Eğitimde Yenilikçi Bir Yardımcı: Sohbet Robotlarının Öğretimdeki Yeri ve Geleceğiyle İlgili Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 481 - 514, 31.08.2024

Emrah Altun , Süleyman Sadi Seferoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.1397735

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, sohbet robotlarının eğitim-öğretim ortamlarındaki potansiyel katkılarını derinlemesine incelemektir. Çalışmanın bir diğer amacı da eğitimde sohbet robotlarının kullanımıyla ilgili Türkçe alanyazındaki bilgi birikimini zenginleştirmek ve ülkemizde bu alanda yapılacak çalışmalara örnek oluşturmaktır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinde doküman incelemesi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda, Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection veritabanında yer alan hakemli bilimsel yayınlar esas alınmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, sohbet robotlarının çeşitli eğitim-öğretim uygulamalarına etkili bir şekilde entegre edilebileceği ve farklı pedagojik işlevleriyle eğitim süreçlerine katkıda bulunabileceği ortaya çıkmıştır. Öte yandan eğitimde sohbet robotlarının kullanılmasına yönelik çeşitli eleştiriler ve tartışmalar ile risklerin mevcut olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ulaşılan bu sonuçların, sohbet robotlarının ülkemizde eğitime entegre edilmesi konusunda paydaşlara yol gösterici olacağı umulmaktadır. Bunların yanında ulaşılan sonuçların, sohbet robotlarının hangi eğitim uygulamalarında ve nasıl kullanılabileceğiyle ilgili olarak ipuçları içerdiği düşünülmektedir. Çalışmada ulaşılan sonuçlar doğrultusunda, özellikle eleştiri, tartışma ve risklerin ülkemiz dinamikleri göz önüne alınarak nasıl ele alınabileceği gibi hususlarda çeşitli önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

sohbet robotları, konuşma ajanları, eğitimde sohbet robotu kullanımı, eğitimde teknoloji entegrasyonu

Kaynakça

• Abbas, N., Whitfield, J., Atwell, E., Bowman, H., Pickard, T., & Walker, A. (2022). Online chat and chatbots to enhance mature student engagement in higher education. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 41(3), 308–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2022.2066213
• Akther, J. (2020). Influence of UNESCO in the development of lifelong learning. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 08(03), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.83010
• Ali Amer Jid Almahri, F., Bell, D., & Arzoky, M. (2019). Personas design for conversational systems in education. Informatics, 6(4), 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics6040046
• Bardakcı, S., & Keser, H. (2017). Bilişim teknolojilerinin eğitime entegrasyonu. Farklı amaç, politika, uygulama, etki ve eleştiriler üzerine bir inceleme. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık Tic. Ltd. Şti.
• Brandtzaeg, P. B., & Følstad, A. (2017). Why people use chatbots. In Proceedings of International conference on internet science (pp. 377-392). Springer, Cham.
• Brandtzaeg, P. B., & Følstad, A. (2018). Chatbots: Changing user needs and motivations. Interactions, 25(5), 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1145/3236669
• Cai, W., Grossman, J., Lin, Z. J., Sheng, H., Wei, J. T. Z., Williams, J. J., & Goel, S. (2021). Bandit algorithms to personalize educational chatbots. Machine Learning, 110(9), 2389-2418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-021-05983-y
• ChatGPT: Optimizing Language Models for Dialogue (2022). OpenAI. https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt adresinden 6 Ocak 2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
• Chien, Y.-H., & Yao, C.-K. (2020). Development of an AI userbot for engineering design education using an intent and flow combined framework. Applied Sciences, 10(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/app10227970
• Chocarro, R., Cortinas, M., & Marcos-Matás, G. (2023). Teachers’ attitudes towards chatbots in education: A technology acceptance model approach considering the effect of social language, bot proactiveness, and users’ characteristics. Educational Studies, 49(2), 295-313. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2020.1850426
• Clarivate (2023). Web of Science Core Collection. https://clarivate.com/products/scientific-and-academic-research/research-discovery-and-workflow-solutions/web-of-science/web-of-science-core-collection adresinden 24 Mart 2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
• Co, M., John Yuen, T. H., & Cheung, H. H. (2022). Using clinical history taking chatbot mobile app for clinical bedside teachings - A prospective case control study. Heliyon, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09751
• Dale, R. (2016). The return of the chatbots. Natural Language Engineering, 22(5), 811–817. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324916000243
• Dekker, I., De Jong, E. M., Schippers, M. C., De Bruijn-Smolders, M., Alexiou, A., & Giesbers, B. (2020). Optimizing students’ mental health and academic performance: AI-enhanced life crafting. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1063. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01063
• Deveci-Topal, A., Dilek-Eren, C., & Kolburan-Geçer, A. (2021). Chatbot application in a 5th grade science course. Education and Information Technologies, 26(5), 6241–6265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10627-8
• Dongare, A. D., Kharde, R. R., & Kachare, A. D. (2012). Introduction to artificial neural network. International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT), 2(1), 189-194.
• Essel, H. B., Vlachopoulos, D., Tachie-Menson, A., Johnson, E. E., & Baah, P. K. (2022). The impact of a virtual teaching assistant (chatbot) on students' learning in Ghanaian higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-022-00362-6
• Farah, J. C., Spaenlehauer, B., Sharma, V., Rodriguez-Triana, M. J., Ingram, S., & Gillet, D. (2022). Impersonating chatbots in a code review exercise to teach software engineering best practices. 2022 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). Tunis, Tunisia. https://doi.org/10.1109/educon52537.2022.9766793
• Fryer, L. K., Ainley, M. D., Thompson, A., Gibson, A., & Sherlock, Z. (2017). Stimulating and sustaining interest in a language course: An experimental comparison of Chatbot and human task partners. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 461-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.045
• Gabrielli, S., Rizzi, S., Carbone, S., & Donisi, V. (2020). A chatbot-based coaching intervention for adolescents to promote life skills: pilot study. JMIR human factors, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.2196/16762
• Gagne, R. M., Wager, W. W., Golas, K. C., Keller, J. M., & Russell, J. D. (2005). Principles of instructional design, 5th edition. Performance Improvement, 44(2), 44–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/pfi.4140440211
• Gapanyuk, Y.; Chernobrovkin, S.; Leontiev, A.; Latkin, I.; Belyanova, M.; Morozenkov, O. (2018). The hybrid Chatbot system combining Q&A and knowledge-base approaches. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Analysis of Images, Social Networks and Texts (AIST 2018), (pp. 42–53). Moscow, Russia.
• Grové C. (2021). Co-developing a mental health and wellbeing chatbot with and for young people. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.606041
• Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Qadri, M. A., & Suman, R. (2022). Understanding the role of digital technologies in education: A review. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susoc.2022.05.004
• Han, J.-W., Park, J., & Lee, H. (2022). Analysis of the effect of an artificial intelligence chatbot educational program on non-face-to-face classes: A quasi-experimental study. BMC Medical Education, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03898-3
• Haristiani, N., Dewanty, V. L., & Rifai, M. M. (2022). Autonomous learning through chatbot-based application utilization to enhance basic Japanese competence of vocational high school students. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 14(2), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2022.14.02.013
• Hew, K. F., Huang, W., Du, J., & Jia, C. (2023). Using chatbots to support student goal setting and social presence in fully online activities: Learner engagement and perceptions. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 35(1), 40–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-022-09338-x
• Jhurree, V. (2005). Technology integration in education in developing countries: Guidelines to policy makers. International Education Journal, 6(4), 467-483.
• Joshi, N. (2020). Choosing between rule-based bots and AI bots. Forbes. www.forbes.com/sites/cognitiveworld/2020/02/23/choosing-between-rule-based-bots-and-ai-bots adresinden 1 Aralık 2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
• Karasar, N. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Nobel Yayıncılık.
• Kaur, A., Singh, S., Chandan, J. S., Robbins, T., & Patel, V. (2021). Qualitative exploration of digital chatbot use in medical education: A pilot study. Digital Health, 7. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076211038151
• Kumar, J. A. (2021). Educational chatbots for project-based learning: Investigating learning outcomes for a team-based design course. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00302-w
• Li, Y. S., Lam, C. S. N., & See, C. (2021). Using a machine learning architecture to create an AI-powered chatbot for anatomy education. Medical Science Educator, 31(6), 1729–1730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-021-01405-9
• Lin, A. P. C., Trappey, C. V., Luan, C.-C., Trappey, A. J. C., & Tu, K. L. K. (2021). A test platform for managing school stress using a virtual reality group chatbot counseling system. Applied Sciences, 11(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199071
• Maeda, E., Miyata, A., Boivin, J., Nomura, K., Kumazawa, Y., Shirasawa, H., Saito, H., & Terada, Y. (2020). Promoting fertility awareness and preconception health using a chatbot: A randomized controlled trial. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 41(6), 1133–1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.09.006
• Maeda, J. (2017). Self-efficacy reduces impediments to classroom discussion for international students: Fear, embarrassment, social isolation, judgment, and discrimination. IAFOR Journal of Education, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.22492/ije.5.2.07
• Mageira, K., Pittou, D., Papasalouros, A., Kotis, K., Zangogianni, P., & Daradoumis, A. (2022). Educational AI chatbots for content and language ıntegrated learning. Applied Sciences, 12(7), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12073239
• Malik, R., Shrama, A., Trivedi, S., & Mishra, R. (2021). Adoption of chatbots for learning among university students: Role of perceived convenience and enhanced performance. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 16(18), 200–212. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i18.24315
• Mateos-Sanchez, M., Melo, A. C., Blanco, L. S., & García, A. M. F. (2022). Chatbot, as educational and inclusive tool for people with intellectual disabilities. Sustainability, 14(3), 1520. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031520
• Memon, Z., Aghian, H., Sarfraz, M. S., Jalbani, A. H., Oskouei, R. J., Jalbani, K. B., & Jalbani, G. H. (2021). Framework for Educational Domain-Based Multichatbot Communication System. Scientific Programming, 2021, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5518309
• Mckie, I., & Narayan, B. (2019). Enhancing the academic library experience with Chatbots: An exploration of research and ımplications for practice. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association, 68, 268 - 277. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750158.2019.1611694
• Mokmin, N. A. M., & Ibrahim, N. A. (2021). The evaluation of chatbot as a tool for health literacy education among undergraduate students. Education and Information Technologies, 26(5), 6033–6049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10542-y
• Nabiyev, V. V. (2016). Yapay zekâ: İnsan-bilgisayar etkileşimi. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Nadarzynski, T., Puentes, V., Pawlak, I., Mendes, T., Montgomery, I., Bayley, J., & Ridge, D. (2021). Barriers and facilitators to engagement with artificial intelligence (AI)-based chatbots for sexual and reproductive health advice: a qualitative analysis. Sexual Health, 18(5), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1071/SH21123
• Nadkarni, P. M., Ohno-Machado, L., & Chapman, W. W. (2011). Natural language processing: An introduction. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 18(5), 544-551. https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000464
• Neo, M., Lee, C. P., Tan, H. Y. J., Neo, T. K., Tan, Y. X., Mahendru, N., & Ismat, Z. (2022). Enhancing students’ online learning experiences with artificial intelligence (AI): The MERLIN Project. International Journal of Technology, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v13i5.5843
• Neumann, A. T., Arndt, T., Köbis, L., Meissner, R., Martin, A., de Lange, P., Pengel, N., Klamma, R., & Wollersheim, H-W (2021). Chatbots as a tool to scale mentoring processes: Individually supporting self-study in higher education. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2021.668220
• Nguyen, H., Tran, T. V., Pham, X. T., Huynh, A. T., & Do, N. (2021). Ontology-based integration of knowledge base for building an intelligent searching chatbot. Sensors and Materials, 33(9), 3101-3123. https://doi.org/10.18494/sam.2021.3264
• Pichai, S., & Hassabis, D. (2023). Introducing Gemini: Our largest and most capable AI model. Google. https://blog.google/technology/ai/google-gemini-ai adresinden 16 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
• Pulist, S. K. (2021). Use of Chatbots as AI agents to augment services in open and distance learning system. Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Education for Sustainable Development. New Delhi, India.
• Rooein, D., Paolini, P., & Pernici, B. (2022). Educational chatbots: A sustainable approach for customizable conversations for education. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Supported Education. https://doi.org/10.5220/0011083200003182
• Ruan, S., Jiang, L., Xu, J., Tham, B. J.-K., Qiu, Z., Zhu, Y., Murnane, E. L., Brunskill, E., & Landay, J. A. (2019a). QuizBot: A dialogue-based adaptive learning system for factual knowledge. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI ’19: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Glasgow, Scotland. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300587
• Ruan, S., Willis, A., Xu, Q., Davis, G. M., Jiang, L., Brunskill, E., & Landay, J. A. (2019b). BookBuddy. Proceedings of the Sixth (2019) ACM Conference on Learning at Scale (L@S '19). Chicago, ABD. https://doi.org/10.1145/3330430.3333643
• Sakr, N., Salama, A., Tameesh, N., & Osman, G. (2021). EduPal leaves no professor behind: Supporting faculty via a peer-powered recommender system. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 302–307). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78270-2_54
• Sharma, A., Undheim, P. E., & Nazir, S. (2023). Design and implementation of AI chatbot for COLREGs training. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 22(1), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-022-00284-0
• Shorey, S., Ang, E., Yap, J., Ng, E. D., Lau, S. T., & Chui, C. K. (2019). A virtual counseling application using artificial intelligence for communication skills training in Nursing Education: Development study. JMIR. Journal of Medical Internet Research/Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(10), e14658. https://doi.org/10.2196/14658
• Sims, R. (2012). Beyond instructional design: Making learning design a reality. Journal of Learning Design, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.5204/jld.v1i2.11
• Sorokoumova, E. A., Puchkova, E. B., Cherdymova, E. I., & Temnova, L. V. (2021). The risks and threats of digital educational technologies and products. World Journal on Educational Technology Current Issues, 13(4), 851–862. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v13i4.6270
• Sriwisathiyakun, K., & Dhamanitayakul, C. (2022). Enhancing digital literacy with an intelligent conversational agent for senior citizens in Thailand. Education and Information Technologies, 27(5), 6251–6271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10862-z
• Stuij, S. M., Labrie, N. H. M., van Dulmen, S., Kersten, M. J., Christoph, N., Hulsman, R. L., Smets, E., & INSTRUCT project group. (2018). Developing a digital communication training tool on information-provision in oncology: uncovering learning needs and training preferences. BMC Medical Education, 18(1), 220. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1308-x
• Tamayo, P. A., Herrero, A., Martín, J., Navarro, C., & Tránchez, J. M. (2020). Design of a chatbot as a distance learning assistant. Open Praxis, 12(1), 145-153. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.12.1.1063
• Thorat, S. A., & Jadhav, V. (2020). A review on implementation issues of rule-based chatbot systems. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3567047
• Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433–433.
• Vázquez-Cano, E., Mengual-Andrés, S., & López-Meneses, E. (2021). Chatbot to improve learning punctuation in Spanish and to enhance open and flexible learning environments. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00269-8
• Villegas-Ch, W., Arias-Navarrete, A., & Palacios-Pacheco, X. (2020). Proposal of an architecture for the integration of a chatbot with artificial intelligence in a smart campus for the improvement of learning. Sustainability, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041500
• Wan Hamzah, W. M. A. F., Ismail, I., Yusof, M. K., Mohd Saany, S. I., & Yacob, A. (2021). Using learning analytics to explore responses from student conversations with chatbot for education. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (iJEP), 11(6), 70–84. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v11i6.23475
• Wang, H., Gupta, S., Singhal, A., Muttreja, P., Singh, S., Sharma, P., & Piterova, A. (2022). An artificial intelligence chatbot for young people's sexual and reproductive health in India (SnehAI): Instrumental case study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.2196/29969
• Weizenbaum, J. (1966). ELIZA—a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine. Communications of the ACM, 9(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1145/365153.365168
• Workman, M. (2014). New media and the changing face of information technology use: The importance of task pursuit, social influence, and experience. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.008
• Xu, Y., Wang, D., Collins, P., Lee, H., & Warschauer, M. (2021). Same benefits, different communication patterns: Comparing children's reading with a conversational agent vs. a human partner. Computers & Education, 161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104059
• Yıdırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (7. Baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Yin, J., Goh, T. T., Yang, B., & Xiaobin, Y. (2021). Conversation technology with micro-learning: The impact of chatbot-based learning on students’ learning motivation and performance. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 59(1), 154-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633120952067
• Zhu, X., Li, R. Y. M., Crabbe, M. J. C., & Sukpascharoen, K. (2022). Can a chatbot enhance hazard awareness in the construction industry? Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.993700