Araştırma Makalesi
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SEÇİM SINIRLARININ DEĞİŞTİRİLMESİ YOLUYLA TÜRKİYE'DE YENİDEN MERKEZİLEŞME: ANKARA ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 40, 139 - 150, 30.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.32003/iggei.560990

Öz

Bu araştırma, 2012 yılında yapılan 6360 sayılı
kanunla yapılan düzenlemeyle gerçekleşen yerel seçim sınırlarına ilişkin
düzenlemenin yeniden merkezileşmeye yol açtığını iddia etmekte ve bunu ampirik
olarak kanıtlamaktadır. Bu argümanları kanıtlamak için seçim davranışı ile
seçmen profili arasındaki ilişkiyi ele alan sivil gönüllülük modeli
kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan veriler Yüksek Seçim Kurulu (YSK) ve
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) ile bir gayrimenkul internet sitesi
kullanılarak oluşturulan verilerden oluşmaktadır. Bulgular, muhalefet
partisinin hâkim olduğu alanların daralmakta olduğunu, bunun da ötesinde söz
konusu düzenlemeyi yapan siyasi iktidarın çeperde yer alan kendi
egemenliğindeki alanları dahi yereldeki temsilcilerine bırakmayacak kadar
merkezden idare etme eğilimine girdiğini göstermektedir. Bu durum seçim
sınırlarına ilişkin yapılan düzenlemenin siyasal iktidarın hakimiyet alanını
genişletmesinin ötesinde hegemonik bir biçimde Türkiye’de merkezileşme
dinamiklerini yeniden harekete geçirdiğini ve bunun gerçekleşmesi için mekanın
araçsallaştırıldığını göstermesi açısından önemlidir. 

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, D. & Robinson, J. A. (2006). Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Akdoğan, Y. (2004). AK Parti ve muhafazakâr demokrasi (1. ed.). Cağaloğlu, İstanbul: Alfa.
  • Ataç, E. & Işık, O. (2013). ‘’Büyük Dönüşüm’’ öncesi Türkiye kentlerinde ayrışma ve siyaset. Toplum ve Bilim, 127, 229-241.
  • Aygul, C. (2016). Electoral manipulation in March 30, 2014 Turkish local elections. Turkish Studies, 17(1), 181-201. doi:10.1080/14683849.2015.1135061
  • Ayman-Güler, B. (2009). Yönetişim: Tüm İktidar Sermayeye. Praksis(9), 93-116.
  • Baudrillard, J. (2017). Can çekişen küresel güç. Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Bayramoğlu, S. (2014). Yönetişim zihniyeti: Türkiye'de üst kurullar ve siyasal iktidarın dönüşümü. İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Bervoets, S. & Merlin, V. (2012). Gerrymander-proof representative democracies. International Journal of Game Theory, 41(3), 473-488. doi:10.1007/s00182-011-0298-2
  • Birch, S. (2011). Electoral Malpractice. New York: Oxford University Press
  • Castree, N. (2011). David Harvey In R. K. Philip Hubbard (Ed.), Key thinkers on space and place (pp. 234-242). London: Sage.
  • Chen, J. & Rodden, J. (2013). Unintentional gerrymandering: Political geography and electoral bias in legislatures. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 8(3), 239-269.
  • Clark, W. A. E. & Hosking, P. L. (1986). Statistical Methods for Geographers. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Clarke, H. D., Sanders, David , Stewart, Marianne C., Whiteley, Paul (2004). Political choice in Britain. New York: Oxford University Press
  • Çavuşoğlu, E. & Strutz, J. (2014). We’ll come and demolish your house!”: The role of spatial (re-) production in the neoliberal hegemonic politics of Turkey. In A. B. İsmet Akça, Barış Alp Özden (Ed.), Turkey Reframed Constituting Neoliberal Hegemony (pp. 141-153). London: Pluto Press.
  • Çolak, D. Ç., Sağlam, H. & Topal, A. (2017). Bütünşehir’modelinin 2014 büyükşehir belediye başkanlığı seçimlerine etkileri. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, 26(2), 1-47.
  • Dahl, R. A. (1956). A preface to democratic theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Diamond, L. (2002). Thinking about hybrid regimes. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 21-35. doi:DOI 10.1353/jod.2002.0025
  • Doğan, S. (2017). Mahalledeki AKP : parti işleyişi, taban mobilizasyonu ve siyasal yabancılaşma (1. baskı. ed.). İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Esen, B. & Gumuscu, S. (2016). Rising competitive authoritarianism in Turkey. Third World Quarterly, 37(9), 1581-1606. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1135732
  • Friedman, J. N. & Holden, R. T. (2009). The rising incumbent reelection rate: What's gerrymandering got to do with it? The Journal of Politics, 71(2), 593-611.
  • Giugal, A., Johnston, R., Chiru, M., Ciobanu, I. & Gavris, A. (2017). Gerrymandering and Malapportionment, Romanian Style: The 2008 Electoral System. East European Politics and Societies, 31(4), 683-703. doi:10.1177/0888325417711222
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. & Tatham, R. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis (7 ed.). Essex: Pearson.
  • Halas, M. & Klapka, P. (2017). Functionality versus gerrymandering and nationalism in administrative geography: lessons from Slovakia. Regional Studies, 51(10), 1568-1579. doi:10.1080/00343404.2016.1215602
  • Hubbard, P. & Kitchin, R. (2011). Key thinkers on space and place (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, Calif.: Sage.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1991). The third wave : democratization in the late twentieth century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Işık, O. & Pınarcıoğlu, M. (2006). Bölgesel siyasi tercihler ve AKP. Toplum ve Bilim, 107, 66-86.
  • Kalaycioglu, E. (1994). Elections and Party Preferences in Turkey - Changes and Continuities in the 1990s. Comparative Political Studies, 27(3), 402-424. doi:Doi 10.1177/0010414094027003004
  • Kalaycioğlu, E. (2007). Politics of conservatism in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 8(2), 233-252.
  • Kennedy, S. S. (2017). Electoral Integrity: How Gerrymandering Matters. Public Integrity, 19(3), 265-273.
  • Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space (D. Nicholson-Smith, Trans.). Oxford: Oxford Blackwell.
  • Leighley, J. E. & Nagler, J. (1992). Individual and Systemic Influences on Turnout - Who Votes 1984. Journal of Politics, 54(3), 718-740. doi:Doi 10.2307/2132308
  • Levitsky, S. & Way, L. (2010). Competitive authoritarianism : hybrid regimes after the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lijphart, A. (1984). Çağdaş demokrasiler: yirmibir ülkede çoğunlukçu ve oydaşmacı yönetim örüntüleri (E. Özbudun & E. Onulduran, Trans.). İstanbul: TDV ve Siyasi İlimler Derneği.
  • Lipset, S. M. (1960). Political man: The social bases of politics. Garden City, NY: Double Day and Company Inc.
  • Lipset, S. M. & Rokkan, S. (1967). Party systems and voter alignments: cross-national perspectives. [Contributors: Robert R. Alford and others]. New York,: Free Press.
  • Mansley, E. & Demsar, U. (2015). Space matters: Geographic variability of electoral turnout determinants in the 2012 London mayoral election. Electoral Studies, 40, 322-334. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2015.10.003
  • Mardin, Ş. (1973). Center-periphery relations: A key to Turkish politics? Daedalus, 102(1), 169-190.
  • Marschall, M., Aydogan, A. & Bulut, A. (2016). Does housing create votes? Explaining the electoral success of the AKP in Turkey. Electoral Studies, 42, 201-212. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2016.02.010
  • McCarty, N., Poole, K. T. & Rosenthal, H. (2009). Does gerrymandering cause polarization? American Journal of Political Science, 53(3), 666-680.
  • Miller, M. K. (2012). Electoral authoritarianism and democracy: A formal model of regime transitions. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 25(2), 153-181.
  • Moore, B. (1967). Social origins of dictatorship and democracy : lord and peasant in the making of the modern world. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Norris, P. (2014). Why electoral integrity matters. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ong, K. M., Kasuya, Y. & Mori, K. (2017). Malapportionment and democracy: A curvilinear relationship. Electoral Studies, 49, 118-127. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2017.06.004
  • Oni, A. A., Oni, S., Mbarika, V. & Ayo, C. K. (2017). Empirical study of user acceptance of online political participation: Integrating Civic Voluntarism Model and Theory of Reasoned Action. Government Information Quarterly, 34(2), 317-328. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2017.02.003
  • Özbudun, E. (2011a). Otoriter rejimler, seçimsel demokrasiler ve Türkiye. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi.
  • Özbudun, E. (2011b). Türkiye'de parti ve seçim sistemi. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Özbudun, E. (2015). Turkey's Judiciary and the Drift Toward Competitive Authoritarianism. International Spectator, 50(2), 42-55. doi:10.1080/03932729.2015.1020651
  • Özçağlar, A. (2014). Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesinin Yönetsel Sınırlarındaki Değişimin Ankara Şehrine ve Ankara İline Etkileri. Paper presented at the TÜCAUM VIII. Coğrafya Sempozyumu, Ankara.
  • Özözen Kahraman, S. (2004). Türkiye’de Yerleşim Birimlerinde İdari Statü Değişikliğinin Seçimlere Yansıması. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, S, 13, 59-71.
  • Özözen-Kahraman, S. (2007). Seçimlerin Mekânsal Analizi. Ankara: Gazi Kitapevi.
  • Pattie, C. & Johnston, R. (1998). Voter turnout at the British general election of 1992: Rational choice, social standing or political efficacy? European Journal of Political Research, 33(2), 263-283. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.00383
  • Pattie, C., Seyd, P. & Whiteley, P. (2003). Citizenship and civic engagement: Attitudes and behaviour in Britain. Political Studies, 51(3), 443-468.
  • Sartori, G. (1976). Parties and party systems : a framework for analysis. Cambridge Eng. ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Savaş-Yavuzçehre, P. (2016). The Effects Of The Law No. 6360 On Metropolitan Municipality System In Turkey. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 12(10).
  • Schedler, A. (2002a). Elections without democracy: The menu of manipulation. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 36-50.
  • Schedler, A. (2002b). The menu of manipulation. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 36-50. doi:DOI 10.1353/jod.2002.0031
  • Schedler, A. (2006). The logic of electoral authoritarianism Electoral authoritarianism : the dynamics of unfree competition (pp. 1-26). Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Schedler, A. (2013). The politics of uncertainty: Sustaining and subverting electoral authoritarianism: Oxford University Press.
  • Secor, A. J. (2001). Ideologies in crisis: political cleavages and electoral politics in Turkey in the 1990s. Political Geography, 20(5), 539-560. doi:Doi 10.1016/S0962- 6298(01)00011-7
  • Soja, E. W. (1980). The Socio-Spatial Dialectic. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 70(2), 207-225. doi:DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1980.tb01308.x
  • Somer, M. (2016). Understanding Turkey's democratic breakdown: old vs. new and indigenous vs. global authoritarianism. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16(4), 481-503. doi:10.1080/14683857.2016.1246548
  • Şahin, S. Z. (2018). Neoliberal yeniden ölçeklenme etkisi altında Türkiye’de kentleşme politikasının dönüşümü Alternatif Politika, Özel Sayı, 1-30.
  • Şengül, T. (2003). Yerel Devlet Sorunu ve Yerel Devletin Dönüşümünde Yeni Eğilimler. Praksis Dergisi, 9, 183-220.
  • Theodore, N., Peck, J. & Brenner, N. (2011). Neoliberal urbanism: cities and the rule of markets. In G. Bridge & S. Watson (Eds.), The new Blackwell companion to the city (pp. 15-25). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Verba, S. & Nie, N. H. (1987). Participation in America: Political democracy and social equality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L. & Brady, H. E. (2000). Rational action and political activity. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 12(3), 243-268.

INSTRUMENTALISATION OF GERRYMANDERING IN RECENTRALIZATION IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF ANKARA

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 40, 139 - 150, 30.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.32003/iggei.560990

Öz











The aim
of this research is to demonstrate empirically that gerrymandering takes place
specifically in the municipal elections which first started by the law 6360 in
2012 and not only leads to expansion of the political power’s hegemony while
limiting the opposition party’s electoral boundary but also centralization.
In order to prove this argument, civil voluntarism model, which deals
with the relationship between electoral behaviors and voter’s profile, was
used.
We use data on voter qualifications and election
results from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) and the Supreme Electoral
Board (SEB), two state institutions. And we also
used an
economic data we created from a real estate website. The findings show that the
areas dominated by the opposition party are shrinking. Furthermore, the
findings show that the ruling party that made this regulation tended to be
centralized to the extent that it did not leave its domination areas to their
local representatives. In this case, the regulation cannot be seen as a simple
arrangement about only expanding of electoral boundaries. It also shows that
mobilizes the dynamics of recentralization in Turkey. And the place is
instrumentalized for this purpose 

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, D. & Robinson, J. A. (2006). Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Akdoğan, Y. (2004). AK Parti ve muhafazakâr demokrasi (1. ed.). Cağaloğlu, İstanbul: Alfa.
  • Ataç, E. & Işık, O. (2013). ‘’Büyük Dönüşüm’’ öncesi Türkiye kentlerinde ayrışma ve siyaset. Toplum ve Bilim, 127, 229-241.
  • Aygul, C. (2016). Electoral manipulation in March 30, 2014 Turkish local elections. Turkish Studies, 17(1), 181-201. doi:10.1080/14683849.2015.1135061
  • Ayman-Güler, B. (2009). Yönetişim: Tüm İktidar Sermayeye. Praksis(9), 93-116.
  • Baudrillard, J. (2017). Can çekişen küresel güç. Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Bayramoğlu, S. (2014). Yönetişim zihniyeti: Türkiye'de üst kurullar ve siyasal iktidarın dönüşümü. İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Bervoets, S. & Merlin, V. (2012). Gerrymander-proof representative democracies. International Journal of Game Theory, 41(3), 473-488. doi:10.1007/s00182-011-0298-2
  • Birch, S. (2011). Electoral Malpractice. New York: Oxford University Press
  • Castree, N. (2011). David Harvey In R. K. Philip Hubbard (Ed.), Key thinkers on space and place (pp. 234-242). London: Sage.
  • Chen, J. & Rodden, J. (2013). Unintentional gerrymandering: Political geography and electoral bias in legislatures. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 8(3), 239-269.
  • Clark, W. A. E. & Hosking, P. L. (1986). Statistical Methods for Geographers. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Clarke, H. D., Sanders, David , Stewart, Marianne C., Whiteley, Paul (2004). Political choice in Britain. New York: Oxford University Press
  • Çavuşoğlu, E. & Strutz, J. (2014). We’ll come and demolish your house!”: The role of spatial (re-) production in the neoliberal hegemonic politics of Turkey. In A. B. İsmet Akça, Barış Alp Özden (Ed.), Turkey Reframed Constituting Neoliberal Hegemony (pp. 141-153). London: Pluto Press.
  • Çolak, D. Ç., Sağlam, H. & Topal, A. (2017). Bütünşehir’modelinin 2014 büyükşehir belediye başkanlığı seçimlerine etkileri. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, 26(2), 1-47.
  • Dahl, R. A. (1956). A preface to democratic theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Diamond, L. (2002). Thinking about hybrid regimes. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 21-35. doi:DOI 10.1353/jod.2002.0025
  • Doğan, S. (2017). Mahalledeki AKP : parti işleyişi, taban mobilizasyonu ve siyasal yabancılaşma (1. baskı. ed.). İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Esen, B. & Gumuscu, S. (2016). Rising competitive authoritarianism in Turkey. Third World Quarterly, 37(9), 1581-1606. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1135732
  • Friedman, J. N. & Holden, R. T. (2009). The rising incumbent reelection rate: What's gerrymandering got to do with it? The Journal of Politics, 71(2), 593-611.
  • Giugal, A., Johnston, R., Chiru, M., Ciobanu, I. & Gavris, A. (2017). Gerrymandering and Malapportionment, Romanian Style: The 2008 Electoral System. East European Politics and Societies, 31(4), 683-703. doi:10.1177/0888325417711222
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. & Tatham, R. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis (7 ed.). Essex: Pearson.
  • Halas, M. & Klapka, P. (2017). Functionality versus gerrymandering and nationalism in administrative geography: lessons from Slovakia. Regional Studies, 51(10), 1568-1579. doi:10.1080/00343404.2016.1215602
  • Hubbard, P. & Kitchin, R. (2011). Key thinkers on space and place (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, Calif.: Sage.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1991). The third wave : democratization in the late twentieth century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Işık, O. & Pınarcıoğlu, M. (2006). Bölgesel siyasi tercihler ve AKP. Toplum ve Bilim, 107, 66-86.
  • Kalaycioglu, E. (1994). Elections and Party Preferences in Turkey - Changes and Continuities in the 1990s. Comparative Political Studies, 27(3), 402-424. doi:Doi 10.1177/0010414094027003004
  • Kalaycioğlu, E. (2007). Politics of conservatism in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 8(2), 233-252.
  • Kennedy, S. S. (2017). Electoral Integrity: How Gerrymandering Matters. Public Integrity, 19(3), 265-273.
  • Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space (D. Nicholson-Smith, Trans.). Oxford: Oxford Blackwell.
  • Leighley, J. E. & Nagler, J. (1992). Individual and Systemic Influences on Turnout - Who Votes 1984. Journal of Politics, 54(3), 718-740. doi:Doi 10.2307/2132308
  • Levitsky, S. & Way, L. (2010). Competitive authoritarianism : hybrid regimes after the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lijphart, A. (1984). Çağdaş demokrasiler: yirmibir ülkede çoğunlukçu ve oydaşmacı yönetim örüntüleri (E. Özbudun & E. Onulduran, Trans.). İstanbul: TDV ve Siyasi İlimler Derneği.
  • Lipset, S. M. (1960). Political man: The social bases of politics. Garden City, NY: Double Day and Company Inc.
  • Lipset, S. M. & Rokkan, S. (1967). Party systems and voter alignments: cross-national perspectives. [Contributors: Robert R. Alford and others]. New York,: Free Press.
  • Mansley, E. & Demsar, U. (2015). Space matters: Geographic variability of electoral turnout determinants in the 2012 London mayoral election. Electoral Studies, 40, 322-334. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2015.10.003
  • Mardin, Ş. (1973). Center-periphery relations: A key to Turkish politics? Daedalus, 102(1), 169-190.
  • Marschall, M., Aydogan, A. & Bulut, A. (2016). Does housing create votes? Explaining the electoral success of the AKP in Turkey. Electoral Studies, 42, 201-212. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2016.02.010
  • McCarty, N., Poole, K. T. & Rosenthal, H. (2009). Does gerrymandering cause polarization? American Journal of Political Science, 53(3), 666-680.
  • Miller, M. K. (2012). Electoral authoritarianism and democracy: A formal model of regime transitions. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 25(2), 153-181.
  • Moore, B. (1967). Social origins of dictatorship and democracy : lord and peasant in the making of the modern world. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Norris, P. (2014). Why electoral integrity matters. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ong, K. M., Kasuya, Y. & Mori, K. (2017). Malapportionment and democracy: A curvilinear relationship. Electoral Studies, 49, 118-127. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2017.06.004
  • Oni, A. A., Oni, S., Mbarika, V. & Ayo, C. K. (2017). Empirical study of user acceptance of online political participation: Integrating Civic Voluntarism Model and Theory of Reasoned Action. Government Information Quarterly, 34(2), 317-328. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2017.02.003
  • Özbudun, E. (2011a). Otoriter rejimler, seçimsel demokrasiler ve Türkiye. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi.
  • Özbudun, E. (2011b). Türkiye'de parti ve seçim sistemi. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Özbudun, E. (2015). Turkey's Judiciary and the Drift Toward Competitive Authoritarianism. International Spectator, 50(2), 42-55. doi:10.1080/03932729.2015.1020651
  • Özçağlar, A. (2014). Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesinin Yönetsel Sınırlarındaki Değişimin Ankara Şehrine ve Ankara İline Etkileri. Paper presented at the TÜCAUM VIII. Coğrafya Sempozyumu, Ankara.
  • Özözen Kahraman, S. (2004). Türkiye’de Yerleşim Birimlerinde İdari Statü Değişikliğinin Seçimlere Yansıması. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, S, 13, 59-71.
  • Özözen-Kahraman, S. (2007). Seçimlerin Mekânsal Analizi. Ankara: Gazi Kitapevi.
  • Pattie, C. & Johnston, R. (1998). Voter turnout at the British general election of 1992: Rational choice, social standing or political efficacy? European Journal of Political Research, 33(2), 263-283. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.00383
  • Pattie, C., Seyd, P. & Whiteley, P. (2003). Citizenship and civic engagement: Attitudes and behaviour in Britain. Political Studies, 51(3), 443-468.
  • Sartori, G. (1976). Parties and party systems : a framework for analysis. Cambridge Eng. ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Savaş-Yavuzçehre, P. (2016). The Effects Of The Law No. 6360 On Metropolitan Municipality System In Turkey. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 12(10).
  • Schedler, A. (2002a). Elections without democracy: The menu of manipulation. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 36-50.
  • Schedler, A. (2002b). The menu of manipulation. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 36-50. doi:DOI 10.1353/jod.2002.0031
  • Schedler, A. (2006). The logic of electoral authoritarianism Electoral authoritarianism : the dynamics of unfree competition (pp. 1-26). Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Schedler, A. (2013). The politics of uncertainty: Sustaining and subverting electoral authoritarianism: Oxford University Press.
  • Secor, A. J. (2001). Ideologies in crisis: political cleavages and electoral politics in Turkey in the 1990s. Political Geography, 20(5), 539-560. doi:Doi 10.1016/S0962- 6298(01)00011-7
  • Soja, E. W. (1980). The Socio-Spatial Dialectic. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 70(2), 207-225. doi:DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1980.tb01308.x
  • Somer, M. (2016). Understanding Turkey's democratic breakdown: old vs. new and indigenous vs. global authoritarianism. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16(4), 481-503. doi:10.1080/14683857.2016.1246548
  • Şahin, S. Z. (2018). Neoliberal yeniden ölçeklenme etkisi altında Türkiye’de kentleşme politikasının dönüşümü Alternatif Politika, Özel Sayı, 1-30.
  • Şengül, T. (2003). Yerel Devlet Sorunu ve Yerel Devletin Dönüşümünde Yeni Eğilimler. Praksis Dergisi, 9, 183-220.
  • Theodore, N., Peck, J. & Brenner, N. (2011). Neoliberal urbanism: cities and the rule of markets. In G. Bridge & S. Watson (Eds.), The new Blackwell companion to the city (pp. 15-25). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Verba, S. & Nie, N. H. (1987). Participation in America: Political democracy and social equality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L. & Brady, H. E. (2000). Rational action and political activity. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 12(3), 243-268.
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Suat Tuysuz

Recep Gülmez 0000-0002-5073-5051

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Sayı: 40

Kaynak Göster

APA Tuysuz, S., & Gülmez, R. (2019). INSTRUMENTALISATION OF GERRYMANDERING IN RECENTRALIZATION IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF ANKARA. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education(40), 139-150. https://doi.org/10.32003/iggei.560990
AMA Tuysuz S, Gülmez R. INSTRUMENTALISATION OF GERRYMANDERING IN RECENTRALIZATION IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF ANKARA. IGGE. Temmuz 2019;(40):139-150. doi:10.32003/iggei.560990
Chicago Tuysuz, Suat, ve Recep Gülmez. “INSTRUMENTALISATION OF GERRYMANDERING IN RECENTRALIZATION IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF ANKARA”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, sy. 40 (Temmuz 2019): 139-50. https://doi.org/10.32003/iggei.560990.
EndNote Tuysuz S, Gülmez R (01 Temmuz 2019) INSTRUMENTALISATION OF GERRYMANDERING IN RECENTRALIZATION IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF ANKARA. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 40 139–150.
IEEE S. Tuysuz ve R. Gülmez, “INSTRUMENTALISATION OF GERRYMANDERING IN RECENTRALIZATION IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF ANKARA”, IGGE, sy. 40, ss. 139–150, Temmuz 2019, doi: 10.32003/iggei.560990.
ISNAD Tuysuz, Suat - Gülmez, Recep. “INSTRUMENTALISATION OF GERRYMANDERING IN RECENTRALIZATION IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF ANKARA”. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 40 (Temmuz 2019), 139-150. https://doi.org/10.32003/iggei.560990.
JAMA Tuysuz S, Gülmez R. INSTRUMENTALISATION OF GERRYMANDERING IN RECENTRALIZATION IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF ANKARA. IGGE. 2019;:139–150.
MLA Tuysuz, Suat ve Recep Gülmez. “INSTRUMENTALISATION OF GERRYMANDERING IN RECENTRALIZATION IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF ANKARA”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, sy. 40, 2019, ss. 139-50, doi:10.32003/iggei.560990.
Vancouver Tuysuz S, Gülmez R. INSTRUMENTALISATION OF GERRYMANDERING IN RECENTRALIZATION IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF ANKARA. IGGE. 2019(40):139-50.