PREDICTIVE EFFECTS OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT, INTERNET USE DURATION, LONELINESS AND SHYNESS ON INTERNET ADDICTION

Öz

This study investigated whether internet addiction is related to gender, academic achievement, duration of internet use, loneliness and shyness. The study was carried out with 206 adolescents aged between 15-18 years (X=16.50) and studying public high schools. 55.8% (115) of the participant students are female and 44.2% (91) are male. To collect data, the “Personal Information Form” developed by the researchers, the “Internet Addiction Scale” developed by Young (1998), the “UCLA Loneliness Scale” developed by Russel, Peplau and Cutrona (1980), and the “Shyness Scale” developed by Cheek and Buss (1981) were used. The results indicated that internet addiction changed according to gender, academic achievement and duration of internet use. Moreover, while academic achievement significantly and negatively predicted internet addiction, duration of internet use and shyness significantly and positively predicted internet addiction. However, the variables of gender and loneliness were found to have no significant effects on internet addiction.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Internet addiction
• academic achievement
• duration of internet use
• loneliness
• shyness

AKADEMİK BAŞARI, İNTERNETTE KALINAN SÜRE, YALNIZLIK VE UTANGAÇLIĞIN İNTERNET BAĞIMLILIĞI ÜZERİNDEKİ YORDAYICI ETKİLERİ

Öz

Bu çalışmada internet bağımlılığının cinsiyet, akademik başarı, internete girilen süre, yalnızlık ve utangaçlık ile ilişkili olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Araştırma, devlet liselerinde öğrenim gören 15-18 yaş arası (X=16.50) 206 ergen ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin %55.8 (115)’i kız, %44.2 (91)’i erkektir. Araştırmanın verileri sırası ile araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, Young (1998) tarafından geliştirilen “İnternet Bağımlılığı Ölçeği”, Russel, Peplau and Cutrona (1980) tarafından geliştirilen “UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeği” ve Cheek and Buss (1981) tarafından geliştirilen “Utangaçlık Ölçeği” ile toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçları internet bağımlılığının cinsiyet, akademik başarı, internet kullanım süresine göre farklılaştığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca akademik başarının internet bağımlılığını negatif yönde anlamlı olarak yordadığı, internet kullanım süresi ve utangaçlığın ise internet bağımlılığını pozitif yönde anlamlı olarak yordadığı görülmüştür. Cinsiyet ve yalnızlık değişkenlerinin internet bağımlılığı üzerinde anlamlı etkileri bulunamamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İnternet bağımlılığı
• akademik başarı
• internete girilen süre
• yalnızlık
• utangaçlık

Kaynakça

1. Aktaş-Arnas, Y. (2005). 3-18 Yaş grubu çocuk ve gençlerin interaktif iletişim araçlarını kullanma alışkanlıklarının değerlendirilmesi. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 4(4) article 9.
2. Anderson, C.A. & Dill, K.E. (2000). Video games and aggressive thought, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78 (4) ; 772- 790.
3. Ando, R. & Sakamoto, A. (2008). The effect of cyber-friends on loneliness and social anxiety: Differences between high and low self-evaluated physical attractiveness groups. Computers in Human Behavior, 24 (3); 993- 1009.
4. Bayraktar, F. (2001). “Internet kullanımının ergen gelişimindeki rolü”. Yüksek lisans tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
5. Brenner, V. (1997). Psychology of computer use: VLVII. Parameters of internet use, abuse and addiction: the first 90 days of the internet usage survey. Psychological Reports, 80; 879- 882.
6. Cao, F., Su, L., Liu, T. & Gao, X. (2007). The relationship between impulsivity and internet addiction in a sample of Chinese adolescents. European psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 22(7); 466- 471. Caplan, S.E. (2002). Problematic internet use and psychosocial well-being: Development of a theory-based cognitive behavioral measurement instrument. Computers in Human Behavior, 18(5); 553- 575.
7. Caplan, S.E. (2007). Relations among loneliness, social anxiety, and problematic internet use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(2); 234- 42.
8. Chak, K.. & Leung, L. (2004). Shyness and locus of control as predictors of internet addiction and internet use. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 7(5); 559- 570.

9. Cheek, J. M. & Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(2), 330-339. Chou, C., Chou, J. & Tyan, N.N. (1999). An exploratory study of internet addiction, usage and communication pleasure- the Taiwan’s case. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 5; 47- 64.
10. Chou, C. & Hsiao, M.C. (2000). Internet addiction, usage, gratification and pleasure experience: the Taiwan college students’ case. Computer & Education, 35; 65- 80.
11. Demir, A. (1989). UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeği’nin geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7 (23); 14- 18.
12. Durmuş, E. (2007). The perceptions of shy and non-shy students. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 40, (1); 243- 268.
13. Ebeling- Witte, S., Frank, M.L., & Lester, D. (2007). Syness, internet use and personality. Cyber Psycology &Behavior, 10(5); 713-716.
14. Eldeleklioğlu, J. (2008). Gender, romantic relationships, internet use, perceived social support and social skills as the predictors of loneliness. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 33; 127- 140.
15. Engelberg, E. & Sjöberg, L. (2004). Internet use, social skills, and adjustment, CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7 (1); 41- 50. Ferraro, G., Caci,B., D'Amico, A.& Blasi, M. (2007). Internet addiction disorder: An Italian Study. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 17; 170- 75.
16. Harman, J. P., Hansen, C. E., Cochran, M. E. & Lindsey, C. R. (2005). Liar, Liar: Internet faking but frequency of use affects social skills, self-esteem, social anxiety and aggression. CyberPsychology& Behavior, 8 (1); 1- 6.
17. Hasdemir, A. (2005). Sosyal beceri eğitiminin lise öğrencilerinin utangaçlık düzeylerine etkisi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
18. Güngör, A. (2001). Utangaçlık Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 2 (15); 17- 22.
19. Günüç, S. (2009). Development of Internet Addiction Scale. Yayınlanmamış Yükseklisans Tezi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
20. Kang, S. (2007). Disembodiment in online social interaction: impact of online chat on social support and psychosocial wellbeing. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(3); 475- 477.
21. Kraut, R., Paterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T. & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist, 53 (9) ; 1017-1031. Morahan-Martin, J. (1999). The relationship between loneliness and internet use and abuse. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 2(5); 31- 440.
22. Morahan-Martin, J.M. & Schumacher, P. (2000). Incidence and correlates of pathological internet use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 16; 13- 29.
23. Morahan-Martin, J.M. & Schumacher, P. (2003). Loneliness and social uses of the internet. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(6), 659-671.
24. Nalwa, K. & Anand, A. (2003). Internet addiction in students: A cause of concern. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6 (6), 65365
25. Nie, N. & Erbring, L. (2000). Debating the societal effects of the internet: Connecting with the world. Public Perspective, 11; 42- 43.
26. Niemz, K., Griffiths, M. & Banyard, P.(2005). Prevalence of pathological internet use among university students and correlations with self-esteem, the general health questionnaire (GHQ), and disinhibition. CyberPsychology &Behavior, 8(6) ; 562- 570.
27. Robin M. M. & Cooper, A.(2003). The duration and frequency of internet use in a nonclinical sample: Suicidality, behavioral problems, and treatment histories. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 40(1-2); 125-135. Russell, D., Peplau, L.A. & Cutrona, C.E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39; 472-480.
28. Sang, L., Whang, M., Lee, S. & Chang, G.(2003). Internet over-users' psychological profiles: A behavior sampling analysis on internet addiction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6(2); 143- 150.
29. Shapira, N.A., Goldsmith, T.D., Keck, P.E., Khosla, U.M. & McElroy, S.L. (2000). Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57; 267- 272.
30. Shapiro, J. S. (1999). Loneliness: Paradox or artifact? American Psychologist, 54(9); 782- 783.
31. Simkova, B. & Cincera, J. (2004). Internet addiction disorder and chatting in the Czech Republic, CyberPsychology and Behavior, 7 (5); 536-539.
32. Sum, S., Mathews, R.M., Hughes, I. & Campbell , A. (2008). Internet use and loneliness in older adults. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(2); 208- 211.
33. Weiser, E. B. (2001). The functions of internet use and their social and psychological consequences, CyberPsychology and Behavior, 4 (6); 723- 731.
34. Willoughby, T. (2008). A short-term longitudinal study of Internet and computer game use by adolescent boys and girls: Prevalence, frequency of use, and psychosocial predictors. Developmental Psychology, 44(1); 195- 204.
35. Yellowlees, P.M. & Marks, S. (2007). Problematic internet use or internet addiction? Computers in Human Behavior, 23(3);1447- 1453.
36. Young, K. S. (1996). Pathological Internet Use: A case that breaks the stereotype. Psychological Reports, 79, 899-902.
37. Young, K. S. (1997). What makes the internet addictive: potential explanations for pathological internet use. University of Pittsburgh at Bradford, Paper presented at the 105th annual conference of the American Psychological Association, August 15, Chicago, IL.
38. Young, K. S. (1998). Caught in the Net: How to recognize the signs of Internetaddiction and a winning strategy for recover. John Wiley, New York.
39. Young, K. S. (1999). Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book, 17. In A. Vande Creek, L., & Jackson, T. (Eds.), Internet Addiction: Symptoms, Evaluation, And Treatment (pp. 19–31). Sarasota: Professional Resource Press.
40. Young, K. S. (2007). Treatment outcomes with internet addicts. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(5); 671 -679.
41. Young, K. S. & Rodgers, R. C. (1998a). Internet addiction: personality traits associated with its development. 69th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association.
42. Young, S. K, & Rodgers, R. C. (1998b). The relationship between depression and internet addiction. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 1(1); 25- 28.