian Empire: From the Gorgan Wall (Iran) to the Gates of the Alans (Georgia). In E. W. Sauer (Ed.), Sasanian Persia: Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia (pp. 74-95). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Movsēs Dasxurançı (1961). The History of the Caucasian Albanians by Movsēs Dasxurançı (C. J. F. Dowsett, Trans.). London: Oxford University Press.
  • Nerazik, E. E. (1996). Khwarizm: Part One: History and Culture of Khwarizm. In B. A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guang-da and R. Shabani Samghabadi (Eds.), In History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. III, The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750 (pp. 212-226). Paris: UNESCO.
  • Nokandeh, J., Sauer, E. W., Rekavandi, H. O. vd. (2006). Linear Barrier of Northern Iran: The Great Wall of Gorgan and the Wall of Tammishe. Iran, 44, 121-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2006.11834684
  • P’awstos, Buzand (1989). The Epic Histories Buzandaran Patmut'iwnk’ (N. G. Garsoïan, Trans.). Cambridge, Harvard University.
  • Payne, R. (2016). The Making of Turan: The Fall and Transformation of the Iranian East in Late Antiquity. Journal of Late Antiquity, 9, 4-41. https://doi.org/10.1353/jla.2016.0011
  • Potts, D. T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Procopius (1914). History of the Wars (H. B. Dewing, Trans.). London: William Heinemann.
  • Puschnigg, G. (2006). Ceramics of the Merv Oasis: Recycling the City. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
  • Rahbar, M. (1998). Decouverte d’un monument d’epoque sassanide a Bandian, Dargaz (Nord Khorassan): Fouilles 1994 et 1995. Studia Iranica, 27, 213-250. https://doi.org/10.2143/SI.27.2.2003927
  • Rahbar, M. (2008). The Discovery of a Sasanian Period Fire Temple at Bandiyān, Dargaz. In D. Kennet and P. Luft (Eds.), Current Research in Sasanian Archaeology, Art and History (pp. 15-40). Oxford: Archaeopress.
  • Rante, R. & Collinet, A. (2013). Nishapur Revisited: Stratigraphy and Ceramics of the Qohandez. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
  • Rante, R. & Raimkulov A. (2013). Les fouilles de Paykend: nouveaux éléments. Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 21/22, 237-258. Erişim adresi: http://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/1841
  • Rezakhani, K. (2017). Re Orienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Sauer, E. W., Rekavandi, H. O., Wilkinson T. J. & Nokandeh J. (2013). Persia’s Imperial Power in Late Antiquity: The Great Wall of Gorgān and Frontier Landscapes of Sasanian Iran. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
  • Scher, A. (Ed.). (1910). Histoire Nestorienne (Chronique de Seert), premiere partie, fasc. 2. Patrologia Orientalis 5, 217-344.
  • Schindel, N. (2004). Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum: Paris-Berlin-Wien: Band 3/1 Shapur II-Kawad I. 2. Regierung. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Sebêos (1999). The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos, V. I, (R. W. Thomson, Trans.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Shayegan, M. R. (2011). Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenic and Late Antique Persia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sims-Williams, N. (2007). Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan II. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Sneath, D. (2007). The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Ṭabarî, Abū Ja’far Muḥammad b. Jarîr (1999). The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen (C. E. Bosworth, Trans.). The History of al-Tabarî (Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-mulûk), V. 5. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Ṭoğay, A. H. (2023). Sasani Şahı Fîrûz ile Ak Hun Hakanı Aksungur Arasındaki Muharebeler. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 63(2), 1552-1569. https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2023.63.2.26
  • Vaissière, É. de la (2005). Sogdian Traders: A History (J. Ward, Trans.). Leiden: Brill.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İslam Öncesi Türk Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hasan Aksoy 0000-0003-3161-5895

Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 23 Ocak 2025
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Nisan 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Aksoy, H. (2025). Sâsânîler ve Hunlar: Doğu Sınırında Değişen Dengeler. Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(1), 187-199. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.1560355
  Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.