Oat, Buckwheat and Whole Brown Rice Flours as a Potential Prebiotic for Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA5), Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (BB-12)
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 91 - 98, 30.08.2022
Feride Daşnik Şeker
,
Mutlu Akın
Öz
The object of this study was to determine whether oat, buckwheat and whole brown rice flours have a prebiotic effect on Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA5), and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis (Bifidobacterium BB-12). In the study, skimmed milk was inoculated with the above-mentioned bacteria fortified with oat, buckwheat and whole brown rice flours. According to the results, oat and buckwheat flours stimulated all bacteria investigated, whereas whole brown rice flour had no prebiotic effect for L. casei.
Kaynakça
- [1] Akin, M.B., Akin, M.S., and Kirmaci, Z. (2007): Effects of Inulin and Sugar Levels on the Viability of Yogurt and Probiotic Bacteria and the Physical and Sensory Characteristics in Probiotic Ice-Cream. Food Chemistry, 104, 93-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.030
- [2] Batista, A. L. D., Silva, R. , Cappato, L. P., Almada, C. N., Garcia, R. K. A., Silva, M. C., Raices, R. S. L., Arellano, D. B., Sant’Ana, A. S., Conte Junior, C. A., Freitas, M. Q., and Cruz, A. G. (2015) : Quality parameters of probiotic yogurt added to glucose oxidase compared to commercial products through microbiological, physical–chemical and metabolic activity analyses. Food Res. Int. 77:627–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2015.08.017
- [3] Beldarrain-Iznaga, T., Villalobos-Carvajal, R., Leiva-Vegaa, J., and Armesto, E. S. (2020): Influence of multilayer microencapsulation on the viability of Lactobacillus casei using a combined double emulsion and ionic gelation approach. Food and Bioproducts Processing 124, 57–71.
[4] Chen, P.N., Kuo, W.H., Chiang, C.L., Chiou, H.L., Hsieh, Y.S., and Chu, S.C. (2006): Black rice anthocyanins inhibit cancer cells invasion via repressions of MMPs and u-PA expression, Chem Biol Interact, 163, 218–229.
- [5] Chen, X., Zhang , X., Wang , B., Chen, P., Xu , Y., and Du, X. (2019): Investigation of water migration and its impacts on eating qualities of black rice during cooking process. Journal of Cereal Science 89, 102810.
- [6] Dave, R.I., and Shah, N.P. (1997): Viability of Yogurt and Probiotic Bacteria in Yogurts Made from Commercial Starter Cultures. International Dairy Journal, 7, 31-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0958-6946(96)00046-5
- [7] Dizlek, H., Özer, M. S., İnanç, E., and Gül, H. (2009): Karabuğday’ın (Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench) bileşimi ve gıda sanayiinde kullanım olanakları. Gıda, 34 (5), 317–324.
- [8] Dodoo, C. C., Wang, J., Abdul, B. W., Paul, S., and Gaisford, S. (2017): Targeted delivery of probiotics to enhance gastrointestinal stability and intestinal colonisation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 503(1–2), 224–229.
- [9] Düzgüneş, O., Kesici, T., Kavuncu, O. and Gürbüz, F. (1987): Researches and Practice Methods (Statistical Methods II). AU Agricultural Faculty Publishes, Ankara, 1021.
- [10] Fessas , D., Signorelli, M., Pagani, A., Mariotti, M., Iametti, S., and Schiraldi, A. (2008): Guidelines for buckwheat enriched bread. J Therm Anal Calorim, 91 (1) 9-16.
- [11] Fooks L. J., Fuller R., and Gibson G. R. (1999): Prebiotics, Probiotics and Human Gut Microbiology, Int. Dairy Journal, 9, 53-61.
- [12] Frakolaki, G., Giannou, V., Tzia, C., Frakolaki, G., Giannou, V., and Kekos, D. (2020): A review of the microencapsulation techniques for the incorporation of probiotic bacteria in functional foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1–22. https:// doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1761773
- [13] Gee, V.L., Vasanthan, T. and Temelli, F. (2007): Viscosity of Model Yogurt Systems Enriched with Barley Beta-Glucan as Influenced by Starter Cultures. International Dairy Journal, 17, 1083-1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2007.01.004
- [14] Guo, H., Ling, W., Wang, Q., Liu, C. Hu, Y., Xia, M., Feng, X., and Xia, X. (2007): Effect of anthocyanin rich extract from black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) on hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats, Plant Foods for Human Nutr 62, 1–6.
- [15] Güler-Akın M. B., Göncü B., and Akın, M. S. (2018): Some Properties of Bio-Yogurt Enriched with Cellulose Fiber. Advances in Microbiology 8: 54-64. http://www.scirp.org/journal/aim
- [16] Güler-Akın, M. B., and Akın, M. S. (2007): Effects of Cysteine and Different Incubation Temperatures on the Microflora, Chemical Composition and Sensory Characteristics of Bio-yogurt Made from Goat’s Milk, Food Chemistry 100 (2): 788-793.
- [17] Güler-Akin, M. B., Ferliarslan, I., and Akın, M. S. (2016): Apricot Probiotic Drinking Yoghurt Supplied with Inulin and Oat Fiber. Advances in Microbiology, 6, 999-1009. http://www.scirp.org/journal/aim
- [18] Hayıt, F. and Gül, H. (2015): Karabuğdayın Sağlık Açısından Önemi ve Unlu Mamullerde Kullanımı. U. Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 29 (1): 123-131.
- [19] Hill, D., Sugrue, I., Tobin, C., Hill, C., Stanton, C., and Ross, R.P. (2018): The Lactobacillus casei group: history and health related applications. Front. Microbiol. 9, 1–12, http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02107
- [20] Holzapfel W.H., and Schillinger, U. (2002): Introduction to Pre- and Probiotics, Food Research International, 35,109-116.
[21] Hor, Y.Y., Lew, L.C., Lau, A.S.Y., Ong, J.S., Chuah, L.O., Lee, Y.Y., Choi, S.B., Rashid, F., Wahid, N., Sun, Z., Kwok, L.Y., Zhang, H., and Liong, M.T. (2018): Probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang (LCZ) alleviates respiratory, gastrointestinal & RBC abnormality via immuno-modulatory, anti-inflammatory & anti-oxidative actions. J. Funct. Foods 44, 235–245, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.03.017
- [22] Ito, V., C. and Lacerda,L. G. (2019): Black rice (Oryza sativa L.): A review of its historical aspects, chemicalcomposition, nutritional and functional properties, and applications andprocessing Technologies. Food Chemistry 301, 12530412.
- [23] İnanır, C., Albayrak, S., and Ekici, L. (2019): Karabuğdayın Fitokimyası, Farmakolojisi ve Biyofonksiyonel Özellikleri. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 16, 713-722.
- [24] Lin, M. Y., and Chen, T. W. (2000): Reduction of cholesterol by Lactobacillus acidophilus in culture broth. Yao Wu Shi Pin Fen Xi 8:97–102.
- [25] Liu, S., Sun, Y., Obadi, M., Jiang, Y., Chen, Z., Jiang, S. and Xu, B. (2020): Effects of vacuum mixing and mixing time on the processing quality of noodle dough with high oat flour content. Journal of Cereal Science, 91 (102885):1-7.
- [26] Lourens-Hattingh, A., and Viljoen, B.C. (2001): Yogurt as Probiotic Carrier Food. International Dairy Journal, 11, 1-17. https:/doi.org/10.1016/S0958-6946(01)00036-X
- [27] Medellin-Pena, M. J., and Griffiths, M. W. (2009): Effect of molecules secreted by Lactobacillus acidophilus strain La-5 on Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:1165– 1172. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01651-08
- [28] Meng, L., Li S., Liu, G., Fan, X., Qiao, Y., Zhang, A., Lin, Y., Zhao, X., Huang, K., and Feng, Z. (2021): The nutrient requirements of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and their application to fermented milk. J. Dairy Sci. 104:138–150 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-18953
- [29] Öner, G. (2018): Yulaf Islah Örneklerinin Yağ Asidi Kompozisyonu, Lipaz Aktivitesi ve Termal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Gıda Mühendisliği ABD Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 101s.
- [30] Prasad, B.J., Sharavanan P.S., and Sivaraj, R. (2019): Health benefits of black rice- A review, Grain and Oil science and technology., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaost.2019.09.005.
[31] Ribeiro, M. C. E., Chaves, K. S., Gebara, C., Infante, F. N. S., Grosso, C. R. F., and Gigante, M. L. (2014): Effect of microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 on physicochemical, sensory and microbiological characteristics of stirred probiotic yoghurt. Food Research International, 66, 424–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.10. 019
- [32] Rosemary L. and Walzem R. D. (1998): Health Enhancing Properting of Whey Proteins and Whey Fractions. Applications Monograph –Nutritonal and Beverage. Published by U. S. Dairy Export Council, pp.8.
- [33] Smilkov, K., Petreska Ivanovska, T., Petrushevska Tozi, L., Petkovska, R., Hadjieva, J., Popovski, E., Stafilov, T., Grozdanov, A., and Mladenovska, K. (2014): Optimization of the formulation for preparing Lactobacillus casei loaded whey protein-Ca-alginate microparticles using full-factorial design. J. Microencapsul. 31, 166–175, http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02652048.2013.824511.
- [34] Snart, J., Bibiloni, R., Grayson, T., Lay, C., Zhang, H. and Allison, G.E. (2006): Supplementation of the Diet with High-Viscosity Beta-Glucan Results in Enrichment for Lactobacilli in the Rat Cecum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 1925-1931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.3.1925-1931.2006
- [35] Sousa, R., Halper, J., Zhang, J., Lewis, S. J., and Li, W. I. (2008): Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus supernatants on body weight and leptin expression in rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 8:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-8-5
[36] Vinderola C.G. and Reinheimer J. A. (2000): Enumeration of L. casei in the Presence of L. acidophilus, Bifidobacteria and Lactic Starter Bacteria in Fermented Dairy Products. Int Dairy Journal, 10, 271-275.
- [37] Vinderola, C. G., Bailo, N., and Reinheimer, J. A. (2000): Survival of probiotic microflora in Argentinian yogurts during refrigerated storage. Food Research International, 33, 97–102.
- [38] Yetim, H., Öztürk, İ., Törnük, F., Sağdıç, O., and Hayta, M. (2010): Yenilebilir Bitki ve Tohum Filizlerinin Fonksiyonel Özellikleri. Gıda, 35 (3): 205-210.
- [39] Zhang, M.W., Zhang, R.F., Guo, B.J., Chi, J.W., Wei, Z.C., and Xu, Z.H. (2006): The protective effects of anthocyanidin extracted from black rice fraction on endothelial cells injured by oxidative stress, Acta Nutr Sin 28, 216–220.
- [40] Zhu, Y., Sun, H., He, S., Lou, Q., Yu, M., Tang, M., and Tu, L. (2018): Metabolism and prebiotics activity of anthocyanins from black rice (Oryza sativa L.) in vitro, PloS one 13 (4): 0195754.
Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA5), Lactobacillus casei ve Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (BB-12) için Potansiyel Prebiyotik Olarak Yulaf, Karabuğday ve Tam Esmer Pirinç Unları
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 91 - 98, 30.08.2022
Feride Daşnik Şeker
,
Mutlu Akın
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı yulaf, karabuğday ve tam esmer pirinç unlarının Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA5) ve Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (Bifidobacterium BB-12) için prebiotik etkisi olup olmadığını belirlemektir. Çalışmada yulaf, karabuğday ve tam kahverengi pirinç unları ile zenginleştirilmiş yağsız süt yukarıda belirtilen bakterilerle aşılanmıştır. Sonuçlara göre yulaf ve karabuğday unları araştırılan tüm bakterileri uyarırken, tam esmer pirinç unu L. casei için prebiyotik etki göstermemiştir.
Kaynakça
- [1] Akin, M.B., Akin, M.S., and Kirmaci, Z. (2007): Effects of Inulin and Sugar Levels on the Viability of Yogurt and Probiotic Bacteria and the Physical and Sensory Characteristics in Probiotic Ice-Cream. Food Chemistry, 104, 93-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.030
- [2] Batista, A. L. D., Silva, R. , Cappato, L. P., Almada, C. N., Garcia, R. K. A., Silva, M. C., Raices, R. S. L., Arellano, D. B., Sant’Ana, A. S., Conte Junior, C. A., Freitas, M. Q., and Cruz, A. G. (2015) : Quality parameters of probiotic yogurt added to glucose oxidase compared to commercial products through microbiological, physical–chemical and metabolic activity analyses. Food Res. Int. 77:627–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2015.08.017
- [3] Beldarrain-Iznaga, T., Villalobos-Carvajal, R., Leiva-Vegaa, J., and Armesto, E. S. (2020): Influence of multilayer microencapsulation on the viability of Lactobacillus casei using a combined double emulsion and ionic gelation approach. Food and Bioproducts Processing 124, 57–71.
[4] Chen, P.N., Kuo, W.H., Chiang, C.L., Chiou, H.L., Hsieh, Y.S., and Chu, S.C. (2006): Black rice anthocyanins inhibit cancer cells invasion via repressions of MMPs and u-PA expression, Chem Biol Interact, 163, 218–229.
- [5] Chen, X., Zhang , X., Wang , B., Chen, P., Xu , Y., and Du, X. (2019): Investigation of water migration and its impacts on eating qualities of black rice during cooking process. Journal of Cereal Science 89, 102810.
- [6] Dave, R.I., and Shah, N.P. (1997): Viability of Yogurt and Probiotic Bacteria in Yogurts Made from Commercial Starter Cultures. International Dairy Journal, 7, 31-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0958-6946(96)00046-5
- [7] Dizlek, H., Özer, M. S., İnanç, E., and Gül, H. (2009): Karabuğday’ın (Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench) bileşimi ve gıda sanayiinde kullanım olanakları. Gıda, 34 (5), 317–324.
- [8] Dodoo, C. C., Wang, J., Abdul, B. W., Paul, S., and Gaisford, S. (2017): Targeted delivery of probiotics to enhance gastrointestinal stability and intestinal colonisation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 503(1–2), 224–229.
- [9] Düzgüneş, O., Kesici, T., Kavuncu, O. and Gürbüz, F. (1987): Researches and Practice Methods (Statistical Methods II). AU Agricultural Faculty Publishes, Ankara, 1021.
- [10] Fessas , D., Signorelli, M., Pagani, A., Mariotti, M., Iametti, S., and Schiraldi, A. (2008): Guidelines for buckwheat enriched bread. J Therm Anal Calorim, 91 (1) 9-16.
- [11] Fooks L. J., Fuller R., and Gibson G. R. (1999): Prebiotics, Probiotics and Human Gut Microbiology, Int. Dairy Journal, 9, 53-61.
- [12] Frakolaki, G., Giannou, V., Tzia, C., Frakolaki, G., Giannou, V., and Kekos, D. (2020): A review of the microencapsulation techniques for the incorporation of probiotic bacteria in functional foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1–22. https:// doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1761773
- [13] Gee, V.L., Vasanthan, T. and Temelli, F. (2007): Viscosity of Model Yogurt Systems Enriched with Barley Beta-Glucan as Influenced by Starter Cultures. International Dairy Journal, 17, 1083-1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2007.01.004
- [14] Guo, H., Ling, W., Wang, Q., Liu, C. Hu, Y., Xia, M., Feng, X., and Xia, X. (2007): Effect of anthocyanin rich extract from black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) on hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats, Plant Foods for Human Nutr 62, 1–6.
- [15] Güler-Akın M. B., Göncü B., and Akın, M. S. (2018): Some Properties of Bio-Yogurt Enriched with Cellulose Fiber. Advances in Microbiology 8: 54-64. http://www.scirp.org/journal/aim
- [16] Güler-Akın, M. B., and Akın, M. S. (2007): Effects of Cysteine and Different Incubation Temperatures on the Microflora, Chemical Composition and Sensory Characteristics of Bio-yogurt Made from Goat’s Milk, Food Chemistry 100 (2): 788-793.
- [17] Güler-Akin, M. B., Ferliarslan, I., and Akın, M. S. (2016): Apricot Probiotic Drinking Yoghurt Supplied with Inulin and Oat Fiber. Advances in Microbiology, 6, 999-1009. http://www.scirp.org/journal/aim
- [18] Hayıt, F. and Gül, H. (2015): Karabuğdayın Sağlık Açısından Önemi ve Unlu Mamullerde Kullanımı. U. Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 29 (1): 123-131.
- [19] Hill, D., Sugrue, I., Tobin, C., Hill, C., Stanton, C., and Ross, R.P. (2018): The Lactobacillus casei group: history and health related applications. Front. Microbiol. 9, 1–12, http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02107
- [20] Holzapfel W.H., and Schillinger, U. (2002): Introduction to Pre- and Probiotics, Food Research International, 35,109-116.
[21] Hor, Y.Y., Lew, L.C., Lau, A.S.Y., Ong, J.S., Chuah, L.O., Lee, Y.Y., Choi, S.B., Rashid, F., Wahid, N., Sun, Z., Kwok, L.Y., Zhang, H., and Liong, M.T. (2018): Probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang (LCZ) alleviates respiratory, gastrointestinal & RBC abnormality via immuno-modulatory, anti-inflammatory & anti-oxidative actions. J. Funct. Foods 44, 235–245, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.03.017
- [22] Ito, V., C. and Lacerda,L. G. (2019): Black rice (Oryza sativa L.): A review of its historical aspects, chemicalcomposition, nutritional and functional properties, and applications andprocessing Technologies. Food Chemistry 301, 12530412.
- [23] İnanır, C., Albayrak, S., and Ekici, L. (2019): Karabuğdayın Fitokimyası, Farmakolojisi ve Biyofonksiyonel Özellikleri. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 16, 713-722.
- [24] Lin, M. Y., and Chen, T. W. (2000): Reduction of cholesterol by Lactobacillus acidophilus in culture broth. Yao Wu Shi Pin Fen Xi 8:97–102.
- [25] Liu, S., Sun, Y., Obadi, M., Jiang, Y., Chen, Z., Jiang, S. and Xu, B. (2020): Effects of vacuum mixing and mixing time on the processing quality of noodle dough with high oat flour content. Journal of Cereal Science, 91 (102885):1-7.
- [26] Lourens-Hattingh, A., and Viljoen, B.C. (2001): Yogurt as Probiotic Carrier Food. International Dairy Journal, 11, 1-17. https:/doi.org/10.1016/S0958-6946(01)00036-X
- [27] Medellin-Pena, M. J., and Griffiths, M. W. (2009): Effect of molecules secreted by Lactobacillus acidophilus strain La-5 on Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:1165– 1172. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01651-08
- [28] Meng, L., Li S., Liu, G., Fan, X., Qiao, Y., Zhang, A., Lin, Y., Zhao, X., Huang, K., and Feng, Z. (2021): The nutrient requirements of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and their application to fermented milk. J. Dairy Sci. 104:138–150 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-18953
- [29] Öner, G. (2018): Yulaf Islah Örneklerinin Yağ Asidi Kompozisyonu, Lipaz Aktivitesi ve Termal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Gıda Mühendisliği ABD Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 101s.
- [30] Prasad, B.J., Sharavanan P.S., and Sivaraj, R. (2019): Health benefits of black rice- A review, Grain and Oil science and technology., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaost.2019.09.005.
[31] Ribeiro, M. C. E., Chaves, K. S., Gebara, C., Infante, F. N. S., Grosso, C. R. F., and Gigante, M. L. (2014): Effect of microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 on physicochemical, sensory and microbiological characteristics of stirred probiotic yoghurt. Food Research International, 66, 424–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.10. 019
- [32] Rosemary L. and Walzem R. D. (1998): Health Enhancing Properting of Whey Proteins and Whey Fractions. Applications Monograph –Nutritonal and Beverage. Published by U. S. Dairy Export Council, pp.8.
- [33] Smilkov, K., Petreska Ivanovska, T., Petrushevska Tozi, L., Petkovska, R., Hadjieva, J., Popovski, E., Stafilov, T., Grozdanov, A., and Mladenovska, K. (2014): Optimization of the formulation for preparing Lactobacillus casei loaded whey protein-Ca-alginate microparticles using full-factorial design. J. Microencapsul. 31, 166–175, http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02652048.2013.824511.
- [34] Snart, J., Bibiloni, R., Grayson, T., Lay, C., Zhang, H. and Allison, G.E. (2006): Supplementation of the Diet with High-Viscosity Beta-Glucan Results in Enrichment for Lactobacilli in the Rat Cecum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 1925-1931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.3.1925-1931.2006
- [35] Sousa, R., Halper, J., Zhang, J., Lewis, S. J., and Li, W. I. (2008): Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus supernatants on body weight and leptin expression in rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 8:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-8-5
[36] Vinderola C.G. and Reinheimer J. A. (2000): Enumeration of L. casei in the Presence of L. acidophilus, Bifidobacteria and Lactic Starter Bacteria in Fermented Dairy Products. Int Dairy Journal, 10, 271-275.
- [37] Vinderola, C. G., Bailo, N., and Reinheimer, J. A. (2000): Survival of probiotic microflora in Argentinian yogurts during refrigerated storage. Food Research International, 33, 97–102.
- [38] Yetim, H., Öztürk, İ., Törnük, F., Sağdıç, O., and Hayta, M. (2010): Yenilebilir Bitki ve Tohum Filizlerinin Fonksiyonel Özellikleri. Gıda, 35 (3): 205-210.
- [39] Zhang, M.W., Zhang, R.F., Guo, B.J., Chi, J.W., Wei, Z.C., and Xu, Z.H. (2006): The protective effects of anthocyanidin extracted from black rice fraction on endothelial cells injured by oxidative stress, Acta Nutr Sin 28, 216–220.
- [40] Zhu, Y., Sun, H., He, S., Lou, Q., Yu, M., Tang, M., and Tu, L. (2018): Metabolism and prebiotics activity of anthocyanins from black rice (Oryza sativa L.) in vitro, PloS one 13 (4): 0195754.