Yıl 2018,
, 11 - 25, 12.08.2018
Salih Rakap
,
Serife Balikci
Sinan Kalkan
Burak Aydin
Kaynakça
- Artman-Meeker, K., Hemmeter, M. L., & Snyder, P. (2014). Effects of distance coaching on teachers' use of pyramid model practices: A pilot study. Infants & Young Children, 27(4), 325-344.
- Baker, B. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K. A., & Edelbrock, C. (2002). Behavior problems and parenting stress in families of three-year-old children with and without developmental delays. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107(6), 433-444.
- Bambara, L. M., & Kern, L. (Eds.). (2005). Individualized supports for students with problem behaviors: Designing positive behavior plans. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Barnett, W. S. (2000). Economics of early childhood intervention. In Shonkoff, J. P. ve Meisels, S. J. (Eds.), Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention (pp. 589-610). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, 57, 289–300
- Cakiroglu, O., & Melekoglu, M. A. (2014). Statistical trends and developments within inclusive education in Turkey. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 18(8), 798-808.
- Center for the Study of Social Policy. (n.d). Social-emotional competence of children: Protective & promotive factors. Retrived from www.cssp.org/reform/strengthening-families/2013/SF_Social-Emotional-Competence-of-Children.pdf.
- Clegg, J. A., & Standen, P. J. (1991). Friendship among adults who have developmental disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 95(6), 663-671.
- Conners-Burrow, N. A., Patrick, T., Kyzer, A., & McKelvey, L. (2017). A preliminary evaluation of REACH: Training early childhood teachers to support children’s social and emotional development. Early Childhood Education Journal, 45(2), 187-199.
- Cook, B. G., & Odom, S. L. (2013). Evidence-based practices and implementation science in special education. Exceptional children, 79(2), 135-144.
- Cristóvão, A. M., Candeias, A. A., & Verdasca, J. (2017). Social and emotional learning and academic achievement in portuguese schools: A bibliometric study. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1913.
- Denham, S. A., Bassett, H. H., & Zinsser, K. (2012). Early childhood teachers as socializers of young children’s emotional competence. Early Childhood Education Journal, 40, 137–143.
- Diken, İ. H., Cavkaytar, A., Batu, S., Bozkurt F., & Kurtyılmaz, Y. (2010). First Step to Success a school/home intervention program for preventing problem behaviors in young children: examining the effectiveness and social validity in Turkey. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 15(3), 207-221.
- Dunlap, G., Strain, P. S., Fox, L., Carta, J. J., Conroy, M., Smith, B. J., ... & Sailor, W. (2006). Prevention and intervention with young children's challenging behavior: Perspectives regarding current knowledge. Behavioral Disorders, 32(1), 29-45.
- Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Schellinger, K. B., Dymnicki, A. B., & Taylor, R. D. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development 82(1), 405–432.
- Fettig, A., & Artman-Meeker, K. (2016). Group coaching on pre-school teachers’ implementation of pyramid model strategies: A program description. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 36(3), 147-158.
- Fox, L., & Lentini, R. H. (2006). "You got it!" Teaching social and emotional skills. Young Children, 61(6), 36.
- Fox, L., Dunlap, G., Hemmeter, M. L., Joseph, G. E., & Strain, P. S. (2003). The teaching pyramid: a model for supporting social competence and preventing challenging behavior in young children. Young Children, 58(4), 48-52.
- Golly, A. M., Stiller, B., & Walker, H. M. (1998). First Step to Success: Replication and social validation of an early intervention program. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 6, 243-250.
- Greenberg, M. T., & Kusche, C. A. (2006). Building social and emotional competence: The PATHS curriculum. In S. R. Jimerson ve M. J. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook Of School Violence And School Safety (pp. 395–412). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
- Hemmeter, M. L., & Conroy, M. A. (2018). Advancement of evidence-based programs for young children with social and emotional learning difficulties. School Mental Health. Advance online publication.
- Hemmeter, M. L., Fox, L., & Snyder, P. (2013). A tiered model for promoting social-emotional competence and addressing challenging behavior. In V. Buysse & E. Peisner-Feinberg (Eds.), Handbook of Response-To-Intervention in Early Childhood (pp. 283-300). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
- Hemmeter, M. L., Fox, L., & Snyder, P. (2014). Teaching pyramid observation tool for preschool classrooms: Research edition. Baltimore, MD: Brookes
- Hemmeter, M.L., Fox, L., Snyder, P., & Algina, J. (2012). Examining the efficacy of a classroom-wide model for promoting social emotional development and addressing challenging behavior in preschool children with or at-risk for disabilities. Retrieved from https://ies.ed.gov/funding/grantsearch/details.asp?ID=1246.
- Hemmeter, M. L., Hardy, J. K., Schnitz, A. G., Adams, J. M., & Kinder, K. A. (2015). Effects of training and coaching with performance feedback on teachers’ use of Pyramid Model practices. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 35(3), 144-156.
- Hemmeter, M. L., Ostrosky, M., & Fox, L. (2006). Social and emotional foundations for early learning: A conceptual model for intervention. School Psychology Review, 35(4), 583.
- Hemmeter, M. L., Snyder, P. A., Fox, L., & Algina, J. (2016). Evaluating the implementation of the Pyramid Model for promoting social-emotional competence in early childhood classrooms. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 36(3), 133-146.
- Heo, K. H., Cheatham, G. A., Hemmeter, M. L., & Noh, J. (2014). Korean early childhood educators’ perceptions of importance and implementation of strategies to address young children’s social-emotional competence. Journal of Early Intervention, 36(1), 49-66.
- Kim, J., Murdock, T., & Choi, D. (2005). Investigation of parents' beliefs about readiness for kindergarten: An examination of National Household Education Survey (NHES: 93). Educational Research Quarterly, 29(2), 3.
- Luo, L., Snyder, P., Clark, C. L., & Hong, X. (2017). Preschool teachers' use of pyramid model practices in Mainland China. Infants & Young Children, 30(3), 221-237.
- McClelland, M. M., Tominey, S. L., Schmitt, S. A., & Duncan, R. (2017). SEL interventions in early childhood. The Future of Children, 27(1), 33-47.
- Metz, J. R., Blase´, K., & Bowie, L. (2007). Implementing evidence based practices: Six ‘‘drivers’’ of success. In Research-to-results, Child Trends. Publication 2007-29. The Atlantic Philanthropies.
- Mindes, G. (Ed.). (2018). Teaching children with challenging behaviors: Practical strategies for early childhood educators. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Ministry of National Education. (2013). Preschool education program. Ankara; Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı.
- O’Donnell, C. L. (2008). Defining, conceptualizing, and measuring fidelity of implementation and its relationship to outcomes in K–12 curriculum intervention research. Review of Educational Research, 78(1), 33-84.
- Ocak, Ş., & Arda, T. B. (2014a). Okul öncesi dönemde önleyici müdahale edici programların karşılaştırılması. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 29(4), 171-188.
- Ocak, Ş., & Arda, T. B. (2014b). Önleyici müdahale biliminde alternatif düşünme stratejilerini destekleme programı. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 3(2), 175-191.
- Oliver, R. M., & Reschly, D. J. (2007). Effective classroom management: Teacher preparation and professional development. Washington, DC: National Comprehensive Center for Teacher Quality. Retrieved from http://www.tqsource.org/topics/ effectiveClassroomManagement.pdf
- Overton, S., McKenzie, L., King, K., & Osbourne, J. (2002). Replication of the First Step to Success model: A multiple-case study of implementation effectiveness. Behavioral Disorders, 28(1), 40–56.
- Parlak-Rakap, A. (2011). In-service early childhood teachers‘perceptions about their roles in the development of self-discipline in children. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara: Turkey.
- Perry, D. F., Holland, C., Darling-Kuria, N., & Nadiv, S. (2011). Challenging behavior and expulsion from child care: The role of mental health consultation. Zero to Three, 32(2), 4-11.
- Pianta, R. C., LaParo, K. M., & Hamre, B. K. (2008). Classroom assessment scoring system manual pre-k. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
- Ravner, C., & Knitzer, J. (2002). Ready to enter: What research tells policymakers about strategies to promote social and emotional school readiness among 3-and 4-year-old children. National Center for Children in Poverty, Mailmain School of Public Health, New York, NY: National Center for Children in Poverty, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University.
- Sailor, W., Dunlap, G., Sugai, G., ve Horner, R. (Eds.). (2009). Handbook of positive behavior support. New York, NY: Springer.
- Shala, M. (2013). The impact of preschool social-emotional development on academic success of elementary school students. Psychology, 4(11), 787.
- Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (2000). The developing brain from neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. National Research Council. Washington (DC): National Academies Press.
- Simpson, T. E., Condon, E., Price, R. M., Finch, B. K., Sadler, L. S., & Ordway, M. R. (2016). Demystifying infant mental health: What the primary care provider needs to know. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 30(1), 38-48.
- Steed, E. A., & Roach, A. T. (2017). Childcare providers' use of practices to promote young children's social–emotional competence. Infants & Young Children, 30(2), 162-171.
- Steed, E. A., & Smith, B. J. (2015). Administrative support: Effective professional development for high-quality preschool inclusion. In E. E. Barton & B. J. Smith (Eds), The Preschool Inclusion Toolbox (pp. 97-112). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.
- Strain, P.S., & Joseph, G.E. (2006). You’ve got to have friends: Promoting friendships for preschool children. Young Exceptional Children Monograph Series, 8, 57-66.
- Sugai, G., & Horner, R. R. (2006). A promising approach for expanding and sustaining school-wide positive behavior support. School Psychology Review, 35(2), 245.
- Technical Assistance Center on Social Emotional Intervention for Young Children. (2004). Facts about young children with challenging behaviors. Retrieved from http://csefel.vanderbilt.edu/resources/inftodd/mod4/4.4.pdf.
- Turan, Y., Erbas, D., Ozkan, S. Y., & Kurkuoglu, B. U. (2010). Turkish special education teachers’ reported use of positive and reductive interventions for problem behaviors: An examination of the variables associated with use. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 12(4), 211-221.
- Turkish Statistical Institute. (2015). Statistics on child 2014. Retrieved from www.tuik.gov.tr/IcerikGetir.do?istab_id=269
- Walker, H. M., Seeley, J. R., Small, J., Severson, H. H., Graham, B. A., Feil, E. G., ... & Forness, S. R. (2009). A randomized controlled trial of the First Step to Success early intervention: Demonstration of program efficacy outcomes in a diverse, urban school district. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 17(4), 197-212.
- Waltz, M. (2013). The importance of social and emotional development in young children. Retrieved from https://childrensacademyonline.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Importance-of-SEL-In-Early-Childhood-Devt.pdf
- Webster-Stratton, C., & Reid, M. J. (2004). Strengthening social and emotional competence in young children—The foundation for early school readiness and success: Incredible years classroom social skills and problem‐solving curriculum. Infants & Young Children, 17(2), 96-113.
- Yucesoy-Ozkan, S. (2017). Gelişimsel desteğe gereksinimi olan çocuklarda sosyal ve duygusal gelişim (Social and emotional development of children with developmental support needs). A. Özen (Ed.) Gelişimsel desteğe gereksinimi olan öğrenciler (0-6 yaş) ve özellikleri (Children with developmental support needs [0-6 ages] and their characteristics). Eskisehir, Turkey: Anadolu University Publishing.
Preschool Teachers’ Use of Strategies to Support Social-Emotional Competence in Young Children
Yıl 2018,
, 11 - 25, 12.08.2018
Salih Rakap
,
Serife Balikci
Sinan Kalkan
Burak Aydin
Öz
Healthy development of social-emotional
competence in early childhood years creates a strong foundation for future
academic success and social-emotional well-being. The purpose of this
descriptive study was to investigate preschool teachers’ use of strategies to
support young children’s social-emotional competence. A total of 103 teachers
and classrooms participated in the study. Descriptive findings of the study
indicated that preschool teachers implemented a few practices to promote
social-emotional competence in young children in the absence of training and
professional development support. Preschool teachers were observed to implement
universal promotion practices more often than tertiary preventions practices.
Preschool teachers’ overall use of strategies to enhance the social-emotional
competence of young children did not differ significantly across classroom
types and levels and based on whether teachers received training on promoting
social-emotional development and addressing challenging behaviors. Moreover,
positive correlations between the level of preschool teachers’ use of
social-emotional teaching strategies, classroom quality scores, and the number
of adults in each classroom were observed.
It was also observed that the correlation between preschool teachers’
use of strategies and the number of children in each classroom was negative.
Implications of the findings for future research and practice are discussed.
Kaynakça
- Artman-Meeker, K., Hemmeter, M. L., & Snyder, P. (2014). Effects of distance coaching on teachers' use of pyramid model practices: A pilot study. Infants & Young Children, 27(4), 325-344.
- Baker, B. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K. A., & Edelbrock, C. (2002). Behavior problems and parenting stress in families of three-year-old children with and without developmental delays. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107(6), 433-444.
- Bambara, L. M., & Kern, L. (Eds.). (2005). Individualized supports for students with problem behaviors: Designing positive behavior plans. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Barnett, W. S. (2000). Economics of early childhood intervention. In Shonkoff, J. P. ve Meisels, S. J. (Eds.), Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention (pp. 589-610). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, 57, 289–300
- Cakiroglu, O., & Melekoglu, M. A. (2014). Statistical trends and developments within inclusive education in Turkey. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 18(8), 798-808.
- Center for the Study of Social Policy. (n.d). Social-emotional competence of children: Protective & promotive factors. Retrived from www.cssp.org/reform/strengthening-families/2013/SF_Social-Emotional-Competence-of-Children.pdf.
- Clegg, J. A., & Standen, P. J. (1991). Friendship among adults who have developmental disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 95(6), 663-671.
- Conners-Burrow, N. A., Patrick, T., Kyzer, A., & McKelvey, L. (2017). A preliminary evaluation of REACH: Training early childhood teachers to support children’s social and emotional development. Early Childhood Education Journal, 45(2), 187-199.
- Cook, B. G., & Odom, S. L. (2013). Evidence-based practices and implementation science in special education. Exceptional children, 79(2), 135-144.
- Cristóvão, A. M., Candeias, A. A., & Verdasca, J. (2017). Social and emotional learning and academic achievement in portuguese schools: A bibliometric study. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1913.
- Denham, S. A., Bassett, H. H., & Zinsser, K. (2012). Early childhood teachers as socializers of young children’s emotional competence. Early Childhood Education Journal, 40, 137–143.
- Diken, İ. H., Cavkaytar, A., Batu, S., Bozkurt F., & Kurtyılmaz, Y. (2010). First Step to Success a school/home intervention program for preventing problem behaviors in young children: examining the effectiveness and social validity in Turkey. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 15(3), 207-221.
- Dunlap, G., Strain, P. S., Fox, L., Carta, J. J., Conroy, M., Smith, B. J., ... & Sailor, W. (2006). Prevention and intervention with young children's challenging behavior: Perspectives regarding current knowledge. Behavioral Disorders, 32(1), 29-45.
- Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Schellinger, K. B., Dymnicki, A. B., & Taylor, R. D. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development 82(1), 405–432.
- Fettig, A., & Artman-Meeker, K. (2016). Group coaching on pre-school teachers’ implementation of pyramid model strategies: A program description. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 36(3), 147-158.
- Fox, L., & Lentini, R. H. (2006). "You got it!" Teaching social and emotional skills. Young Children, 61(6), 36.
- Fox, L., Dunlap, G., Hemmeter, M. L., Joseph, G. E., & Strain, P. S. (2003). The teaching pyramid: a model for supporting social competence and preventing challenging behavior in young children. Young Children, 58(4), 48-52.
- Golly, A. M., Stiller, B., & Walker, H. M. (1998). First Step to Success: Replication and social validation of an early intervention program. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 6, 243-250.
- Greenberg, M. T., & Kusche, C. A. (2006). Building social and emotional competence: The PATHS curriculum. In S. R. Jimerson ve M. J. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook Of School Violence And School Safety (pp. 395–412). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
- Hemmeter, M. L., & Conroy, M. A. (2018). Advancement of evidence-based programs for young children with social and emotional learning difficulties. School Mental Health. Advance online publication.
- Hemmeter, M. L., Fox, L., & Snyder, P. (2013). A tiered model for promoting social-emotional competence and addressing challenging behavior. In V. Buysse & E. Peisner-Feinberg (Eds.), Handbook of Response-To-Intervention in Early Childhood (pp. 283-300). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
- Hemmeter, M. L., Fox, L., & Snyder, P. (2014). Teaching pyramid observation tool for preschool classrooms: Research edition. Baltimore, MD: Brookes
- Hemmeter, M.L., Fox, L., Snyder, P., & Algina, J. (2012). Examining the efficacy of a classroom-wide model for promoting social emotional development and addressing challenging behavior in preschool children with or at-risk for disabilities. Retrieved from https://ies.ed.gov/funding/grantsearch/details.asp?ID=1246.
- Hemmeter, M. L., Hardy, J. K., Schnitz, A. G., Adams, J. M., & Kinder, K. A. (2015). Effects of training and coaching with performance feedback on teachers’ use of Pyramid Model practices. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 35(3), 144-156.
- Hemmeter, M. L., Ostrosky, M., & Fox, L. (2006). Social and emotional foundations for early learning: A conceptual model for intervention. School Psychology Review, 35(4), 583.
- Hemmeter, M. L., Snyder, P. A., Fox, L., & Algina, J. (2016). Evaluating the implementation of the Pyramid Model for promoting social-emotional competence in early childhood classrooms. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 36(3), 133-146.
- Heo, K. H., Cheatham, G. A., Hemmeter, M. L., & Noh, J. (2014). Korean early childhood educators’ perceptions of importance and implementation of strategies to address young children’s social-emotional competence. Journal of Early Intervention, 36(1), 49-66.
- Kim, J., Murdock, T., & Choi, D. (2005). Investigation of parents' beliefs about readiness for kindergarten: An examination of National Household Education Survey (NHES: 93). Educational Research Quarterly, 29(2), 3.
- Luo, L., Snyder, P., Clark, C. L., & Hong, X. (2017). Preschool teachers' use of pyramid model practices in Mainland China. Infants & Young Children, 30(3), 221-237.
- McClelland, M. M., Tominey, S. L., Schmitt, S. A., & Duncan, R. (2017). SEL interventions in early childhood. The Future of Children, 27(1), 33-47.
- Metz, J. R., Blase´, K., & Bowie, L. (2007). Implementing evidence based practices: Six ‘‘drivers’’ of success. In Research-to-results, Child Trends. Publication 2007-29. The Atlantic Philanthropies.
- Mindes, G. (Ed.). (2018). Teaching children with challenging behaviors: Practical strategies for early childhood educators. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Ministry of National Education. (2013). Preschool education program. Ankara; Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı.
- O’Donnell, C. L. (2008). Defining, conceptualizing, and measuring fidelity of implementation and its relationship to outcomes in K–12 curriculum intervention research. Review of Educational Research, 78(1), 33-84.
- Ocak, Ş., & Arda, T. B. (2014a). Okul öncesi dönemde önleyici müdahale edici programların karşılaştırılması. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 29(4), 171-188.
- Ocak, Ş., & Arda, T. B. (2014b). Önleyici müdahale biliminde alternatif düşünme stratejilerini destekleme programı. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 3(2), 175-191.
- Oliver, R. M., & Reschly, D. J. (2007). Effective classroom management: Teacher preparation and professional development. Washington, DC: National Comprehensive Center for Teacher Quality. Retrieved from http://www.tqsource.org/topics/ effectiveClassroomManagement.pdf
- Overton, S., McKenzie, L., King, K., & Osbourne, J. (2002). Replication of the First Step to Success model: A multiple-case study of implementation effectiveness. Behavioral Disorders, 28(1), 40–56.
- Parlak-Rakap, A. (2011). In-service early childhood teachers‘perceptions about their roles in the development of self-discipline in children. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara: Turkey.
- Perry, D. F., Holland, C., Darling-Kuria, N., & Nadiv, S. (2011). Challenging behavior and expulsion from child care: The role of mental health consultation. Zero to Three, 32(2), 4-11.
- Pianta, R. C., LaParo, K. M., & Hamre, B. K. (2008). Classroom assessment scoring system manual pre-k. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
- Ravner, C., & Knitzer, J. (2002). Ready to enter: What research tells policymakers about strategies to promote social and emotional school readiness among 3-and 4-year-old children. National Center for Children in Poverty, Mailmain School of Public Health, New York, NY: National Center for Children in Poverty, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University.
- Sailor, W., Dunlap, G., Sugai, G., ve Horner, R. (Eds.). (2009). Handbook of positive behavior support. New York, NY: Springer.
- Shala, M. (2013). The impact of preschool social-emotional development on academic success of elementary school students. Psychology, 4(11), 787.
- Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (2000). The developing brain from neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. National Research Council. Washington (DC): National Academies Press.
- Simpson, T. E., Condon, E., Price, R. M., Finch, B. K., Sadler, L. S., & Ordway, M. R. (2016). Demystifying infant mental health: What the primary care provider needs to know. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 30(1), 38-48.
- Steed, E. A., & Roach, A. T. (2017). Childcare providers' use of practices to promote young children's social–emotional competence. Infants & Young Children, 30(2), 162-171.
- Steed, E. A., & Smith, B. J. (2015). Administrative support: Effective professional development for high-quality preschool inclusion. In E. E. Barton & B. J. Smith (Eds), The Preschool Inclusion Toolbox (pp. 97-112). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.
- Strain, P.S., & Joseph, G.E. (2006). You’ve got to have friends: Promoting friendships for preschool children. Young Exceptional Children Monograph Series, 8, 57-66.
- Sugai, G., & Horner, R. R. (2006). A promising approach for expanding and sustaining school-wide positive behavior support. School Psychology Review, 35(2), 245.
- Technical Assistance Center on Social Emotional Intervention for Young Children. (2004). Facts about young children with challenging behaviors. Retrieved from http://csefel.vanderbilt.edu/resources/inftodd/mod4/4.4.pdf.
- Turan, Y., Erbas, D., Ozkan, S. Y., & Kurkuoglu, B. U. (2010). Turkish special education teachers’ reported use of positive and reductive interventions for problem behaviors: An examination of the variables associated with use. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 12(4), 211-221.
- Turkish Statistical Institute. (2015). Statistics on child 2014. Retrieved from www.tuik.gov.tr/IcerikGetir.do?istab_id=269
- Walker, H. M., Seeley, J. R., Small, J., Severson, H. H., Graham, B. A., Feil, E. G., ... & Forness, S. R. (2009). A randomized controlled trial of the First Step to Success early intervention: Demonstration of program efficacy outcomes in a diverse, urban school district. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 17(4), 197-212.
- Waltz, M. (2013). The importance of social and emotional development in young children. Retrieved from https://childrensacademyonline.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Importance-of-SEL-In-Early-Childhood-Devt.pdf
- Webster-Stratton, C., & Reid, M. J. (2004). Strengthening social and emotional competence in young children—The foundation for early school readiness and success: Incredible years classroom social skills and problem‐solving curriculum. Infants & Young Children, 17(2), 96-113.
- Yucesoy-Ozkan, S. (2017). Gelişimsel desteğe gereksinimi olan çocuklarda sosyal ve duygusal gelişim (Social and emotional development of children with developmental support needs). A. Özen (Ed.) Gelişimsel desteğe gereksinimi olan öğrenciler (0-6 yaş) ve özellikleri (Children with developmental support needs [0-6 ages] and their characteristics). Eskisehir, Turkey: Anadolu University Publishing.