Firik Üretim Teknikleri ve Fonksiyonel Özellikleri
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 109 - 121, 27.08.2020
Mahir Serdar Yılmaz
,
Ali Yıldırım
Öz
Türkiyede özellikle Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde sıklıkla tüketilen bir buğday ürünü olan firik bulguru, besleyici özellikleri ve son dönemde özellikle üzerinde durulan fonksiyonel karakteri ile araştırıcıların ilgisini çekmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalar firik bulgurunun, demir, lif ve zengin lutein içeriğinin yanı sıra düşük glisemik indekse sahip olduğunu ve ayrıca fruktooligosakkaritler ve bazı fonksiyonel bileşikler açısından iyi bir kaynak olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu nedenle olgunlaşmamış buğdaydan elde edilen firik bulguru, fonksiyonel gıda olarak kabul edilebilir. Bu çalışmada firik bulgurunun üretim yöntemleri, besinsel ve fonksiyonel özellikleri ve ayrıca bu konuda önceden yapılmış çalışmalar ele alınmıştır.
Kaynakça
- [1] Liyana-Pathirana, C.M. and Shahidi, F., 2007. The antioxidant potential of milling fractions from breadwheat and durum. Journal of Cereal Science, 45, 238–247.
- [2] Adom, K.K., Sorrels, M.E., and Liu, R.H., 2003. Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of wheat varieties. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 51, 7825-7834.
- [3] Edwards, W.P., 2007. The Science of Bakery Products, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.
- [4] Elgün, A. ve Ertugay, Z., 1995. Tahıl İşleme Teknolojisi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 718, Erzurum.
- [5] Anonim, 2020. http://www.durubulgur.com/bulgur/bulgur-nedir.aspx Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2020.
- [6] Fulcher, R.G. and Rooney-Duke, T.K., 2002. Whole grain structure and organization: Implications for nutritionists and processors. Whole Grains in Health and Disease, p. 9-46.
- [7] Hacıoğlu, G. ve Kurt, G., 2012. Tüketicilerin fonksiyonel gıdalara yönelik farkındalığı, kabulü ve tutumları: İzmir ili örneği. Business and Economics Research Journal, 3 (1), 161-171.
- [8] Saa, D.T., Di Silvestro, R., Dinelli, G. and Gianotti, A., 2017. Effect of sourdough fermentation and baking process severity on dietary fibre and phenolic compounds of immature wheat flour bread. LWT- Food Science and Technology, 83, 26-32.
- [9] Meral, R. and Köse, Y.E., 2019. The effect of bread-making process on the antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of enriched breads. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 11(2), 171-181.
- [10] Köksel, H., 2019. Buğday tanesinin yapısı ve değirmencilik özellikleri. International Association of Operative Millers (IAOM) Workshop, 24 Nisan.
- [11] Kadıoğlu, C., 2018. Firik buğdaylarda okratoksin A(OTA) varlığının tespiti. Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Yüksek lisans tezi.
- [12] Özkaya, B., Özkaya, H., Eren, N., Ünsal, A.S. and Köksel, H., 1999. Effects of wheat maturation stage and cooking method on physical and chemical properties of firiks. Food Chemistry, 66(1), 97-102.
- [13] Özbay, O., Özkaya, B., Özkaya, H., and Köksel, H., 2001. Effects of wheat maturation stage and cooking method on dietary fiber and phytic acid contents of firik, a wheat-based local food. Nahrung Food, 5, 347-349.
- [14] Çetin-Babaoğlu, H., Arslan-Tontul, S. and Akın, N., 2020. Effect of immature wheat flour on nutritional and technological quality of sourdough bread. Journal of Cereal Science, 94, 103.
- [15] Bayram, M., 2008. An analysis of scorched immature wheat: frekeh. Cereal Foods World. 53, 134–138.
- [16] Al-Mahasneh, M.A., Rababah, T.M., Ban-Amer, M.M., Al-Omari, N.M., Mahasneh, M.K., 2013. Fuzzy and convectional modeling of open sun drying kinetics for roasted gren wheat. International Journal of Food Properties, 16, 70-80.
- [17] Anonim, 2018. “Başaklarla Firik Yapımı“ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHFetbGK8Go Erişim Tarihi: 01.06.2020.
- [18] Anonim, 2014. Toprak Mahsulleri Ofisi Genel Müdürlüğü Hububat Raporu 2014. 211 s., Ankara.
- [19] Humeid, M.A., Takruri, H.R. and Umari, M.A H., 1990. Amino acid content of durum wheat protein at different maturity levels of the grains suitable for frekeh making. Dirasat. 3, 54-61.
- [20] Sramkova, Z., Gregova, E. and Sturdik, E., 2009. Chemical composition and nutritional quality of wheat grain. Acta Chimica Slovaca, 2(1), 115-138.
- [21] Carsanba, E., Akca, I., Timur, M., 2017. Examination of firik produced in Hatay region in terms of nutritional aspect. Gıda, 42(6), 726-730.
- [22] Hamid, M.A. and Omari, M.A.A., 1986. Study of automatization of frekeh industry in Jordan. Dirasat, 13,31-50.
- [23] Takruri, H.R., Humeid, M.A. and Umari, M.A.W., 1990. Protein quality of parched immature durum wheat, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 50 (3), 19-327.
- [24] Bird, A.R. and Mular, M., 2003. Product analysis: Greenwheat freekeh. CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Product Analysis Report; p. 4.
- [25] Johnson, I., and Williamson, G., 2003. Phytochemical functional foods, Woodhead Publishing Ltd and CRC Press LLC, USA.
- [26] Sidhu, J.S., Kabir, Y. and Huffman, F.G., 2007. Functional foods from cereal grains. International Journal of Food Properties, 10, 231-244.
- [27] Slavin, J.L., Jacobs, D. and Marquart, L., 2000. Grain processing and nutrition. Nutritional Research, 40(4), 309-326.
- [28] Huynh, B.L., Palmer, L., Mather, D.E., Wallwork, H., Graham, R.D., Welch, R.M., and Stangoulis, J.C.R., 2008. Genotypic variation in wheat grain fructan content revealed by a simplified HPLC method. Journal of Cereal Science, 48(2), 369-378.
- [29] Özkaya, B., Türksoy, S., Özkaya, H., Baumgartner, B., Özkeser, İ. and Köksel H., 2018. Changes in the functional constituents and phytic acid contents of firiks produced from wheats at different maturation stages. Food Chemistry, 246, 150-155.
- [30] Tacer, Z., 2008. Bulgurun Fonksiyonel Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek lisans tezi.
- [31] Güleşci, N. ve Aygül İ., 2016. Beslenmede yer alan antioksidan ve fenolik madde içerikli çerezler. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 5 (1), 109-129.
- [32] Zielinski, H. and Kozlowska, H., 2000. Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected cereal grains and their morphological fractions, Journal of Food Chemistry, 48, 2008-2016.
- [33] Rice-Evans, C., Miller, N.J. and Paganga, G., 1996. Stricture-antioxidant activity relationship of flavonoids and phenolic acid. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 20, 933-956.
- [34] Liu, R.H., 2007. Whole grain phytochemicals and health. Journal of Cereal Science, 46, 207-219.
- [35] Anonim, 2001. The Definition of Dietary Fiber, report of the dietary fiber definition committee to the board of directors of the AACC, USA.
- [36] Pathak, P., Srivastava, S., and Grover, S., 2000. Development of food products based on millet, legumes, and fenugreek seeds and their suitability in the diabetic diet, International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 51, 409-414.
- [37] Sajilata, M.G., Singhal, R.S. and Kulkarni, P.R., 2006. Resistant starch- a review, Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 5, 1-17.
- [38] Anonim, 2017. https://www.ci.gov.tr/Files/GeographicalSigns/244.pdf Erişim tarihi:15.04.2020.
- [39] Verspreeta, J., Dorneza, E., Endeb, W.V., Delcoura, J.A. and Courtin, C.M., 2015. Cereal grain fructans: Structure, variability and potential health effects. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 43, 32-42.
- [40] Iametti, S., Bonomi, F., Pagani, M.A., Zardi, M., Cecchini, C. and D’egidio, M.G., 2006. Properties of the protein and carbohydrate fractions in immature wheat kernels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 10239-10244.
- [41] Humphries J.M. and Khachik, F., 2003. Distribution of lutein, zeaxanthin, and related geometrical isomers in fruit, vegetables, wheat, and pasta products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry., 51(5), 1322‐1327.
- [42] Maskan, M., 2001. Effect of maturation and processing on water uptake characteristics of wheat. Journal of Food Engineering, 47, 51-57.
- [43] Yang, D., Shin, J.A., Gan, L.J., Zhu, X.M., Hong, S.T. and Sung, C.K., 2012. Comparison of nutritional compounds in premature green and mature yellow whole wheat in Korea. Cereal Chemistry, 89(6), 284-289.
- [44] Kim, M.J., and Kim, S.S., 2016. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities in immature and mature wheat kernels. Food Chemistry, 196, 638-645.
- [45] Avramenko, N.P., Karklina, D. and Gedrovica, I., 2016. Investigation of immature wheat grain chemical composition. Research for Rural Development, 1, 102-105.
- [46] Gambus, H., Gümül, D. and Juszczak, L., 2004. Rheological properties of pastes obtained from starches derived from ımmature cereal kernels. Starch, 56, 225-231.
- [47] Mujoo, R., and Ng, P.K.W., 2003. Physicochemical properties of bread baked from flour blended with immature wheat meal rich in fructooligosaccharides. Journal of Food Science, 68(8), 2448–2452.
- [48] Nardi, S., Calcagno, C., Zunin, P., D'egidio, M.G., Cecchini, C. and Boggia, R., 2003. Nutritional benefits of developing cereals for functional foods. Cereal Research Communications, 31, 445-452.
- [49] Casiraghi, M.C., Pagani, M.A., Erba, D., Marti, A., Cecchini, C. and D’egidio, M.G., 2013. Quality and nutritional properties of pasta products enriched with immature wheat grain. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 64, 544–550.
- [50] Schnyder, H., Ehses, U., Bestajovksy, J., Mehrhoff, R. and Kuhbauch, W., 1988, Fructan in wheat kernels during growth and compartmentation in the endosperm and pericarp, Plant Physiology, 132, 333-338.