COĞRAFYADA PEYZAJ TEORİSİ

Öz

Bu çalışmamızda peyzajın ne olduğu ve onun teorik çerçevesini açıklamaya çalışacağız. Peyzaj, coğrafya içinde özellikle kültürel coğrafyada yaygın kullanılan bir kavramdır. Her kavram gibi peyzaj kavramı da dönüşüme uğramış, bazı anlamları silinirken yeni anlamlar kazanmıştır. Coğrafyada bu anlamların ortaya çıkışı, hakim olan yaklaşım, paradigma ve teoriler ile yakından ilişkilidir. Genelde bir disiplinde ortaya çıkan yaklaşım ya da teori, ilgili kavramların içeriğini etkileyip onları dönüştürmektedir. Bu nedenle bir disiplinde herhangi bir terim ya da kavramı bağlamında kullanmak ve açıklamak yerinde olacaktır. Peyzaj, ilk ortaya çıktığı 15. yüzyıldan günümüze kadar farklı bağlamlarda farklı disiplinlerde farklı şekillerde kullanılmıştır. Bu nedenle çalışmada peyzaj; kültürel peyzaj, nicel devrim, feminist teori, Marksist ve radikal coğrafya, hümanistik coğrafya, postmodern ve postyapısalcı yaklaşımlar, temsil ötesi teori ve aktör ağ teorisi gibi farklı yaklaşım, anlam ve teorilerle ele alınacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Peyzaj,Coğrafi Paradigmalar,Kültürel Coğrafya,Güç İlişkileri

LANDSCAPE THEORY IN GEOGRAPHY

Öz

In this study, we will try to explain what landscape is and its theoretical framework. Landscape is widely being used in geography especially in cultural geography. Like every concept landscape has transformed as it takes on new meanings and loses some at the same time. There is a close connection between the emerging new meanings and dominating approach, paradigm and theories in a discipline. In general, every emerging approach or paradigm can affect and transform related concepts in a given discipline. Therefore, it is proper to use concepts and terms in their context. From 15th century onwards, landscape has been used in different contexts in different disciplines in different ways. For this reason, landscape will be treated from different approaches, meanings and theories like cultural landscape, quantitative revolution, feminist theory, Marxist and radical geography, humanistic geography, postmodern and poststructuralist approaches, non-representational theory and actor-network theory. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Landscape,Geographical Paradigms,Cultural Geography,Power Relations

Kaynakça

1. Alderman, D, H. & Inwood, J. F. J. (2013). Introducing human geographies. In Cloke, P., Crang, P & Goodwin, M, (eds), Landscapes of memory and socially just futures. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
2. Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
3. Anderson, B. (2011). Non-representational theory. In Johnston, R. J., Gregory, D., Pratt, G. & Watts, M. & Whatmore, S. (Eds.), The dictionary of human geography. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
4. Antrop, M. (2013). The Routledge companion to landscape studies. In Howard, P., Thompson, I. & Waterton, E, (eds), A brief history of landscape research. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
5. Arı, Y. (2005). Amerikan kültürel coğrafyasinda peyzaj kavrami. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 10, 13.
6. Barnes, T J. & Christophers, B. (2017). Economic Geography: A Critical Introduction. Hoboken: Wiley.
7. Bilgili, M. (2016). Coğrafya öğretiminde mekân ve yer karmaşasi üzerine bir araştirma. Coğrafya Eğitimi Dergisi, 2, 11-19.
8. Bilgili, M. (2018). Sosyal coğrafya ve eleştirel teori. N. Özgen (ed.), Sosyal coğrafya içinde. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.

9. Bosco, F. J. (2014). Approaches to human geography: philosophies, theories, people and practices. In Aitken, S & Valentine, G (eds). Actor-Network theory, networks, and relational geographies. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
10. Brooking, T. (1996). Use It or lose it: unravelling the land debate in late nineteenth-century New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of History, 30(2), 141– 162.
11. Castree, N. (2005). Nature (Key Ideas in Geography). Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
12. Cloke, P. (2013). Introducing human geographies. In Cloke, P., Crang, P & Goodwin, M, (eds), Rural landscapes. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
13. Cosgrove, D. (1984). Social Formation and Symbolic Landscapes, London: Croom Helm.
14. Cosgrove, D. & Daniels, S. (1988). The Iconography of Landscape. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Cox, K. R. (2013). Making Human Geography. New York: Guilford Publications.
16. Cresswell, T. (1996). In Place/ Out of Place: Geography, Ideology and Transgression. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
17. Cresswell, T. (2012). Geographic Thought: A Critical Introduction. Hoboken: Wiley.
18. Crouch, D. (2013). The Routledge companion to landscape studies. In Howard, P., Thompson, I. & Waterton, E, (eds), Landscape, performance and performativity .Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
19. Delaney, D. (2013). The Wiley-Blackwell companion to cultural geography. In Johnson, N., Schein, R. C., Winders, J. (eds), Seeing seeing seeing the legal landscape seeing seeing seeing the legal landscape. Hoboken: Wiley.
20. Dixon, D. P & Jones III, J. P. (2014). Approaches to human geography: philosophies, theories, people and practices. In Aitken, S & Valentine, G (eds). Feminist geographies of difference, relation, and construction. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
21. Domosh, M. (2013). The Wiley-Blackwell companion to cultural geography. In Johnson, N., Schein, R. C. & Winders, J. (eds), Consumption and landscape. Hoboken: Wiley.
22. Duncan, J. S. (2004). Landscapes of Privilege. London: Routledge.
23. Duncan, J.S. (1990). The City as Text: The Politics of Landscape Interpretation in the Kandyan Kingdom. New York: Cambridge University Press.
24. Egoz, S. (2013). The Routledge companion to landscape studies. In Howard, P., Thompson, I. & Waterton, E, (eds), Landscape and identity: Beyond a geography of one place. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
25. Göregenli, M. (2010). Çevre Psikolojisi: İnsan Mekân İlişkileri. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
26. Hawkins, H. (2013). The Routledge companion to landscape studies. In Howard, P., Thompson, I. & Waterton, E, (eds), Picturing landscape. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
27. Henderson, G. (2003). Everyday America: cultural landscape studies after. J.B. Jackson, C. Wilson & P. Groth. (eds.), What (else) we talk about when we talk about landscape (pp. 178– 198). Berkeley: University of California Press,
28. Hooks, B. (2014). Feminism Is for Everybody: Passionate Politics. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
29. Johnson, N. (2013). The Wiley-Blackwell companion to cultural geography. In Johnson, N., Schein, R. C., Winders, J. (eds), Political landscapes. Hoboken: Wiley.
30. Johnston, R. & Sidaway, J. D. (2015). Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American human geography since 1945. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
31. Kaplan, R., Austin, M.E. & Kaplan, S. (1989). The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press
32. Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environment Psychology, 15, 169– 182.
33. Kervankıran, İ. (2015). Turizmde mekânsal veri analizi tekniklerinin kullanımı: Türkiye’de ilçelere göre konaklama örneği. Journal of World of Turks, 7(2), 217-241.
34. Knudsen, D., C & Metro-Roland, M., M. (2013). The Routledge companion to landscape studies. In Howard, P., Thompson, I. & Waterton, E, (eds). Landscape studies and tourism research. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
35. Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling The Social– An Introduction To Actor Network-Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
36. Ley, D. (2011). The dictionary of human geography. In Johnston, R. J., Gregory, D., Pratt, G. & Watts, M. & Whatmore, S. (Eds.), Lifeworld, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
37. Library of Congress. (2018). 20 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde, www.loc.gov/pictures/item/97507547/, adresinden edinilmiştir.
38. Lindström, K, Palang, H. & Kull, K. (2013). The Routledge companion to landscape studies. In Howard, P., Thompson, I. & Waterton, E, (eds). Semiotics of landscape. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
39. Lorimer, H. (2005). Cultural geography: the busyness of being more than representational. Progress in Human Geography, 29, 83– 94.
40. Majury, N. (2013). The Wiley-Blackwell companion to cultural geography. In Johnson, N., Schein, R. C., Winders, J. (eds.), Economic Landscapes, Hoboken: Wiley.
41. Massey, D. (1984). Spatial Divisions of Labour: Social Structures and the Geography of Production. London: Macmillan.
42. Massey, D. (2006). Landscape as provocation. Journal of Material Culture, 11, 33– 48.
43. McDowell, L. & D. Massey. (1984). Geography Matters! A Reader. In D. Massey & J. Allen (eds.), A woman’s place? (pp. 128– 47). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
44. McLeod, J. (2010). Beginning Postcolonialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
45. Mitchell, D. (2003). Cultural landscapes: just landscapes or landscapes of justice?. Progress in Human Geography, 27(6), 787– 796.
46. Mitchell, D. (2008). New axioms for reading the landscape: Paying attention to political economy and social justice. J. Wescoat & D. Johnston (eds.), In Political economies of landscape change: places of integrative power (pp. 29– 49). Dordrecht: Springer.
47. Özey, R. (2012). Beşeri Bölgeler Coğrafyası. İstanbul: Aktif Yayınevi.
48. Özey, R. (2014). Kültürel Coğrafya. İstanbul: Aktif Yayınevi.
49. Özgür, E. M. (2018). Küresel göçün sosyo-mekânsalliği: ulusötesi mekânlar / yerelötesi yerler, topluluklar ve kimlikler. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, CBD, 16(1), 1- 35.
50. Price, C. (2013). The Routledge companion to landscape studies. In Howard, P., Thompson, I. & Waterton, E, (eds). Researching the economics of landscape. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
51. Robbins, P. (2014). Approaches to human geography: philosophies, theories, people and practices. In Aitken, S & Valentine, G (eds). Research is theft: environmental inquiry in a postcolonial world. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
52. Robbins, P; Hintz, John & Moore, S. A. (2013). Environment and Society: A Critical Introduction (Critical Introductions to Geography). Hoboken: Wiley.
53. Roberts, J. M. & Westad, O, A. (2013). The Penguin History of the World. London: Penguin Books Ltd.
54. Rogers, A., Castree, N. & Kitchin, K. (2013). A Dictionary of Human Geography. Oxford: OUP Oxford.
55. Rose, G. (1993). Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge. Hoboken: Wiley.
56. Sauer, C.O. (1925) The morphology of landscape, university of california publications in geography, 2. In Leighly, J. (ed.) (1974) Land and Life (pp. 315–50) . Berkeley: University of California Press.
57. Setten, G. & Myrvang Brown, K. (2013). The Routledge companion to landscape studies. In Howard, P., Thompson, I. & Waterton, E, (eds). Landscape and social justicein. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
58. Thrift, N. (2008). Non-Representational Theories, London: Routledge
59. Tolia-Kelly, D. P. (2013). The Routledge companion to landscape studies. In Howard, P., Thompson, I. & Waterton, E, (eds). Landscape
60. and memory. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
61. Tuan, Y.F. (2013). Romantic Geography: In Search of the Sublime Landscape. Madison: The Univesity of Wisconsin Press.
62. Turut, H. & Özgür, E. M. (2018). Bir kente göçün hikayesi: süreçler, bütünlesme ve aidiyet. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, CBD, 16(1), 153- 180.
63. Uysal, A. & Güngör, Ş. (2016). Postyapısalcı ve iliskisel cografyalarda bir tarz olarak temsil ötesi teori(ler). İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Coğrafya Dergisi, 33, 73‐81.
64. Ward Thompson, C. (2013). The Routledge companion to landscape studies. In Howard, P., Thompson, I. & Waterton, E, (eds). Landscape perception and environmental psychology. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
65. Waterton, E. (2013). The Routledge companion to landscape studies. In Howard, P., Thompson, I. & Waterton, E, (eds). Landscape and non-representational theories. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
66. Whatmore, S. 2002. Hybrid Geographies: Natures, Cultures, Spaces. London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi: Sage.
67. World Rainforest Movement (2018). 29 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde https://wrm.org.uy/articles-from-the-wrm-bulletin/section1/cameroon- urban-and-rural-activists-against-industrial-plantations-abuses-towards-women/, adresinden edinilmiştir.
68. Wylie, J. (2007). Landscape. London: Routledge.
69. Wylie, J. (2013a). The Routledge companion to landscape studies. In Howard, P., Thompson, I. & Waterton, E, (eds). Landscape and phenomenology. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
70. Wylie, J. (2013b). Introducing Human Geographies. In Cloke, P., Crang, P. & Goodwin, M, (eds). Landscape. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
71. Yakar, M. (2017). Yerlilikten göçmenliğe doğru: Türkiye’de iç göçün doğum yeri verisine göre gelişimi, Türkiye coğrafyasi araştirmalari. Arslan, F (ed.), Prof. Dr. Mesut Elibüyük’e Armağan içinde, Ankara: Pegem Akademi.