The effects of physical activity on disease and mortality

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 255 - 267, 21.07.2021

Milan Zelenović Danijel Božić Bojan Bjelıca Nikola Aksovıć George-sebastian Iacob Radica Alempıjevıć

Öz

Physical activity (PA) provides great opportunities to improve and maintain health, including reducing the risk of developing and developing various non-communicable diseases, while physical inactivity (PI) is associated with early onset of non-communicable chronic diseases, leading to health problems and mortality from all causes, regardless of other risk factors. Relevant literature reviewed the problem was reviewed, where the goal was to see how phisycal activity affects certain noncommunicable diseases and whether it leads to symptom relief and reduced mortality. The effects of phisycal activity on coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction were positive if moderate aerobic phisycal activity was trained for 3 to 5 weeks for 30 minutes; to obesity, where higher fitness levels were associated with a lower risk of mortality; in type 2 diabetes mellitus, walking and cycling three times a week for 30 to 40 minutes shows little but significant progress in glucose control in diabetics, and the recommendation is to exercise aerobic activities amounting to 55% to 85% of maximum heart rate; and the effects of phisycal activity on cancer, where research has shown that moderate-intensity physical activities, ranging from 210 to 420 minutes per week, have great benefits in reducing the risk of some types of cancer and mortality, and that 150 minutes has shown no major health benefits.

Anahtar Kelimeler

physical activity, benefits, diseases, mortality

Kaynakça

• 1. Achten, J., Jeukendrup, A.E. (2004). Optimizing fat oxidation through exercise and diet. Nutrition, 20(7-8): 716-727.
• 2. Advika, T. S., Idiculla, J., Kumari, S.J. (2017). Exercise in patients with Type 2 diabetes: Facilitators and barriers - A qualitative study. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 6(2): 288–292.
• 3. American College of Sports Medicine - ACSM’s. (2010). Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 8th ed. USA, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• 4. Andersen, L.B., Schnohr, P., Schroll, M., Hein, H.O. (2000). All-Cause Mortality Associated With Physical Activity During Leisure Time, Work, Sports, and Cycling to Work. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160: 1621-1628.
• 5. Arem, H., Moore, S.C., Patel, A., Hartge, P., de Gonzalez, A.B., Visvanathan, K., Campbell, P.T., Freedman, M.,Weiderpass, E., Adami, H.O., Linet, M.S., Lee, I-M., & Matthews, C.E. (2015). Leisure Time Physical Activity and Mortality: A Detailed Pooled Analysis of the Dose-Response Relationship. JAMA Internal Medicine, 175(6): 959-967.
• 6. Balboa-Castillo, T., Guallar-Castillón, P., León-Muñoz, L.M., Graciani, A., López-García, E., Rodríguez-Artalejo, F. (2011). Physical activity and mortality related to obesity and functional status in older adults in Spain. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40(1): 39-46.
• 7. Balducci, S., D'Errico, V., Haxhi, J., Sacchetti, M., Orlando, G., Cardelli, P., Vitale, M., Bollanti, L., Conti, F., Zanuso, S., Lucisano, G., Nicolucci, A., Pugliese, G. (2019). Effect of a behavioral intervention strategy on sustained change in physical activity and sedentary behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes: the IDES_2 randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 321(9): 880–890.
• 8. Barengo, N.C., Antikainen, R., Borodulin, K., Harald, K., Jousilahti, P. (2017). Leisure-time physical activity reduces total and cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular disease incidence in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 65(3): 504-510.
• 9. Biswas, A., Oh, P.I., Faulkner, G.E., Bajaj, R.R., Silver, M.A., Mitchell, M.S., & Alter, D.A. (2015). Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine, 162(2): 123-132.
• 10. Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., Held, K., Hoberg, E., Karoff, M., Rauch, B. (2007). Deutsche Leitlinie zur Rehabilitation von Patienten mit Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen (DLL-KardReha). Clinical research in cardiology supplements, 2(3): 1-54.
• 11. Bjelica, B., Milanović, Lj., Aksović, N., Zelenović, M., Božić, D. (2020). Effects physical activity to cardiorespiratory changes. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 6(4): 164-174.
• 12. Blair, S.N., Cheng, Y., & Holder, J.S. (2001). Is Physical Activity or Physical Fitness More Important in Defining Health Benefits? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33: S379-S399.
• 13. Boreham, C., Riddoch, C. (2001). The physical activity, fitness and health of children. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(12): 915–929.
• 14. Cadore, E.L., Rodriguez-Manas, L., Sinclair, A., Izquierdo, M. (2013). Effects of different exercise interventions on risk of falls, gait ability, and balance in physically frail older adults: A systematic review. Rejuvenation Research, 16(2): 105-114.
• 15. Caspersen, C.J., Powell, K.E., Christenson, G.M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100(2): 126-131.
• 16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - CDCP (2012). Increasing prevalence of diagnosed diabetes - United States and Puerto Rico, 1995-2010. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 61(45): 918-921.
• 17. Church, T.S., LaMonte, M.J., Barlow, C.E., Blair, S.N. (2005). Cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index as predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality among men with diabetes. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165(18): 2114–2120.
• 18. Colberg, S.R. (2015). Exercise as Medicine for Diabetes: Prescribing Appropriate Activities and Avoiding Potential Pitfalls: Preface. Diabetes Spectrum, 28(1): 10-13.
• 19. Crocker, P.R.E., Sabiston, C.M., Kowalski, K.C., McDonough, M.H., Kowalski N. (2006). Longitudinal assessment of the relationship between physical self-concept and health-related behavior and emotion in adolescent girls. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18(3): 185–200.
• 20. de Oliveira, G.D., Oancea, S.C., Nucci, L.B., Vogeltanz-Holm, N. (2018). The association between physical activity and depression among individuals residing in Brazil. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 53(4): 373-383.
• 21. Di Pietro, L. (1999). Physical activity in the prevention of obesity: current evidence and research issues. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 31, S542-546.
• 22. Dishman, R., Heath, G., & Washburn, R. (2004). Physical activity epidemiology. Champaign, USA, Illinois: Human Kinetics.
• 23. Dolenc, P. (2015). Anxiety, self-esteem and coping with stress in secondary school students in relation to involvement in organized sports. Zdravstveno varstvo, 54(3): 222–229.
• 24. Donnelly, J.E., Blair, S.N., Jakicic, J.M., Manore, M.M., Rankin, J.W., Smith, B.K. (2009). Appropriate Physical Activity Intervention Strategies for Weight Loss and Prevention of Weight Regain for Adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(2): 459–471.
• 25. Dumitrescu, R.G., Cotarla, I. (2005). Understanding breast cancer risk - where do we stand in 2005? Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 9(1): 208-221.
• 26. Ekelund, U., Steene-Johannessen, J., Brown, W.J., Fagerland, M.W., Owen, N., Powell, K.E., Bauman, A., Lee, I.M. (2016). Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. The Lancet, 388(10051): 1302–1310.
• 27. Fagour, C., Gonzalez, C., Pezzino, S., Florenty, S., Rosette-Narece, M., Gin, H., Rigalleau, V. (2013). Low physical activity in patients with type 2 diabetes: the role of obesity. Diabetes and metabolism, 39(1): 85-87.
• 28. Feitosa-Filho, G.S., Baracioli, L.M., Barbosa, C.J.D.G., Franci, A., Timerman, A., Soares Piegas, L., Marin-Neto, J.A., Nicolau, J.C. (2015). SBC Guidelines on unstable angina and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia, 105(3): 214-227.
• 29. Flegal, K.M., Graubard, B.I., Williamson, D.F., Gali, M.H. (2007). Cause-Specific Excess Deaths Associated With Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity. JAMA, 298(17): 2028-2037.
• 30. Fletcher, G.F., Balady, G.J., Amsterdam, E.A., Chaitman, B., Eckel, R., Fleg, J., Froelicher, V.F., Leon, A.S., Piña, I.L., Rodney, R., Simons-Morton, D.A., Williams, M.A., Bazzarre, T. (2001). Exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 104(14): 1694-1740.
• 31. Flook, L., Repetti, R.L., Ullman, J.B. (2005). Classroom social experiences as predictors of academic performance. Developmental Psychology, 41(2): 319–327.
• 32. Fogelholm, M., Kukkonen-Harjula, K. (2000). Does physical activity prevent weight gain: A sistematic review. Obesity reviews: an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 1(2): 95-111.
• 33. Folsom, A.R., Kushi, L.H., Hong, C.P. (2000). Physical activity and incident diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women. American Journal of Public Health 90(1): 134-138.
• 34. Gill, D.J., Hammond, C.C., Reifsteck, E.J., Jehu, C.M., Williams, R.A., Adams, M.M., Lange, E.H., Becofsky, K., Rodriguez, E., Shang, Y-T. (2013). Physical activity and quality of life. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 46(1): S28-34.
• 35. Gotay, C.C. (2005). Behavior and cancer prevention. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 23(2): 301-310.
• 36. Hamasaki H. (2016). Daily physical activity and type 2 diabetes: A review. World journal of diabetes, 7(12): 243–251.
• 37. Helmrich, S.P., Ragland, D.R., Leung, R.W., Paffenbarger, R.S. (1991). Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The New England journal of medicine, 325(3): 147-152.
• 38. Higueras-Fresnillo, S., Guallar-Castillon, P., Cabanas-Sanchez, V., Banegas, J.R., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., Martinez-Gomez, D. (2017). Changes in physical activity and cardiovascular mortality in older adults. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology, 14(4): 280–281.
• 39. Holtermann, A., Mortensen, O.S., Sogaard, K., Gyntelberg, F., Suadicani, P. (2012). Risk factors for ischaemic heart disease mortality among men with different occupational physical demands. A 30-year prospective cohort study. BMJ Open, 2(1): e000279.
• 40. Hu, F.B., Stampfer, M.J., Solomon, C., Liu, S., Colditz, G.A., Speizer, F.E., Willett, W.C., Manson, J. E. (2001). Physical activity and risk for cardiovascular events in diabetic women. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134(2): 96–105.
• 41. Hupin, D., Roche, F., Gremeaux, V.,Chatard, J.C., Oriol, M., Gaspoz, J.M., Barthélémy, J.C., Edouard, P. (2015). Even a low-dose of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity reduces mortality by 22% in adults aged 60 years: a systematic review and metaanalysis. British journal of sports medicine, 49(19): 1262-1267.
• 42. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (2002). IARC Handbooks for Cancer Prevention, Volume 6: Weight Control and Physical Activity. IARC Press, France: Lyon.
• 43. Janssen, I., LeBlanc, A.G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7: 40. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-7-40.
• 44. Jolliffe, J.A., Rees, K., Raylor, R.S., Thompson, D., Oldridge, N., Ebrahim, S. (2001). Exercise-based rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 1: CD001800.
• 45. King, G.A., Fitzhugh, E.C., Bassett, D.R., McLaughlin, J.E., Strath, S.J., Swartz, A.M., Thompson, D.L. (2001). Relationship of leisure-time physical activity and occupational activity to the prevalence of obesity. International Journal of Obesity, 25(5): 606–612.
• 46. Kokkinos, P.F. (2012). Physical activity, health benefits, and mortality risk. ISRN Cardiology, 718789.
• 47. Kyu, H.H., Bachman, V.F., Alexander, L.T., Mumford, J.E., Afshin, A., Estep, K., Veerman, J.L., Delwiche, K., Iannarone, M.L., Moyer, M.L., Cercy, K., Vos, T., Murray, C.J., Forouzanfar, M.H. (2016). Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. BMJ, 354: i3857.
• 48. Lee, I.M., Skerritt, P.J. (2001). Physical activity and all-couse mortality: what is the dose-response relation? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(6): S459-S471.
• 49. Lee, I.M. (2003). Physical activity and cancer prevention - data from epidemiologic studies. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 35(11): 1823-1827.
• 50. Lee, I.M., Shiroma, E.J., Lobelo, F., Puska, P., Blair, S.N., Katzmarzyk, P.T. (2012). Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. The Lancet, 380(9838): 219–229.
• 51. Lund Nilsen, T.I., Vatten, L.J. (2001). Prospective study of colorectal cancer risk and physical activity, diabetes, blood glucose, and BMI: exploring, the hyperinsulinemia hypothesis. British journal of cancer, 84(3): 417-422.
• 52. Lu, L., Liu, M., Sun, R.R., Zheng, Z., Zhang, P. (2015). Myocardial Infarction: Symptoms and Treatments. Cell biochemistry and biophysics, 72(3): 865-867.
• 53. Manson, J.E., Greenland, P., LaCroix, A.Z., Stefanick, M.L., Mouton, C.P., Oberman, A., Perri, M.G., Sheps, D.S., Pettinger, M.B., Siscovick, D. S. (2002). Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular events in women. The New England journal of medicine, 347(10): 716-725.
• 54. Martinez-Gomez, D., Guallar-Castillon, P., Mota, J., Lopez-Garcia, E., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F. (2015). Physical activity, sitting time and mortality in older adults with diabetes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(14): 1206–1211.
• 55. Mohamed, B.A., Mahfouz, M.S., Badr, M.F. (2020). Physical activity and its associated factors in females with type 2 diabetes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. PLoS ONE, 15(10): e0239905.
• 56. Moholdt, T., Wisløff, U., Lydersen, S., Nauman, J. (2014). Current physical activity guidelines for health are insufficient to mitigate long-term weight gain: more data in the fitness versus fatness debate (The HUNT study, Norway). British journal of sports medicine, 48(20): 1489-1496.
• 57. Mora, S., Cook, N., Buring, J.E., Ridker, P.M., Lee, I.M. (2007). Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms. Circulation, 116(19): 2110–2118.
• 58. Morrato, E.H., Hill, J.O., Wyatt, H.R., Ghushchyan, V., Sullivan, P.W. (2007). Physical activity in U.S. adults with diabetes and at risk for developing diabetes, 2003. Diabetes Care, 30(2): 203–209.
• 59. Moreno, J.A., Cervelló, E., Moreno, R. (2008). The importance of physical-sport prac-tice and gender in physical self-concept from 9 up to 23 years. International Journal of Clinical Health Psychology, 8(1): 171–183.
• 60. Myers, J., Kaykha, A., George, S., Abella, J., Zaheer, N., Lear, S., Yamazaki, T., Froelicher, V. (2004). Fitness versus physical activity patterns in predicting mortality in men. The American journal of medicine, 117(12): 912-918.
• 61. Nocon, M., Hiemann, T., Müller-Riemenschneider, F., Thalau, F., Roll, S., & Willich, S.N. (2008). Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation, 15(3): 239-246.
• 62. Pantelić, S., Ranđelović, N., Milanović, Z., Trajković, N., Sporiš, G., Kostić, R. (2012). Physical activity of elderly women in terms of age. FACTA UNIVERSITATIS, Series: Physical Education and Sport, 10(4): 289-296.
• 63. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee - PAGAC (2008). Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
• 64. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans - PAGA (2008). Be Active, Healthy, and Happy! Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
• 65. Pori, M., Pori, P., Pistotnik, B., Dolenec, A., Tomažin, K., Štirn, I., Marejič, M. (2013). Športna rekreacija [Sports recreation]. Ljubljana: Športna unija Slovenije.
• 66. Renehan, A.G., Tyson, M., Egger, M., Heller, R.F., Zwahlen, M. (2008). Body-mass Index and Incidence of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Observational Studies. The Lancet 371(9612): 569-578.
• 67. Sesso, H.D., Paffenberger, R.S.Jr., Lee, I.M. (2000). Physical activity and coronary hearth disease in men: The Harvard Alumni Health Study. Circulation, 102(9): 975-980.
• 68. Sortsoe, C., Green, A., Jensen, P.B., Emneus, M. (2016). Societal costs of diabetes mellitus in Denmark. Diabetic medicine: a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 33(7): 877–885.
• 69. Tardon, A., Lee, W.J., Delgado-Rodriguez, M., Dosemeci, M., Albanes, D., Hoover, R., Blair, A. (2005). Leisure-time physical activity and lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes and Control: CCC, 16(4): 389-397.
• 70. Taylor, R.S, Brown, A., Ebrahim, S., Jolliffe, Ј., Noorani, H., Rees, K., Skidmore, B., Stone, J.A., Thompson, D.R., Oldridge, N. (2004). Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The American journal of medicine, 116(10): 682-692.
• 71. Trudeau, F., Shephard, R.J. (2008). Physical education, school physical activity, school sports and academic performance. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,5(1): 10.
• 72. Thune, I., Furberg, A.S. (2001). Physical activity and cancer risk: dose-response and cancer, all sites, and site-specific. Medicine and science in sport and exercise, 33(6), S530-550.
• 73. Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J., Valle, T.T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., Salminen, V., Uusitupa, M. (2001). Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. The New England journal of medicine, 344(18): 1343-1350.
• 74. Venditti, E.M. (2007). Efficacy of lifestyle behavior change programs in diabetes. Current diabetes reports, 7(2), 123-127.
• 75. Wannamathee, S. G., Shaper, A. G., & Alberti, K. G. (2000). Physical activity, metabolic factors and the incidence of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160: 2108-2116.
• 76. Warburton, D.E., Gledhill, N., Quinney, A. (2001). Musculoskeletal fitness and health. Canadian journal of applied physiology, 26(2): 217-237.
• 77. Warburton, D.E., Charlesworth, S., Ivey, A., Nettlefold, L., Bredin, S.S. (2010). A systematic review of the evidence for Canada’s Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults. The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 7: 39. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-7-39.
• 78. Wei, M., Kampert, J.B., Barlow, C.E., Nichaman, M.Z., Gibbons, L.W., Paffenbarger, R.S., Blair, S.N. (1999). Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men. JAMA, 282(16): 1547–1553.
• 79. Wei, М., Gibbons, L.W., Kampert, J.B., Nichaman, M.Z., Blair, S.N. (2000). Low cardiorespiratory fitness and physical inactivity as predictors of mortality in men with type 2 diabetes. Annals of Internal Medicine, 132(8): 605–611.
• 80. Weiss, M.R., Williams, L. (2004). The why of youth sport involvement: a developmen-tal perspective on motivation processes. In M.R. Weiss (Ed.), Developmental sport and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective (pp 223–268). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
• 81. Wing, R.R. (1999). Physical activity in the treatment of the adulthood overweight and obesity: current evidence and research issues. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31: S547-552.
• 82. World Health Organization (1998). Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Geneva: Switzerland. World Health Organization.
• 83. World Health Organization (2002). World Health Report 2002: Reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva: Switzerland. World Health Organization.
• 84. World Health Organization (2007). A guide for population-based approaches to increasing levels of physical activity: implementation of the WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. Geneva: Switzerland. World Health Organization.
• 85. World Health Organization (2009). Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: Switzerland. World Health Organization.
• 86. World Health Organization (2010). Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Geneva: Switzerland. World Health Organization.
• 87. World Health Organization (2016). Diet and physical activity: a public health priority. Geneva: Switzerland. World Health Organization.