Araştırma Makalesi
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ANKARA PAPAĞANLARI: EGZOTİK BİR TÜR OLARAK YEŞİL PAPAĞANLAR (PSİTTACULA KRAMERİ) VE ANKARA’DAKİ ANTROPOJENİK HABİTATLARI

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 44, 445 - 460, 23.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.854992

Öz

Ankara şehrinde yeşil papağanlar (Psittacula krameri) ilk kez 1976 yılında gözlenmekle birlikte, 1990’lı yılların sonu ve 2000’li yıllarla birlikte önemli bir popülasyona ulaşmışlardır. Şehrin tamamındaki parklarda ve çevresindeki korularda sıklıkla gözlemlenir hale gelmişlerdir. Ankara şehrinin önemli bir parçası haline gelmiş olan yeşil papağan habitatlarının belirlenmesi, tanımlanması çevresel, sosyolojik ve ekonomik değerlendirmeler açısından elzemdir. İnsanlar ve yeşil papağanlar arasındaki etkileşimin incelenmesi bağlamında da önemli bir altlık oluşturacağı açıktır. Bu çalışmada yeşil papağanların Ankara şehrinde gözlemlendikleri alanlar araştırılmış ve yeşil papağanların bu noktaları tercih etmelerinde öne çıkan etkenler belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada yeşil papağanların gözlemlendikleri yerlerin belirlenmesi için araştırmacının gözlemleri, eBird, Birdlife International ve CABI veri tabanlarından elde edilen veriler kullanılmıştır. Antropojenik habitatların iklim özelliklerinin ortaya konulması için coğrafi bilgi sistemleri yazılımlarından yararlanılarak çoklu çizgisel regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. 14 meteoroloji istasyonundan elde edilen değerler, enlem, yükselti ve arazi kullanım parametreleri kullanılarak enterpole edilmiştir. Ankara şehrinin coğrafi özellikleri yeşil papağanların doğal habitatlarından çok farklıdır. Yapılan analizler, yeşil papağanların aşırı soğuk geçen kış mevsiminde şehir iklimin yarattığı mikroklima özelliklerini kullanarak hayatta kaldıklarını göstermektedir. Şehirde binaların kışın yaydığı antropojenik ısı ve kış koşullarında şehir ikliminin kırsal bölgelerden daha sıcak olması, şehir için yeşil alanları habitat olarak seçmelerinde önemli bir değişkendir. 

Destekleyen Kurum

Ankara Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

18H0630001

Kaynakça

  • Akyıldırım, B. & Arslan, M. (2019). Türkiye’ye yerleşen egzotik kuş türleri: Yeşil papağan (Psittacula krameri) ve İskender papağanı (Psittacula eupatria). 01 Ocak 2019 tarihinde http://www.trakus.org/kods_bird/pdf/91371.pdf adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Alem, S., Perry, C. J., Zhu, X., Loukola, O. J., Ingraham, T., Søvik, E. & Chittka, L. (2016). Associative mechanisms allow for social learning and cultural transmission of string pulling in an insect. PLoS Biology, 14, 1-28.
  • BirdLifeInternational. (2018). Species factsheet: Psittacula krameri. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List for birds. 01 Ocak 2019 tarihinde http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/rose-ringed-parakeet-psittacula-krameri/details adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Boyla, K., Aydemir, G. & Eken, G. (1998). The status and distribution of Ring-Necked Parakeet Psittakula krameri in Turkey. Turna, 1, 24-27.
  • Budiansky, S. (1998). If A Lion Could Talk: Animal Intelligence and The Evolution of Consciousness. New York: Free Press.
  • Butler, C. (2003). Population biology of the introduced Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri in the UK (PhD), University of Oxford, , London.
  • CABI. (2019). Psittacula krameri (rose-ringed parakeet). Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 01 Ocak 2019 tarihinde https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/45158 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • CORINE. (2012). Corine Land Cover (CLC) 2012, Version 18.5.1. 01 Ocak 2019 tarihinde http://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover/clc-2012/view adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Çalışkan, O. (2018). Rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) and geographical evaluation of habitats in Turkey. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education (IGGE), 38, 279-294.
  • Çalışkan, O. & Türkoğlu, N. (2011). Ankara şehri insan biyoklimatolojisinin analizi. International Journal of Human Sciences, 8(2), 978-1001.
  • DAISIE. (2009). Handbook of Alien Species in Europe, Springer Series in Invasion Ecology (Cilt. 3): Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventory for Europe. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag.
  • De Waal, F. (2008), The Ape and The Sushi Master: Cultural Reflections of a Primatologist. Basic Books.
  • eBird. (2018). High Counts. 15 Ocak 2018 tarihinde http://ebird.org/ebird/sightingsLocation.form? reset=high_count-true, adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • eBird. (2019). High Counts. 01 Ocak 2019 tarihinde http://ebird.org/ebird/sightingsLocation.form? reset=high_count-true adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Fitch, D. T., Stow, D. A., Hope, A. S. & Rey, S. (2010). MODIS vegetation metrics as indicators of hydrological response in watersheds of California Mediterranean-type climate zones. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(11), 2513-2523.
  • Forshaw, J. M. & Knight, F. (2010). Parrots of the World. Princeton University Press.
  • Fu, B. & Burgher, I. (2015). Riparian vegetation NDVI dynamics and its relationship with climate, surface water and groundwater. Journal of Arid Environments, 113, 59-68.
  • Heyes, C. M. & Galef Jr, B. G. (1996). Social Learning in Animals: The Roots of Culture. Elsevier.
  • Hernández-Brito, D., Luna, Á., Carrete, M. & Tella, J. L. (2014). Alien rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) attack black rats (Rattus rattus) sometimes resulting in death. Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy, 25(2), 121-123.
  • Hossain, M., Husain, K. & Rahman, M. (1993). Some aspects of the breeding biology of the rose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann). Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 21, 77-85.
  • Kahl-Dunkel, A. & Werner, R. (2002). Winterverbreitung des Halsbandsittichs Psittacula krameri in Köln. Die Vogelwelt, 123, 17-20.
  • Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B. & Rubel, F. (2006). World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 15(3), 259-263. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.
  • Kushwaha, P. K. (2011). Cephalic indices of some birds in relation to their feeding habits. [Skull; bill; measurement; ratio; relation]. Academic Voices: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 1(1), 49-55.
  • Laland, K. N. & Galef, B. G. (2009). The Question of Animal Culture. Harvard University Press.
  • Lamba, B. (1966). Nidification of some common Indian birds 10. The rose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri scopoli. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 19, 77-85.
  • Low, R. (1980). Parrots: Their Care and Breeding. London: Blandford Press.
  • Low, R. (2003). The worldwide trade in wild-caught parrots. In R. Porter (Ed.), Proceedings to the international aviculturists society. Memphis USA: International Aviculturists Society
  • Pârâu, L. G., Strubbe, D., Mori, E., Menchetti, M., Ancillotto, L., Kleunen, A. V., & Louarn, M. L. (2016). Rose- ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri populations and numbers in Europe: a complete overview. The Open Ornithology Journal, 9(1), 1-13.
  • Parr, M., Juniper, T., D'Silva, C., Powell, D., Johnston, D., Franklin, K. & Restall, R. (2010). Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Pithon, J. A. & Dytham, C. (1999). Breeding performance of Ring-necked Parakeets Psittacula krameri in small introduced populations in southeast England. Bird Study, 46(3), 342-347. doi:10.1080/00063659909461148
  • Reznikova, Z. (2007). Animal Intelligence: from Individual to Social Cognition. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Strubbe, D. & Matthysen, E. (2009). Establishment success of invasive ring-necked and monk parakeets in Europe. Journal of Biogeography, 36(12), 2264-2278. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02177.x
  • Sudershan, R. G. & Shivanarayan, A. (1981). Note on the food of nestlings of Rose-ringed Parakeet in Hyderabad. Pavo, 19, 97-99.
  • Sudhi, S. & Shubha, S. (2012). Emotion, cognition, social intelligence and related brain network in Indian green ring neck parrot Psittacula krameri. Journal of Experimental Zoology, India, 15, 91-96.
  • Türkoğlu, N., Çalışkan, O., Çiçek, İ. & Yılmaz, E. (2012). Şehirleşmenin biyoklimatik koşullara etkisinin Ankara ölçeğinde incelenmesi. International Journal of Human Sciences, 9, 932-955.
  • Wasserman, E. A. & Zentall, T. R. (2009). Comparative Cognition : Experimental Explorations of Animal Intelligence. Oxford; New York.

PARAKEETS OF ANKARA: ROSE-RINGED PARAKEETS (PSITTACULA KRAMERI) AS EXOTIC SPECIES AND ANTHROPOGENIC HABITATS IN ANKARA

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 44, 445 - 460, 23.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.854992

Öz

In Ankara, rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) were first observed in 1976 and reached a significant population with the end of the 1990s and the beginning of 2000s. They are often observed in the parks and in the surrounding forests of the urban area. In this study, the areas in where rose-ringed parakeets are observed in Ankara were researched and the geographical characteristics of these habitats have been analyzed to define why rose-ringed parakeets preferred these points. In the study, data from the researcher's observations were used to determine where rose-ringed parakeets were observed. Multiple linear regression analysis was used using Geographic Information Systems software to determine the climate characteristics of anthropogenic habitats. The values obtained from 14 weather stations were interpolated using latitude, elevation and land use parameters. The prominent reasons can be concluded as follows; the geographical characteristics of the urban areas of Ankara are very different from natural habitats of rose-ringed parakeets. Rose-ringed parakeets can survive in extreme cold during winters by using the microclimatic properties created by the urban climate. Because of the anthropogenic heat sourced from the buildings and warmer climatic conditions than the surrounding rural areas rose-ringed parakeets have been choosing green areas as their habitats. 

Proje Numarası

18H0630001

Kaynakça

  • Akyıldırım, B. & Arslan, M. (2019). Türkiye’ye yerleşen egzotik kuş türleri: Yeşil papağan (Psittacula krameri) ve İskender papağanı (Psittacula eupatria). 01 Ocak 2019 tarihinde http://www.trakus.org/kods_bird/pdf/91371.pdf adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Alem, S., Perry, C. J., Zhu, X., Loukola, O. J., Ingraham, T., Søvik, E. & Chittka, L. (2016). Associative mechanisms allow for social learning and cultural transmission of string pulling in an insect. PLoS Biology, 14, 1-28.
  • BirdLifeInternational. (2018). Species factsheet: Psittacula krameri. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List for birds. 01 Ocak 2019 tarihinde http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/rose-ringed-parakeet-psittacula-krameri/details adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Boyla, K., Aydemir, G. & Eken, G. (1998). The status and distribution of Ring-Necked Parakeet Psittakula krameri in Turkey. Turna, 1, 24-27.
  • Budiansky, S. (1998). If A Lion Could Talk: Animal Intelligence and The Evolution of Consciousness. New York: Free Press.
  • Butler, C. (2003). Population biology of the introduced Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri in the UK (PhD), University of Oxford, , London.
  • CABI. (2019). Psittacula krameri (rose-ringed parakeet). Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 01 Ocak 2019 tarihinde https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/45158 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • CORINE. (2012). Corine Land Cover (CLC) 2012, Version 18.5.1. 01 Ocak 2019 tarihinde http://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover/clc-2012/view adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Çalışkan, O. (2018). Rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) and geographical evaluation of habitats in Turkey. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education (IGGE), 38, 279-294.
  • Çalışkan, O. & Türkoğlu, N. (2011). Ankara şehri insan biyoklimatolojisinin analizi. International Journal of Human Sciences, 8(2), 978-1001.
  • DAISIE. (2009). Handbook of Alien Species in Europe, Springer Series in Invasion Ecology (Cilt. 3): Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventory for Europe. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag.
  • De Waal, F. (2008), The Ape and The Sushi Master: Cultural Reflections of a Primatologist. Basic Books.
  • eBird. (2018). High Counts. 15 Ocak 2018 tarihinde http://ebird.org/ebird/sightingsLocation.form? reset=high_count-true, adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • eBird. (2019). High Counts. 01 Ocak 2019 tarihinde http://ebird.org/ebird/sightingsLocation.form? reset=high_count-true adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Fitch, D. T., Stow, D. A., Hope, A. S. & Rey, S. (2010). MODIS vegetation metrics as indicators of hydrological response in watersheds of California Mediterranean-type climate zones. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(11), 2513-2523.
  • Forshaw, J. M. & Knight, F. (2010). Parrots of the World. Princeton University Press.
  • Fu, B. & Burgher, I. (2015). Riparian vegetation NDVI dynamics and its relationship with climate, surface water and groundwater. Journal of Arid Environments, 113, 59-68.
  • Heyes, C. M. & Galef Jr, B. G. (1996). Social Learning in Animals: The Roots of Culture. Elsevier.
  • Hernández-Brito, D., Luna, Á., Carrete, M. & Tella, J. L. (2014). Alien rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) attack black rats (Rattus rattus) sometimes resulting in death. Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy, 25(2), 121-123.
  • Hossain, M., Husain, K. & Rahman, M. (1993). Some aspects of the breeding biology of the rose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann). Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 21, 77-85.
  • Kahl-Dunkel, A. & Werner, R. (2002). Winterverbreitung des Halsbandsittichs Psittacula krameri in Köln. Die Vogelwelt, 123, 17-20.
  • Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B. & Rubel, F. (2006). World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 15(3), 259-263. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.
  • Kushwaha, P. K. (2011). Cephalic indices of some birds in relation to their feeding habits. [Skull; bill; measurement; ratio; relation]. Academic Voices: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 1(1), 49-55.
  • Laland, K. N. & Galef, B. G. (2009). The Question of Animal Culture. Harvard University Press.
  • Lamba, B. (1966). Nidification of some common Indian birds 10. The rose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri scopoli. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 19, 77-85.
  • Low, R. (1980). Parrots: Their Care and Breeding. London: Blandford Press.
  • Low, R. (2003). The worldwide trade in wild-caught parrots. In R. Porter (Ed.), Proceedings to the international aviculturists society. Memphis USA: International Aviculturists Society
  • Pârâu, L. G., Strubbe, D., Mori, E., Menchetti, M., Ancillotto, L., Kleunen, A. V., & Louarn, M. L. (2016). Rose- ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri populations and numbers in Europe: a complete overview. The Open Ornithology Journal, 9(1), 1-13.
  • Parr, M., Juniper, T., D'Silva, C., Powell, D., Johnston, D., Franklin, K. & Restall, R. (2010). Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Pithon, J. A. & Dytham, C. (1999). Breeding performance of Ring-necked Parakeets Psittacula krameri in small introduced populations in southeast England. Bird Study, 46(3), 342-347. doi:10.1080/00063659909461148
  • Reznikova, Z. (2007). Animal Intelligence: from Individual to Social Cognition. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Strubbe, D. & Matthysen, E. (2009). Establishment success of invasive ring-necked and monk parakeets in Europe. Journal of Biogeography, 36(12), 2264-2278. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02177.x
  • Sudershan, R. G. & Shivanarayan, A. (1981). Note on the food of nestlings of Rose-ringed Parakeet in Hyderabad. Pavo, 19, 97-99.
  • Sudhi, S. & Shubha, S. (2012). Emotion, cognition, social intelligence and related brain network in Indian green ring neck parrot Psittacula krameri. Journal of Experimental Zoology, India, 15, 91-96.
  • Türkoğlu, N., Çalışkan, O., Çiçek, İ. & Yılmaz, E. (2012). Şehirleşmenin biyoklimatik koşullara etkisinin Ankara ölçeğinde incelenmesi. International Journal of Human Sciences, 9, 932-955.
  • Wasserman, E. A. & Zentall, T. R. (2009). Comparative Cognition : Experimental Explorations of Animal Intelligence. Oxford; New York.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Beşeri Coğrafya
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Onur Çalışkan 0000-0003-3076-2631

Proje Numarası 18H0630001
Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 44

Kaynak Göster

APA Çalışkan, O. (2021). ANKARA PAPAĞANLARI: EGZOTİK BİR TÜR OLARAK YEŞİL PAPAĞANLAR (PSİTTACULA KRAMERİ) VE ANKARA’DAKİ ANTROPOJENİK HABİTATLARI. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education(44), 445-460. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.854992
AMA Çalışkan O. ANKARA PAPAĞANLARI: EGZOTİK BİR TÜR OLARAK YEŞİL PAPAĞANLAR (PSİTTACULA KRAMERİ) VE ANKARA’DAKİ ANTROPOJENİK HABİTATLARI. IGGE. Temmuz 2021;(44):445-460. doi:10.32003/igge.854992
Chicago Çalışkan, Onur. “ANKARA PAPAĞANLARI: EGZOTİK BİR TÜR OLARAK YEŞİL PAPAĞANLAR (PSİTTACULA KRAMERİ) VE ANKARA’DAKİ ANTROPOJENİK HABİTATLARI”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, sy. 44 (Temmuz 2021): 445-60. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.854992.
EndNote Çalışkan O (01 Temmuz 2021) ANKARA PAPAĞANLARI: EGZOTİK BİR TÜR OLARAK YEŞİL PAPAĞANLAR (PSİTTACULA KRAMERİ) VE ANKARA’DAKİ ANTROPOJENİK HABİTATLARI. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 44 445–460.
IEEE O. Çalışkan, “ANKARA PAPAĞANLARI: EGZOTİK BİR TÜR OLARAK YEŞİL PAPAĞANLAR (PSİTTACULA KRAMERİ) VE ANKARA’DAKİ ANTROPOJENİK HABİTATLARI”, IGGE, sy. 44, ss. 445–460, Temmuz 2021, doi: 10.32003/igge.854992.
ISNAD Çalışkan, Onur. “ANKARA PAPAĞANLARI: EGZOTİK BİR TÜR OLARAK YEŞİL PAPAĞANLAR (PSİTTACULA KRAMERİ) VE ANKARA’DAKİ ANTROPOJENİK HABİTATLARI”. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 44 (Temmuz 2021), 445-460. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.854992.
JAMA Çalışkan O. ANKARA PAPAĞANLARI: EGZOTİK BİR TÜR OLARAK YEŞİL PAPAĞANLAR (PSİTTACULA KRAMERİ) VE ANKARA’DAKİ ANTROPOJENİK HABİTATLARI. IGGE. 2021;:445–460.
MLA Çalışkan, Onur. “ANKARA PAPAĞANLARI: EGZOTİK BİR TÜR OLARAK YEŞİL PAPAĞANLAR (PSİTTACULA KRAMERİ) VE ANKARA’DAKİ ANTROPOJENİK HABİTATLARI”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, sy. 44, 2021, ss. 445-60, doi:10.32003/igge.854992.
Vancouver Çalışkan O. ANKARA PAPAĞANLARI: EGZOTİK BİR TÜR OLARAK YEŞİL PAPAĞANLAR (PSİTTACULA KRAMERİ) VE ANKARA’DAKİ ANTROPOJENİK HABİTATLARI. IGGE. 2021(44):445-60.