Burnout among Turkish Teachers: The Influence of Sleep Quality and Job Satisfaction

Zihni Merey; Metin Pişkin; Murat Boysan; Sanem Şehribanoğlu

-

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 28-3, 332 - 342, 01.06.2013

Zihni Merey Metin Pişkin Murat Boysan Sanem Şehribanoğlu

Öz

Given the associations between job satisfaction and burnout, it is important to consider relations between job-related stress and sleep quality. Studies have consistently suggested that linkages between sleep problems and job-related stress are significant and have serious consequences on quality of life, work performance and motivation. Teaching is a stressful occupation, and to date possible influences of poor sleep quality on job burnout have received little attention. The aim of this study was to investigate predicting value of poor sleep quality on job burnout. Data were collected from 184 elementary school teachers. The Maschlack Burnout Inventory (MBI), Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were administered to volunteers. The linkage between poor sleep quality and job burnout was evaluated by using hierarchical regression analyses after controlling for demographical characteristics of subjects and job satisfaction. School climate, intrinsic job satisfaction, and sleep quality were significant determinants of burnout in school. Findings were discussed in the light of the theoretical considerations about job burnout.

Anahtar Kelimeler

burnout, job satisfaction, sleep quality, teachers

Kaynakça

Ağargün, M. Y., Kara, H., & Anlar, Ö. (1996). Pittsburgh Uyku Kalitesi İndeksi’nin geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 7, 107-115.
Åkerstedt, T, Knutsson, A, Westerholm, P, Theorell, T, Alfredsson, L, & Kecklund, G. (2002) Sleep disturbances, work stress and work hours: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53(3), 741-748.
Åkerstedt, T., Knutsson, A., Westerholm, P., Theorell, T., Alfredsson, L., & Kecklund, G. (2004). Mental fatigue, work and sleep. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57 (5): 427-433.
Åkerstedt, T., Landström, U. (1998). Work place countermeasures of night shift fatigue. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 21 (3-4): 167-178.
Aldair, J. (2007). Leadership and motivation: The fifty rule and the eight key principles of motivating others. Kogan Page Ltd.
Aydogan, I., Doğan, A. A., & Bayram, N. (2009). Burnout among Turkish high school teachers working in Turkey and abroad: A comparative study. Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 7(3), 1249-1268.
Başol, G., & Altay, M. (2009). Eğitim yöneticisi ve öğretmenlerin mesleki tükenmişlik düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 15(58), 191-216.
Baycan, F. A., (1985). Farklı gruplarda çalışan gruplarda iş doyumunun bazı yönlerinin analizi, Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Bilge, F. (2006). Examining the burnout of academics in relation with job satisfaction and some other factors. Social Behavior and Personality, 34, 1151-1160.
Bilge, F., Akman, Y., & Kelecioğlu, H. (2007). Examining the job satisfaction of academics. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 32, 32-41.
Borg, M. G., Riding, R. J., & Falzon, J. M. (1991). Stress in teaching: A study of occupational stress and its determinants, job satisfaction and career commitment among primary school teachers. Educational Psychology, 11, 59–75.
Boyle, G. J., Borg, M. G., Falzon, J. M. & Baglioni, A. J. (1995). A structural model of the dimensions of teacher stress. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 65, 49–67.
Buysse, D. J., Reynold, C. F. 3rd, Monk, T. H., Hoch, C. C., Yeager, A. L., & Kupfer, D. J. (1991). Quantification of subjective sleep quality in healthy elderly men and women using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Sleep, 14, 331-338.
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F. 3rd, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A New Instrument for Psychiatric Practice and Research. Psychiatry Research, 28, 193-213.
Çam, O. (1992). Tükenmişlik Envanteri'nin geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin araştırılması. VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Bilimsel Çalışmaları, Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları, Ankara, 155-160.
Çam, O. (2001). The burnout in nursing academicians in Turkey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 38, 20120
Cook, J. D., Hepworth, S. J., Wall, T. D., & Warr, P. B. (1981). The experience of work: A compendium and review of 249 measures and their use. London: Academic Press.
Cordes, C. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (1993). A review and an integration of research on job burnout. Academy of Management Review, 18(4), 621-656.
Dawis, R. V. (2004). The Minnesota theory of work adjustment. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counselling: Putting theory and research into work, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
De Jonge, J. & Kompier M. A. J. (1997). A critical examination of the Demand-Control-Support Model from a work psychological perspective. International Journal of Stress Management, 4(4), 235-258.
Doi, Y. (2005). An epidemiologic review of occupational sleep research among Japanese workers. Industrial Health, 43, 3–10.
Doi, Y., Minowa, M., & Tango, T. (2003). Impact and correlates of poor sleep quality in Japanese white-collar employees. Sleep, 26, 467–471.
Ekstedt, M., Söderström, M., & Akerstedt, T. (2009). Sleep physiology in recovery from burnout. Biological Psychology, 82(3), 267-273.
Ergin, C. (1992) Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği'nin Uyarlanması. VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Bilimsel Çalışmaları, Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları, Ankara., 143-154.
Freudenberger, N. J. (1974). Staff burnout. Journal of Social Issues, 30, 159-165.
Friedman, I. A. (1991). High- and low-burnout schools: School culture aspects of teacher burnout. Journal of Educational Research, 84, 325–333.
Grayson, J. L., & Alvarez, H. K. (2008). School Climate Factors Relating to Teacher Burnout: A Mediator Model. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(5), 1349-1363.
Gürsel, M., Sünbül, A. M., & Sarı, H. (2002). An analysis of burnout and job satisfaction between Turkish headteachers and teachers. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 17(1), 35-45.
Guglielmi, R. S., & Tatrow, K. (1998). Occupational stress, burnout, and health in teachers: A methodological and theoretical analysis. Review of Educational Research, 68(1), 61-99.
Herzberg, F. (1968). Work and the Nature of Man. London: Stapels Press.
Huang, X., & Van de Vliert, E. (2003). Where intrinsic job satisfaction fails to work: National moderators of intrinsic motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(2), 159-179.
Jacquinet-Salord, M. C., Lang, T., Fouriaud, C., Nicoulet, I., & Bingham, A. (1993). Sleeping tablet consumption, self reported quality of sleep, and working conditions. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 47, 64–68.
Kalimo, R., Tenkanen, L., Harma, M., Poppius, E., & Heinsalmi, P. (2000). Job stress and sleep disorders: Findings from the Helsinki Heart Study. Stress Medicine, 16, 65–75.
Karakelle, S., & Canpolat, S. (2008). Tükenmişlik düzeyi: yüksek ilköğretim öğretmenlerinin öğrencilere yaklaşım biçimlerinin incelenmesi, Eğitim ve Bilim, 33(147), 106- 120.
Karasek, R. A., & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity and the Reconstruction of Working Life. Basic Books, New York.
Knudson, H. K., Ducharme, L. J., & Roman, P. M. (2007). Job stress and poor sleep quality: Data from an American sample of full- time workers. Social Science and Medicine, 64, 1997–2007.
Kompier, M. A. J., & Di Martino, V. (1995). Review of buss drivers' occupational stress and stress prevention. Stress Medicine, 11(4), 253-262.
Kristensen, T. S. (1995). The Demand-Control-Support model: Methodological challenges for future research. Stress Medicine, 11(1), 17-28.
Kyriacou, C. (2001). Teacher stress: Directions for future research. Educational Review, 53, 27–35.
Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1993). A longitudinal study of burnout among supervisors and managers. Organizational Behaviour Human Decision Process, 54, 369–398.
Maslach, C. (2003). Job burnout: New directions in research and intervention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(5), 189–192.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1984). Patterns of burnout among a national sample of public contact workers. Journal of Health and Human Resource Administration., 7, 189–212.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (2. Edition), Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout: How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job Burnout. Annual Review Psychology, 52, 397–422.
Mathai, R., Gilmore, A., Tuck, B., & Adair, V. (1996). Teacher stress in intermediate schools. Educational Research, 38, 3-19.
Merey, Z., Boysan, M., & Ateş, C. (2008). Sleep quality and burnout syndrome among teaching staff. Journal of Crisis, 16(2):33-41
Nakata, A., Haratani, T., Takahashi, M., Kawakami, N., Arito, H., Kobayashi, F., & Araki, S. (2004). Job stress, social support, and prevalence of insomnia in a population of Japanese daytime workers. Social Science & Medicine, 59, 1719–1730.
Perie, M., & David, P. B. (1997). Job Satisfaction among America’s Teachers: Effects of Workplace Conditions, Background Characteristics, and Teacher Compensation. Statistical Analysis Report, US Department of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement, NCES 97–XXX.
Rohland, B. M. (2000). A survey of burnout among mental health center directors in a rural state. Administration. Policy and Mental Health, 27, 4, 221–237.
Rotenberg, V. S. (2003). Sleep deprivation in depression: An integrative approach. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 7(1), 9 – 16.
Spector, P. E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes, and consequences. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Sari, H. (2000). An analysis of the policies and provision for children with SEN in England and Turkey. (Unpublished Doctorate Dissertation), Oxford-England: Oxford Brookes University.
Sünbül, A. M. (2003). An analysis of relations among locus of control, burnout and job satisfaction in Turkish high school teachers. Australian Journal of Education, 47, (1), 58-72.
Sweeney, J. T., & Summers, S. L. (2002). The effect of the busy season workload on public accountants’ job burnout. Behaviour Research in Accounting., 14, 223–245.
Tithers, R. T., & Soden, R. (1998). Scottish and Australlian teacher stress and strain: a comparative study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 269-279.
Weiss, D. J., Dawis, R. V., England, G. W., & Lofquist, L. H. (1967). Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.

Burnout among Turkish Teachers: The Influence of Sleep Quality and Job Satisfaction

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 28-3, 332 - 342, 01.06.2013

Zihni Merey Metin Pişkin Murat Boysan Sanem Şehribanoğlu

Öz

İş doyumu ve tükenmişlik arasındaki ilişkiler dikkate alındığında, işe bağlı stres ve uyku kalitesi arasındaki bağlantıların değerlendirilmesi önem kazanmaktadır. Araştırmalar süreğen uyku problemleri ve işe bağlı stres arasındaki ilişkilerin yaşam kalitesi, iş performansı ve motivasyon üzerinde ciddi etkileri olduğunu göstermektedir. Öğretmenlik stresli bir meslektir. Düşük uyku kalitesinin işte tükenmeye etkisi ise üzerinde yeterince durulmamış bir konudur. Bu çalışmada Türk öğretmenlerin demografik özellikleri ve iş doyumu kontrol edildikten sonra uyku kalitesindeki bozulmaların tükenmişliğe etkisi ele alınmıştır. Veriler 184 ilköğretim okulu öğretmeninden toplanmıştır. Gönüllü katılımcılara Maschlack Tükenmişlik Ölçeği (MTÖ), Minnesota İş Doyumu Ölçeği (MDÖ) ve Pittsburgh Uyku Kalitesi İndeksi (PUKİ) uygulanmıştır. Uyku kalitesindeki bozulma ve işteki tükenmişlik arasındaki ilişkiler, katılımcıların demografik özellikleri ve iş doyumu kontrol edildikten sonra hiyerarşik regresyon analizleriyle değerlendirilmiştir. Okuldaki çalışma iklimi, içsel iş doyumu ve uyku kalitesinin okuldaki tükenmişliğin önemli belirleyicileridir. Sonuçlar işteki tükenmişliğe ilişkin teorik tartışmalar ışığında tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

tükenmişlik, iş doyumu, uyku kalitesi, öğretmenler

Kaynakça

Ağargün, M. Y., Kara, H., & Anlar, Ö. (1996). Pittsburgh Uyku Kalitesi İndeksi’nin geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 7, 107-115.
Åkerstedt, T, Knutsson, A, Westerholm, P, Theorell, T, Alfredsson, L, & Kecklund, G. (2002) Sleep disturbances, work stress and work hours: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53(3), 741-748.
Åkerstedt, T., Knutsson, A., Westerholm, P., Theorell, T., Alfredsson, L., & Kecklund, G. (2004). Mental fatigue, work and sleep. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57 (5): 427-433.
Åkerstedt, T., Landström, U. (1998). Work place countermeasures of night shift fatigue. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 21 (3-4): 167-178.
Aldair, J. (2007). Leadership and motivation: The fifty rule and the eight key principles of motivating others. Kogan Page Ltd.
Aydogan, I., Doğan, A. A., & Bayram, N. (2009). Burnout among Turkish high school teachers working in Turkey and abroad: A comparative study. Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 7(3), 1249-1268.
Başol, G., & Altay, M. (2009). Eğitim yöneticisi ve öğretmenlerin mesleki tükenmişlik düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 15(58), 191-216.
Baycan, F. A., (1985). Farklı gruplarda çalışan gruplarda iş doyumunun bazı yönlerinin analizi, Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Bilge, F. (2006). Examining the burnout of academics in relation with job satisfaction and some other factors. Social Behavior and Personality, 34, 1151-1160.
Bilge, F., Akman, Y., & Kelecioğlu, H. (2007). Examining the job satisfaction of academics. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 32, 32-41.
Borg, M. G., Riding, R. J., & Falzon, J. M. (1991). Stress in teaching: A study of occupational stress and its determinants, job satisfaction and career commitment among primary school teachers. Educational Psychology, 11, 59–75.
Boyle, G. J., Borg, M. G., Falzon, J. M. & Baglioni, A. J. (1995). A structural model of the dimensions of teacher stress. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 65, 49–67.
Buysse, D. J., Reynold, C. F. 3rd, Monk, T. H., Hoch, C. C., Yeager, A. L., & Kupfer, D. J. (1991). Quantification of subjective sleep quality in healthy elderly men and women using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Sleep, 14, 331-338.
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F. 3rd, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A New Instrument for Psychiatric Practice and Research. Psychiatry Research, 28, 193-213.
Çam, O. (1992). Tükenmişlik Envanteri'nin geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin araştırılması. VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Bilimsel Çalışmaları, Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları, Ankara, 155-160.
Çam, O. (2001). The burnout in nursing academicians in Turkey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 38, 20120
Cook, J. D., Hepworth, S. J., Wall, T. D., & Warr, P. B. (1981). The experience of work: A compendium and review of 249 measures and their use. London: Academic Press.
Cordes, C. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (1993). A review and an integration of research on job burnout. Academy of Management Review, 18(4), 621-656.
Dawis, R. V. (2004). The Minnesota theory of work adjustment. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counselling: Putting theory and research into work, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
De Jonge, J. & Kompier M. A. J. (1997). A critical examination of the Demand-Control-Support Model from a work psychological perspective. International Journal of Stress Management, 4(4), 235-258.
Doi, Y. (2005). An epidemiologic review of occupational sleep research among Japanese workers. Industrial Health, 43, 3–10.
Doi, Y., Minowa, M., & Tango, T. (2003). Impact and correlates of poor sleep quality in Japanese white-collar employees. Sleep, 26, 467–471.
Ekstedt, M., Söderström, M., & Akerstedt, T. (2009). Sleep physiology in recovery from burnout. Biological Psychology, 82(3), 267-273.
Ergin, C. (1992) Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği'nin Uyarlanması. VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Bilimsel Çalışmaları, Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları, Ankara., 143-154.
Freudenberger, N. J. (1974). Staff burnout. Journal of Social Issues, 30, 159-165.
Friedman, I. A. (1991). High- and low-burnout schools: School culture aspects of teacher burnout. Journal of Educational Research, 84, 325–333.
Grayson, J. L., & Alvarez, H. K. (2008). School Climate Factors Relating to Teacher Burnout: A Mediator Model. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(5), 1349-1363.
Gürsel, M., Sünbül, A. M., & Sarı, H. (2002). An analysis of burnout and job satisfaction between Turkish headteachers and teachers. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 17(1), 35-45.
Guglielmi, R. S., & Tatrow, K. (1998). Occupational stress, burnout, and health in teachers: A methodological and theoretical analysis. Review of Educational Research, 68(1), 61-99.
Herzberg, F. (1968). Work and the Nature of Man. London: Stapels Press.
Huang, X., & Van de Vliert, E. (2003). Where intrinsic job satisfaction fails to work: National moderators of intrinsic motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(2), 159-179.
Jacquinet-Salord, M. C., Lang, T., Fouriaud, C., Nicoulet, I., & Bingham, A. (1993). Sleeping tablet consumption, self reported quality of sleep, and working conditions. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 47, 64–68.
Kalimo, R., Tenkanen, L., Harma, M., Poppius, E., & Heinsalmi, P. (2000). Job stress and sleep disorders: Findings from the Helsinki Heart Study. Stress Medicine, 16, 65–75.
Karakelle, S., & Canpolat, S. (2008). Tükenmişlik düzeyi: yüksek ilköğretim öğretmenlerinin öğrencilere yaklaşım biçimlerinin incelenmesi, Eğitim ve Bilim, 33(147), 106- 120.
Karasek, R. A., & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity and the Reconstruction of Working Life. Basic Books, New York.
Knudson, H. K., Ducharme, L. J., & Roman, P. M. (2007). Job stress and poor sleep quality: Data from an American sample of full- time workers. Social Science and Medicine, 64, 1997–2007.
Kompier, M. A. J., & Di Martino, V. (1995). Review of buss drivers' occupational stress and stress prevention. Stress Medicine, 11(4), 253-262.
Kristensen, T. S. (1995). The Demand-Control-Support model: Methodological challenges for future research. Stress Medicine, 11(1), 17-28.
Kyriacou, C. (2001). Teacher stress: Directions for future research. Educational Review, 53, 27–35.
Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1993). A longitudinal study of burnout among supervisors and managers. Organizational Behaviour Human Decision Process, 54, 369–398.
Maslach, C. (2003). Job burnout: New directions in research and intervention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(5), 189–192.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1984). Patterns of burnout among a national sample of public contact workers. Journal of Health and Human Resource Administration., 7, 189–212.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (2. Edition), Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout: How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job Burnout. Annual Review Psychology, 52, 397–422.
Mathai, R., Gilmore, A., Tuck, B., & Adair, V. (1996). Teacher stress in intermediate schools. Educational Research, 38, 3-19.
Merey, Z., Boysan, M., & Ateş, C. (2008). Sleep quality and burnout syndrome among teaching staff. Journal of Crisis, 16(2):33-41
Nakata, A., Haratani, T., Takahashi, M., Kawakami, N., Arito, H., Kobayashi, F., & Araki, S. (2004). Job stress, social support, and prevalence of insomnia in a population of Japanese daytime workers. Social Science & Medicine, 59, 1719–1730.
Perie, M., & David, P. B. (1997). Job Satisfaction among America’s Teachers: Effects of Workplace Conditions, Background Characteristics, and Teacher Compensation. Statistical Analysis Report, US Department of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement, NCES 97–XXX.
Rohland, B. M. (2000). A survey of burnout among mental health center directors in a rural state. Administration. Policy and Mental Health, 27, 4, 221–237.
Rotenberg, V. S. (2003). Sleep deprivation in depression: An integrative approach. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 7(1), 9 – 16.
Spector, P. E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes, and consequences. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Sari, H. (2000). An analysis of the policies and provision for children with SEN in England and Turkey. (Unpublished Doctorate Dissertation), Oxford-England: Oxford Brookes University.
Sünbül, A. M. (2003). An analysis of relations among locus of control, burnout and job satisfaction in Turkish high school teachers. Australian Journal of Education, 47, (1), 58-72.
Sweeney, J. T., & Summers, S. L. (2002). The effect of the busy season workload on public accountants’ job burnout. Behaviour Research in Accounting., 14, 223–245.
Tithers, R. T., & Soden, R. (1998). Scottish and Australlian teacher stress and strain: a comparative study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 269-279.
Weiss, D. J., Dawis, R. V., England, G. W., & Lofquist, L. H. (1967). Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.

Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Bölüm	Makaleler
Yazarlar	Zihni Merey Bu kişi benim Metin Pişkin Bu kişi benim Murat Boysan Bu kişi benim Sanem Şehribanoğlu Bu kişi benim
Yayımlanma Tarihi	1 Haziran 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2013 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 28-3

Kaynak Göster

APA	Merey, Z., Pişkin, M., Boysan, M., Şehribanoğlu, S. (2013). Burnout among Turkish Teachers: The Influence of Sleep Quality and Job Satisfaction. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(28-3), 332-342.

Makale Dosyaları

Tam Metin