Yetişkinliğe Geçiş Sürecinde Gelişimsel Bir Kriz: Çeyrek Yaşam Krizi

Öz

Yetişkinliğe geçişle ilgili kuram ve yaklaşımlar, değişen zaman ve koşullarla birlikte güncellenmektedir. Yirmi birinci yüzyılda yetişkinliğin tanımı, geleneksel yetişkin rollerine ulaşmanın yanı sıra bireylerin öznel algılarına göre de şekillenmektedir. Kariyer, eğitim ve romantik ilişki alanlarında yetişkin rollerine erişme yaşının belirgin olarak artması da yetişkinliğe geçişin daha uzun ve karmaşık bir dönem olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu dönemin beliren yetişkinlik olarak adlandırılması yaygın olarak kabul görmektedir. Beliren yetişkinlik kavramı, ergenlikten çıkmasına rağmen kendini yetişkin olarak adlandırmayan, pek çok olanağı deneme yoluyla kimlik keşfine devam eden bireyler için kullanılmaktadır. Bu dönem değişken doğası gereği belirsizlik ve istikrarsızlığı içinde barındırmaktadır. Bireyler, yaşamlarını sürdürmeleri için üstlenmeleri gereken pek çok yeni rolün getirdiği karmaşayla baş edemediklerinde kendilerini gelişimsel bir krizin içinde bulabilmektedir. Bu gelişimsel kriz, çeyrek yaşam krizi olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Çeyrek yaşam krizi, yetişkinliğe geçiş sürecinde ilişkiler, kariyer ve finans alanlarında zorlayıcı yaşam deneyimlerini içermektedir. Beliren yetişkinlik ve genç yetişkinlik dönemleri arasında bireyler, içinde olmayı artık istemedikleri yetişkin rollerine “hapsolabilir”; erişmek istedikleri yetişkin rollerinin “dışında kalabilir”. Çeyrek yaşam krizi, yetişkinliğe geçiş sürecinin zorlu doğası ve sonuçlarının anlaşılmasında önem kazanan bir kavram olarak görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada çeyrek yaşam krizine ilişkin literatür, yetişkinliğe geçiş sürecindeki yaşantılara ışık tutmak amacı ile psikolojik ve sosyolojik bağlamlarda gözden geçirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• yetişkinliğe geçiş
• beliren yetişkinlik
• gelişimsel kriz
• çeyrek yaşam krizi

A Developmental Crisis in Transition to Adulthood: Quarter-Life Crisis

Öz

Theories and approaches about the transition to adulthood have been updated with time and conditions. In the twenty-first century, the definition of adulthood has evolved to reflect individuals’ subjective perceptions while also meeting traditional adulthood markers. The significant delay in the timing of attaining adult roles in career, education, and romantic relationships may indicate that transition to adulthood is now a longer and more complex period. This period is widely accepted as emerging adulthood. The concept of emerging adulthood is used for individuals who do not call themselves an adult despite the end of adolescence, and who continue to explore their identity by trying many possibilities. This life stage is also full of uncertainty and instability due to its erratic nature. Individuals may experience a developmental crisis when they are unable to cope with the complexity of the numerous new roles they must assume in order to survive. Quarter-life crisis refers to difficult life events in relationships, career, and finance during the transition to adulthood. Between emerging adulthood and young adulthood, individuals may get "locked into" adult positions they no longer want to be in, or they may be "locked out" of adult roles they desire to achieve. Quarter-life crisis emerges as an important notion in comprehending the challenging nature and consequences of the transition to adulthood. This study reviews the literature on quarter-life crisis within psychological and sociological contexts in order to shed light on experiences during the transition to adulthood.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• transition to adulthood
• emerging adulthood
• developmental crisis
• quarter life crisis

Kaynakça

1. Akkermans, J., Richardson, J., & Kraimer, M. L. (2020). The Covid-19 crisis as a career shock: Implications for careers and vocational behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103434
2. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469
3. Arnett, J. J. (2006). Emerging adulthood: Understanding the new way of coming of age. J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century içinde (s. 3–19). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11381-001
4. Arnett, J. J. (2014). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. Oxford University Press.
5. Arnett, J. J., Žukauskienė, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18–29 years: Implications for mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 569–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7
6. Atak, H., & Çok, F. (2010). İnsan yaşamında yeni bir dönem: Beliren yetişkinlik. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 17(1), 39–50. https://journal.cogepderg.com/archives/archive-detail/article-preview/insan-yaamnda-yeni-bir-dnem-beliren-yetikinlik/27682
7. Atak, H. (2011). Gradual transition to adulthood: Is emerging adulthood the only main road?. Elementary Education Online, 10(1), 51–67. https://core.ac.uk/works/68154845
8. Atak, H., Tatlı, C. E., Çokamay, G., Büyükpabuşcu, H., & Çok, F. (2016). Yetişkinliğe geçiş: Türkiye’de demografik ölçütler bağlamında kuramsal bir gözden geçirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 8(3), 204–227. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.238184

9. Bell, D. N. F., & Blanchflower, D. G. (2020). US and UK labour markets before and during the Covid-19 crash. National Institute Economic Review, 252, R52–R69. https://doi.org/10.1017/nie.2020.14
10. Berber, K. (2022). Üniversite sonrası kariyer geçiş sürecinde çeyrek yaşam krizi. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi.
11. Berk, L. E. (2017). Physical and cognitive development in early adulthood. Exploring lifespan development içinde (s. 1212–1294). Sage Publications.
12. Baldwin, B. A. (1978). A paradigm for the classification of emotional crises: Implications for crisis intervention. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 48(3), 538–551. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1978.tb01342.x
13. Black, A. S. (2004). “Halfway between somewhere and nothing”: An exploration of the quarter-life crisis and life satisfaction among graduate students [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi Wichita State University. https://search.proquest.com/docview/305184827?accountid=165780
14. Blos, P. (1967). The second individuation process of adolescence. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 22(1), 162–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.1967.11822595
15. Bonovitz, C. (2018). All but dissertation (ABD), all but parricide (ABP): Young adulthood as a developmental period and the crisis of separation. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 35(1), 142–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/pap0000128
16. Boyd, D. R., & Bee, H. L. (2015). Early adulthood physical and cognitive changes. Lifespan development içinde (s. 343–370). Pearson.
17. Brammer, L. M. (1985). The helping relationship: Process and skills. (4. baskı). Prentice-Hall.
18. Burke, T. J., & Segrin, C. (2014). Bonded or stuck? Effects of personal and constraint commitment on loneliness and stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 101–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.027
19. Cirklová, M. J. (2020). Coping with the quarter-life crisis the buddhist way in the Czech Republic. Contemporary Buddhism, 21(1-2), 222–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2021.1929603
20. Colarusso, C. A. (1990) The third individuation. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 45(1), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.1990.11823516
21. Çağlar, A. & Çağlar, T. (2021). Türkiye gençlik araştırması. https://www.kas.de/tr/web/tuerkei/einzeltitel/-/content/tuerkiye-genclik-arast-rmasi-2021
22. Çok, F., & Atak, H. (2015). Emerging adulthood in Turkey: Does it (yet) exist? Online Journal of Counseling & Education, 4(3). 46–75. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279914729_Emerging_Adulthood_in_ Turkey_Does_it_yet_Exist
23. Daily Mail (Mart, 2018). We're having a quarter-life crisis, moan six in ten millennials https://www.pressreader.com/uk/daily-mail/20180313/282230896210528
24. Doğan, A., & Cebioğlu, S. (2011). Beliren yetişkinlik: Ergenlikten yetişkinliğe uzanan bir dönem. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 14(28), 11–21. https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/makale/TVRJMk1EYzJOZz09/beliren-yetiskinlik-ergenlikten-yetiskinlige-uzanan-bir-donem
25. Erikson, E. H. & Erikson, J. M. (1998). The life cycle completed (Extended version). W. W. Norton & Company.
26. Eurostat. (2021). Young people neither in employment nor in education and training by sex, age and labour status (NEET rates). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Statistics_on_young_people_neither_in_employment_nor_in_education_or_training
27. Facio, A., & Micocci, F. (2003). Emerging adulthood in Argentina. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2003(100), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.72
28. Guan, Y., Zhou, X., Zheng, Y., Wen, S., Fu, Y., Hu, N., Fu, A., Han, Y., & Wang, Z. (2022). Role of perceived events in university graduates' job search self-efficacy and success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 136, 103741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103741
29. Hendry, L. B., & Kloep, M. (2007). Conceptualizing emerging adulthood: Inspecting the emperor’s new clothes? Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00017.x
30. Hartmann, D., & Swartz, T. T. (2006). The new adulthood? The transition to adulthood from the perspective of transitioning young adults. Advances in Life Course Research, 11, 253–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-2608(06)11010-2
31. Hosie, R. (2017, 15 Kasım). The age you're most likely to have a quarter-life crisis. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/quarter-life-crisis-age-most-likely-job-work-relatio ships-linkedin-career-house-money-a8054616.html
32. International Labour Office (ILO). (2011). Global employment trends 2011: The challenge of a jobs recovery. https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_150440/lang--en/index.htm
33. James, R. K. (2016). Crisis intervention. J. C. Norcross, G. R. VandenBos, D. K. Freedheim, & R. Krishnamurthy (Eds.), APA handbook of clinical psychology: Applications and methods içinde (s. 387–407). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14861-020
34. James, R. K., & Gilliland, B. E. (2017). Crisis intervention strategies. Cengage Learning.
35. Jamison, T. B., & Beckmeyer, J. J. (2021). Feeling stuck: Exploring the development of felt constraint in romantic relationships. Family Relations, 70(3), 880–895. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12496
36. Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2007). Kültürel psikoloji: Kültür bağlamında insan ve aile. Evrim Yayınevi.
37. Kahn, L. B. (2010). The long-term labor market consequences of graduating from college in a bad economy. Labour Economics, 17(2), 303–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2009.09.002
38. Kanel, K. (2018). A guide to crisis intervention (6th ed.). Cengage.
39. Kins, E., Soenens, B., & Beyers, W. (2011). “Why do they have to grow up so fast?” Parental separation anxiety and emerging adults' pathology of separation‐individuation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(7), 647–664. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20786
40. Krahn, H. J., Howard, A. L., & Galambos, N. L. (2015). Exploring or floundering? The meaning of employment and educational fluctuations in emerging adulthood. Youth & Society, 47(2), 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X12459061
41. Kuther, T. L. (2019). Self, identity, and personality. ifespan development in context: A topical approach içinde (s. 800–874). Sage Publications.
42. Lechner, C. M., Tomasik, M. J., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2016). Preparing for uncertain careers: How youth deal with growing occupational uncertainties before the education-to-work transition. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 95-96(2016), 90–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.08.002
43. Levinson, D. J. (1977). The mid-life transition: A period in adult psychosocial development. Psychiatry, 40(2), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1977.11023925
44. McGee, R. E., & Thompson, N. J. (2015). Unemployment and depression among emerging adults in 12 states, behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2010. Preventing Chronic Disease, 12, 140451. http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140451
45. Montgomery, M. J., & Arnett, J. J. (2015). Erikson’s young adulthood and emerging adulthood today. Journal of Child and Youth Care Work, 25, 206–213. https://doi.org/10.5195/jcycw.2015.82
46. Morsünbül, Ü. (2013). Beliren yetişkinler mi, beliren üniversiteli yetişkinler mi? Risk alma ve kimlik biçimlenmesi üzerinden bir inceleme. İlköğretim Online, 12(3), 873–885. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ilkonline/issue/8584/106638
47. Mossakowski, K. N. (2011). Unfulfilled expectations and symptoms of depression among young adults. Social Science & Medicine, 73(5), 729–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.021
48. Murphy, M. (2011). Emerging adulthood in Ireland: Is the quarter-life crisis a common experience? [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Technological University Dublin. https://arrow.tudublin.ie/aaschssldis/35
49. Neugarten, B. L. (1979). Time, age, and the life cycle. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 136(7), 887–894. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.136.7.887
50. Newcomb-Anjo, S., Mulvihill, K., Karbainova, D., & Barker, E. T. (2022). Charting a course, weathering storms, and making lemonade: A person-centered mixed methods analysis of emotional wellbeing and dispositional strengths following university graduation. Journal of Adult Development, 29, 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-022-09394-8
51. Newman, B. M., & Newman, P. R. (2016). Psychosocial theory. Theories of Human Development içinde (s. 225–254). Psychology Press.
52. Okay-Somerville, B., & Scholarios, D. (2022). Focused for some, exploratory for others: Job search strategies and successful university-to-work transitions in the context of labor market ambiguity. Journal of Career Development, 49(1), 126–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453211016058
53. Özdoğan, H. K. (2022). Beliren yetişkinlerde ilişki doyumunun romantik yetkinlik ve çeyrek yaşam krizi açısından incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi.
54. Panchal, S., & Jackson, E. (2007). ‘Turning 30’ transitions: Generation Y hits quarter-life. The Coaching Psychologist, 3(2), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpstcp.2007.3.2.46
55. Papadopoulos, L. (2014, 20 Eylül). Quarter-life crisis: The survival guide for twentysomethings. The Times. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/quarter-life-crisis-the-survival-guide-for-twentysomethings-cd7bx6dktt3
56. Rasmussen, N. J. (2009). “Lives overpromised": The transition to adulthood and the 'quarter-life crisis' [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Massey University.
57. Reese, H. W., & Smyer, M. A. (1983). The dimensionalization of life events. E. J. Callahan & K. A. McCluskey-Fawcett (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Nonnormative life events içinde (s. 1–33). Academic Press.
58. Richardson, V., & Loughran, H. (2011). A developmental approach. H. Loughran (Ed.), Understanding crisis therapies: An integrative approach to crisis intervention and post traumatic stress içinde (s. 40–55). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
59. Robbins, A., & Wilner, A. (2001). Quarterlife crisis: The unique challenges of life in your twenties. Penguin.
60. Robinson, O. (2008). Developmental crisis in early adulthood: A composite qualitative analysis [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. University of London. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498883
61. Robinson, O. C., & Smith, J. A. (2010). Investigating the form and dynamics of crisis episodes in early adulthood: The application of a composite qualitative method. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 7(2), 170–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780880802699084
62. Robinson, O., Wright, G., & Smith, J. A. (2013). The holistic phase model of early adult crisis. Journal of Adult Development, 20(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-013-9153-y
63. Robinson, O. C. (2015). Emerging adulthood, early adulthood and quarter-life crisis: Updating Erikson for the 21st century. Rita Žukauskienė (Ed.), Emerging adulthood in a European context içinde (s. 17–30). Routledge.
64. Robinson, O. C. (2018). A longitudinal mixed-methods case study of quarter-life crisis during the post-university transition: Locked-out and locked-in forms in combination. Emerging Adulthood, 7(3), 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696818764144
65. Robinson, O. C. (2019). How to turn your quarter-life crisis into quarter-life catalyst. https://www.firstdirect.com/uncovered/heads-up/quarter-life-catalyst
66. Robinson, O.C., Cimporescu, M. & Thompson, T. (2021). Wellbeing, developmental crisis and residential status in the year after graduating from higher education: A 12-month longitudinal study. Journal of Adult Development, 28(2), 138–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-020-09361-1
67. Roisman, G. I., Masten, A. S., Coatsworth, J. D., & Tellegen, A. (2004). Salient and emerging developmental tasks in the transition to adulthood. Child Development, 75(1), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00658.x
68. Sandoval, J. (2013). Conceptualizations and principles of crisis counseling, intervention, and prevention. J. Sandoval (Ed.), Crisis counseling, intervention and prevention in the schools içinde (s. 1–18). Routledge.
69. Saraiva, L. M., & Matos, P. M. (2012). Separation-individuation of Portuguese emerging adults in relation to parents and to the romantic partner. Journal of Youth Studies, 15(4), 499–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2012.663889
70. Schneider, B., Klager, C., Chen, I. C., & Burns, J. (2016). Transitioning into adulthood: Striking a balance between support and independence. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(1), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732215624932
71. Schwartz, S. J. (2016). Turning point for a turning point: Advancing emerging adulthood theory and research. Emerging Adulthood, 4(5), 307–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815624640
72. Stalder, B. E. (2012). School-to-work transitions in apprenticeship-based VET systems: The Swiss approach. Experience of school transitions içinde (s. 123–139). Springer.
73. Standing, G. (2014). The precariat. Contexts, 13(4), 10–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536504214558209
74. Standing, G. (2018). The precariat: Today’s transformative class? Development, 61, 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41301-018-0182-5
75. Susanlı, Z. B. (2016). Understanding the NEET in Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(2), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.15604/ejef.2016.04.02.004
76. Tanner, J. L. (2006). Recentering during emerging adulthood: A critical turning point in life span human development. J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century içinde (s. 21–55). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11381-002
77. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2022a). Evlenme ve boşanma istatistikleri, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Evlenme-ve-Bosanma-Istatistikleri-2021-45568
78. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2022b). Doğum istatistikleri, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dogum-Istatistikleri-2021-45547
79. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2022c). İşgücü istatistikleri, Haziran 2022. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-Haziran-2022-45651
80. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2022d). Adrese dayalı nüfus kayıt sistemi sonuçları, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=45500
81. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2022e). İstatistiklerle gençlik, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Genclik-2021-45634
82. Vatansever, A. (2013). Prekarya geceleri: 21. yüzyıl dünyasında geleceği olmayan beyaz yakalıların rüyası. LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 1–20. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/euljss/issue/6284/84331
83. Yeler, Z. (2021). Çeyrek yaşam krizinde büyüme korkusu ve psikolojik esnekliğin rolü. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Gazi Üniversitesi.
84. Yeler, Z., Berber, K., Özdoğan, H. K., & Çok, F. (2021). Quarter life crisis among emerging adults in Turkey and its relationship with intolerance of uncertainty. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 11(61), 245–262. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpdrd/issue/63470/960767