The Effect of Feedback on Research Assistants’ Self Efficacy

Öz

In this study, academic or administrative work of research assistants for the first time in their academic career and communication with other scholars have questioned the role of the result of their work with the information they receive about their career development. Study carries the purpose of making a general review of the literature on feedback and self- efficacy. In this study, the effect of self-sufficiency of feedback received by research assistants was examined. The research involves 258 research assistants working in Turkey. According to the results found, work provided by the feedback obtained from other individuals based on feedback has more impact on people's perception of self-efficacy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Feedback,Feedback from Job; Self-Efficacy; Academicians Self-Efficacy

Geri Bildirimin Araştırma Görevlilerinin Öz-Yeterlilikleri Üzerindeki Etkisi

Öz

Çalışma araştırma görevlilerinin akademik kariyerlerinin ilk zamanlarında yaptıkları akademik veya idari işler ve birlikte çalıştıkları diğer akademisyenlerle iletişimleri sonucu kendileriyle ilgili elde ettikleri bilgilerin kariyer gelişimindeki rolünü sorgulamaktadır. Çalışma öz-yeterlilik ve geri bildirim hakkında genel bir literatür derlemesi yapma amacını da taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada araştırma görevlilerinin aldıkları geribildirimlerin öz-yeterlilikleri üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Türkiye’de çalışmakta olan 258 araştırma görevlisine çalışma yapılmıştır. Bulunan sonuca göre işten sağlanan geri bildirimin diğer bireylerden sağlanan geri bildirime göre kişinin öz-yeterlilik algısı üzerine daha fazla etkisi ortaya çıkmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Geri Bildirim,İşten Geri Bildirim; Öz-Yeterlilik; Akademisyen Öz-Yeterlilik

Kaynakça

1. Akkoyunlu, B., & Orhan, F. (2003). Bilgisayar ve öğretim teknolojileri eğitimi (BÖTE) bölümü öğrencilerinin bilgisayar kullanma öz yeterlik inancı ile demografik özellikleri arasındaki ilişki. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology – TOJET, 2(3), 86-98.
2. Allinder, R. (1994). The relationship between efficacy and the instructional practices of special education teachers and consultants. Teacher Education and Special Education, 17, 86-95.
3. Altunel, M. C., Kocak, Ö. E., & Çankır, B. (2015). The effect of job resources on work engagement: A study on academicians in turkey. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice,15(2), 409-417.
4. Anseel, F., & Filip, L. (2007). The long‐term impact of the feedback environment on job satisfaction: A field study in a Belgian context. Applied Psychology, 562, 254-266.
5. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191.
6. Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.
7. Bandura, A. (1992). Self-efficacy mechanism in psychobiologic functioning. Self-efficacy: Thought control of action.
8. Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational psychologist,28(2), 117-148.

9. Bandura, A. (1997a). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Macmillan.
10. Bandura, A. (1997b). Insight. Self-efficacy. Harvard Mental Health Letter. 13(9), 4-6.
11. Battistelli, A., Montani, F., & Odoardi, C. (2013). The impact of feedback from job and task autonomy in the relationship between dispositional resistance to change and innovative work behaviour. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(1), 26-41.
12. Bieschke, K. J., Herbert, J. T., & Bard, C. (1998). Using a social cognitive model to explain research productivity among rehabilitation counselor education faculty. Rehabilitation Education, 12(1), 1-16.
13. Bilgiç, R. (2008). İş özellikleri kuramı: Geniş kapsamlı gözden geçirme. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 11(22), 66-77.
14. Boonzaier, B., Ficker, B., & Rust, B. (2001). A review of research on the job characteristics model and the attendant job diagnostic survey. South African Journal of Business Management, 32(1).
15. Brett, J. M., Feldman, D. C., & Weingart, L. R. (1990). Feedback-seeking behavior of new hires and jobchangers. Journal of Management, 16(4), 737-749.
16. Ceber, E., Yücel, U., Mermer, G., & Özentürk, G. (2009). Health beliefs and breast self-examination in a sample of Turkish women academicians in a university. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 10(2), 213-218.
17. Chiu, S. F., & Chen, H. L (2005). Relationship between job characteristics and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediational role of job satisfaction. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal,33(6), 523-540.
18. Çankır, B. (2015). Çalışmaya tutkunluk ve tükenmişliğin örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı üzerinde etkisi ve bir uygulama (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
19. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68.
20. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512.
21. DePasque, S., & Tricomi, E. (2015). Effects of intrinsic motivation on feedback processing during learning. Neuro Image, 119, 175-186.
22. Duman, T., Tepeci, M., & Unur, K. (2006). Mersin’de yükseköğretim ve orta öğretim düzeyinde turizm eğitimi almakta olan öğrencilerin sektörün çalışma koşullarını algılamaları ve sektörde çalışma isteklerinin karşılaştırmalı analizi. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(1), 51-69.
23. Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. Ohaio: University of Akron Press.
24. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117-140.
25. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226.
26. Gabbe, S. G., Melville, J., Mandel, L., & Walker, E. (2002). Burnout in chairs of obstetrics and gynecology: Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention: Presidential address. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 186(4), 601-612.
27. Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178.
28. Hackett, G., & Betz, N. E. (1981). A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18(3), 326-339.
29. Hair, J. F. (2010). Multivariate data analysis.
30. Hakanen, J., & Roodt, G. (2010). Using the job-demands-resources model to predict engagement: Analysing a conceptual model. İçinde Bakker, A. B. ve Leiter, M. P. (Ed.), Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research (ss. 85-101). New York: Psychology Press.
31. Herold, D. M., & Parsons, C. K. (1985). Assessing the feedback environment in work organizations: Development of the job feedback survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(2), 290.
32. Jex, S. M., & Bliese, P.D. (1999). Efficacy beliefs as a moderator of the impact of work related stressors: A multilevel study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 349-361.
33. Koçak, Ö.E. (2013). The Moderating Effect of Self-Efficacy on the Relationship between Job Resources and Work Engagement. Master Thesis. İstanbul: Marmara University.
34. Knoop, R. (1981). Locus of control as moderator between job characteristics and job attitudes. Psychological Reports, 48(2), 519-525.
35. London, M. (2003). Job feedback: Giving, seeking, and using feedback for performance improvement. Psychology Press.
36. Looney, C. A., Valacich, J. S., & Akbulut, A. Y. (2004, January). Online investment self-efficacy: Development and initial test of an instrument to assess perceived online investing abilities. In Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'04)-Track 7-Volume 7 (pp. 70184-2).
37. Lorig, K., Chastain, R. L., Ung, E., Shoor, S., & Holman, H. R. (1989). Development and evaluation of a scale to measure perceived self‐efficacy in people with arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 32(1), 37-44.
38. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society form the stand point of a social behaviourist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
39. Mulholland, J., & Wallace, J. (2001). Teacher induction and elementary science teaching: Enhancing self-efficacy. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(2), 243-261.
40. Nicholson, A., & Cushman, L. (2000). Developing successful employees: perceptions of industry leaders and academicians. Education+ Training,42(6), 366-371.
41. Pritchard, R. D., Jones, S. D., Roth, P. L., Stuebing, K. K., & Ekeberg, S. E. (1988). Effects of group feedback, goal setting, and incentives on organizational productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(2), 337-358.
42. Pritchard, Robert D., Montagno, R. V., & Moore, J. R. (1978). Enhancing productivity through feedback and job design. Purdue Research Foundation Lafayette Ind.
43. Sargeant, J., Mann, K., Sinclair, D., Van der Vleuten, C., & Metsemakers, J. (2007). Challenges in multisource feedback: intended and unintended outcomes. Medical Education, 41(6), 583-591.
44. Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2007). Efficacy or inefficacy, that's the question: Burnout and work engagement, and their relationships with efficacy beliefs. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 20(2), 177-196.
45. Schunk, D. H. (1989). Social-cognitive theory and self-regulated learning. İçinde D. H. Schunk ve B. J. Zimmerman (Ed.), Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: Theory, research and practice (pp. 83-110). New York: Springer-Verlag.
46. Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2012). Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research, and applications. NewYork: Routledge.
47. Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Optimistic self-beliefs as a resource factor in coping with stress. In Extreme stress and communities: Impact and intervention. 159-177.
48. Schwarzer, R., Bassler, J., Kwiatek, P., Schroder, K., & Zhang, J. X. (1997). The assessment of optimistic self-beliefs: Comparison of the German, Spanish, and Chinese versions of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 69-88.
49. Srivastava, R., & Rangarajan, D. (2008). Understanding the salespeople's “feedback-satisfaction” linkage: what role does job perceptions play?. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing,23(3), 151-160.
50. TDK, http://tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&arama=gts&guid=TDK.GTS.55d5e13f318732.55747786, Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2015.
51. Turgut, T. (2013). Başarı hedef yönelimleri ve iş özelliklerinin çalışmaya tutkunluk üzerindeki katkıları. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 42(1), 1-25.
52. Üstüner, M., Demirtaş, H., Cömert, M., & Özer, N (2009). Ortaöğretim öğretmenlerinin öz-yeterlik algıları. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(17), 1-16.
53. Williams, K. J., Williams, G. M., & Ryer, J. A. (1990). The relation between performance feedback and job attitudes among school psychologists. School Psychology Review, 19(4), 550-563.
54. Yesilay, A., Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1996). Turkish adaptation of the general perceived self-efficacy scale. 26, 2009.
55. Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Self-efficacy: An essential motive to learn. Contemporary Educational Psychology.25, 82-91.