Ahvaz’ın Siyasi Tarihi: İran İşgali, Sömürgecilik ve Ahvaz Halkının Toprak İddiaları

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 291 - 322, 31.12.2023

Abdulrahman Hetteh

https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1354019

Öz

İran’daki Ahvaz halkı, İran ulusal kimliğinden ziyade kendi etnik kökeni, dili ve kültürüyle özdeşleşmektedir. Halk olduklarını, milliyetlerini ve kendi kaderini tayin hakkına sahip olduklarını göstermek için tarihe güvenmektedirler. Ahvaz tarihi oldukça tartışmalı olsa da bu araştırma, Ahvaz perspektifi sunarak Ahvaz halkının uzun süredir devam eden tarihsel toprak iddialarına ilişkin tartışmayı çerçevelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu araştırma, Ahvaz Şeyhleri ile İran’daki Şah arasındaki tarihsel dinamikleri inceleyerek Şeyhlerin özerkliğinin kapsamını ve Şah’ın Ahvaz bölgesi üzerindeki hakimiyetini değerlendirmektedir. Ahvaz bölgesinin coğrafyası, doğal kaynakları, etnik yapısı, siyasi tarihi ve iddiaları hakkında genel bir bakış sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca sömürgeci çıkarların son Ahvaz Emirliği’nin işgaline nasıl yol açtığını ve çeşitliliğe ve katılıma yer vermeyen merkezi bir siyasi sistemi kapsayan İran ulus devletinin kökenini nasıl etkilediğini de sergilemiş olmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ahvaz Siyasi Tarihi, İran, Askeri İşgal, Sömürgecilik, Toprak Talepleri

Political History of Ahwaz: Iranian Occupation, Colonialism and Ahwazi People’s Territorial Claims

Öz

Ahwazi people in Iran identify with their own ethnicity, language and culture rather than the Iranian national identity. They rely on history to demonstrate their peoplehood, nationality and entitlement to the right to self-determination. While Ahwazi history is highly contested, this research aims to frame the discussion on the Ahwazi people’s long-standing historical claims to territory by offering an Ahwazi perspective. This research delves into the historical dynamics between the Ahwazi Sheikhs and the Shah of Persia, assessing the extent of the Sheikhs' autonomy and the Shah’s dominion over the Ahwaz region. It provides an overview of the geography, natural resources, ethnic composition, political history, and claims over the Ahwaz region. It also demonstrates how colonial interests led to the occupation of the last Ahwazi emirate and influenced the origin of the Iranian nation-state, encompassing a centralised political system with no room for diversity and inclusion.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ahwaz Political History, Iran, Military Occupation, Colonialism, Territorial Claims

Etik Beyan

No potential conflict of interest was found.

Kaynakça

• Abidi, E. K. (1980). Al-Ahwaz ardh Arabiya salibah. Dar al-Hurriyah lel-Tebaa.
• Ahwaz Human Rights Organization, Indigenous Ahwazi Arabs for Freedom and Democracy in Iran & Democratic Solidarity Party of Ahwaz. (2004). Statement by Karim Banisaid-Abdian, head of the indigenous Ahwazi-Arab delegation, read and submitted under agenda item 4(b), indigenous peoples and conflict resolution group on indigenous populations July 19-23, 2004. Geneva, Switzerland.
• AJIL. (1907). Convention signed on August 31, 1907, between Great Britain and Russia, containing arrangements on the subject of Persia, Afghanistan, and Thibet. American Journal of International Law, 1, 398-406. https://doi.org/10.2307/2212229
• Aksakal, M. (2011). 'Holy war made in Germany'? Ottoman origins of the 1914 jihad. War in History, 18(2), 184-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0968344510393596
• Al Ghaithi, A. M. S. (2020). Al-Khalij: Arabi am Farisi? Darasah tarikhiyah le jothor alserae wa abadah wa tadaiyatah Journal of General Education (Asiut), 36(12), 160-189.‎ https://doi.org/10.21608/mfes.2020.141419
• Al-Sheati, A. (2011, December 6). Iranian Mandaeans in exile following persecution. Al-Arabiya. http://www.alarabia.net/articles/2011/12/06/181123.html
• AlHilo, A. N. (1969). Al-Ahwaz "Arabistan:" Fi adwariha atarikhiyah (Vol. 2). Dar al-Basri.
• AlHilo, A. N. (1970). Al-Ahwaz: Qabaeleha wa osareha (Vol. 4). Matbaat al-Fora al-Haditha.
• Aljazeera. (2007, June 6). Iranian Arabs denounce discrimination. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2007/6/6/iran-arabs-denounce-discrimination
• Amer, S. (1981). Belad elam wa alaqateha be al-Iraq al-qadim. Adab Elrafedin, 14, 166-181. https://archive.alsharekh.org/MagazinePages/MagazineBook/Adab_AL_Rafidayn/Adab_AL_Rafidayn_1981/Issue_14/index.html
• Atabaki, T. (2006). The First World War, great powers rivalries and the emergence of political community in Iran. In T. Atabaki (Ed.), Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the great powers (pp. 1-8). IB Tauris. https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/iran-and-the-first-world-war-9781860649646/
• Atabaki, T. (2016). Persia/Iran. In U. Daniel et al. (Eds.), 1914-1918-online: International encyclopedia of the First World War (pp. 1-18). Freie Universität Berlin. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/persiairan
• Ates, S. (2019). Treaty of Zohab, 1639: Foundational myth or foundational document? Iranian Studies, 52(3-4), 397-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2019.1653172
• Avery, P. (1965). Modern Iran. Ernest Benn.
• Avery, P., et al. (Eds.). (1991). The Cambridge history of Iran: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge University Press.
• Awad, A. M. (1985). 'The Gulf in the seventeenth century'. British Society for Middle Eastern Studies. Bulletin, 12(2), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530198508705413
• Azawi, A. (2004). Mosoat tarikh al-Iraq bain ehtelalain (Vol. 3). Dar al-Arabiyah lel-Darasat.
• Barker, A. J. (1967). The Bastard war: The Mesopotamia campaign of 1914-1918. Dial Press.
• Bosworth, C. E. (2013). The new Islamic dynasties: A chronological and genealogical manual (A. al-Malah, Trans.). National Library. (Original work published 1967).
• Buckley, J. J. (2002). The Mandaeans: Ancient texts and modern people. OUP.
• Buderi, C., & Ricart, L. (2018). The Iran-UAE Gulf islands dispute: A journey through international law, history and politics. Brill-Nijhoff.
• Bullard, R. (1963). Persia in the two world wars. Journal of The Royal Central Asian Society, 50(1), 6-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068376308731801
• Burke, T. (2016). An instrument of British meddling in and muddling out of Iran during and after the First World War - the south Persian rifles, 1916 to 1921. Royal Dublin Fusiliers Association.
• Chaab, H. F. (2017). Tamadoneh Ilam va mardom-e Arab-e Khuzestan. Trava.
• Cohoon, M. (2017). The imperial frontier: tribal dynamics and oil in Qajar Persia, 1901-1910 [Master’s dissertation]. University of Washington.
• Cox, P. (1915). Telegram to Sir Charles Marling, Telegram No. 273R, Kut al-Amarah, November 1, 1915. In pp. 305-306. (Strunk, 1977).
• Cox, P. (1915). Telegram to Sir Charles Marling, Telegram No. 368R, Aziziyat, November 14, 1915. In p. 307. (Strunk, 1977).
• Curtis, G. E., & Hooglund, E. (Eds.). (2008). Iran: A country study (5th ed.). Area handbook series, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
• Cusimano, J. J. (1992). An analysis of Iran-Iraq bilateral border treaties. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 24, 89-113. https://tinyurl.com/45xwwnbp
• D'souza, R. (2002). Crisis before the fall: Some speculations on the decline of the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals. Social Scientist, 30(9), 3-30. https://doi.org/10.2307/3517956
• Daughter, S. (2014). Mellat and qowm: A political geography of nation and ethnicity in Iran [Master’s dissertation]. Miami University.
• Dawood, M. A. (1960). Ahadith an al-Khalij al-Arabi. Modiriyat al-Fonoun wa al-Thaqafah.
• Della Valle, P. (1665). The travels of Sig. Pietro della Valle, a noble Roman, into East-India and Arabia Deserta. J Macock.
• Dhabet, S. S. (1966). Al-alaqat al-dowliyah wa moahedat al-hodod bain al-Iraq wa Iran. Dar al-Basri.
• Dialogue Institute for Research and Studies. (2022, July 5). Al-Ahwaz wa altanawoe althaghafi wa alerghi wa atharah ala tatawer alnedham alsiasi almostaghbali. https://studies.org/ar/2022/07/cultural-and-ethnic-diversity-and-influence/
• Elling, R. C. (2013). Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and ethnicity after Khomeini. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Erikson, E. (2014). Between monopoly and free trade: The English East India Company, 1600–1757. Princeton University Press.
• Etheredge, L. (Ed.). (2011). Middle East: Region in transition: Iran. Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
• File 240/1913 ‘Mohammerah - Khoremabad Railway; the Khor Musa agreement’. (n.d.). British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/PS/10/332. Qatar Digital Library. https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100029687556.0x00001d
• File 26/94 (F 26) ‘Mohammerah; Shaikh Khazal's offer re: building of Ahwaz consulate’. (n.d.). British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/R/15/1/384. Qatar Digital Library. https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100023555826.0x000012
• File 2902/1916 ‘Treaties and engagements between the British government and the chiefs of the Arabian coast of the Persian Gulf’. (n.d.). British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/PS/10/606. Qatar Digital Library. https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100038130332.0x00007f
• File 3/8 Affairs of Sh. Khaz`als sons. (n.d.). British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/R/15/ 5/178. Qatar Digital Library. https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100030262304.0x00009b
• Fromkin, D. (1989). A peace to end all peace: The fall of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of the modern Middle East. Henry Holt and Company.
• Greaves, R. (1968). Some aspects of the Anglo-Russian convention and its working in Persia, 1907-14--I. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 31(1), 69-91. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00112790
• Grey. (1915). Telegram to Marling, Telegram No. 395, November 17, 1915. In pp. 306-307. (Strunk, 1977).
• Haidari, G. (2007). Al-Ahwaz bieuyun Ahwaziyah. Elam Studies Centre.
• Hardinge. (1915). Telegram to Austen Chamberlain, Secretary of State for India, November 10, 1915. In pp. 306-307. (Strunk, 1977).
• Hetteh, M. (2022, February 16). Al-Ahwaz wa al-kharaet al-gografiyah. Dialogue Institute for Research and Studies. https://astudies.org/ar/2022/02/الأحواز-وجغرافية-الخرائط/
• Hirtzel. (1915). Telegram to Foreign Office, India Office, November 13, 1915. In pp. 306-307. (Strunk, 1977).
• ICCPR. UNGA. Res 2200A (XXI). (16 December 1966).
• ICESCR. UNGA. Res 2200A (XXI). (16 December 1966).
• Khalafi, Y. (2016). Du hezar sal tarikhe Khorramshahr: Az Kharakas ta baramadaneh Albochaseb (326 BC-1857 AD). Entesharateh Asar Aferin.
• Khamisi, S. (2015). Aya Sabeain Mandai ra mishenasid? Yadavaran.
• Khazal, H. K. (1962). Tarikh al-Kuwait al-siyasi (Vol. 3).
• Khuri, E. & Tadmori, A. J. (1999). Saltanat Hormuz al-Arabiya (Vol. 1). Matbaat Raes al-Khaima al-Wataniya.
• Kia, M. (2017). The Ottoman Empire: A historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.
• Layard, A. H. (1846). A description of the province of Khuzistan. The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 16, 1-105. https://doi.org/10.2307/1798222
• Lesaffer, R. (n.d.). The Iran-Iraq border: A story of too many treaties. Oxford Public International Law. https://opil.ouplaw.com/page/iran-iraq-border
• Longrigg, S. H. (1925). Four centuries of modern Iraq. Clarendon Press.
• Lorimer, J. G. (1998). Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia (Vol. 1). Archive Editions. (Original work published 1915).
• Malcolm, J. (1815). The History of Persia (Vol. 2). London.
• Manie, J. J. (2008). Al-Ahwaz: Qabaeliha- ansabiha- omaraeha- sheukheha- aelameha. al-Dar al-Arabiya lel-Mosoat.
• Matthee, R. (2006). Between Arabs, Turks and Iranians: The town of Basra, 1600-1700. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 69, 53-78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X06000036
• Mehrabi, A., et al. (2015). Tahlil-e mosharekat-e siasi-e aghvam-e mokhtalef (motaleeye moredi: ostane Khusistan). Journal of New Attitudes in Human Geography, 7(2), 147-169. https://geography.garmsar.iau.ir/article_664609.html
• Memorandum respecting the frontier between Mohammerah and Turkey. (n.d.). British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/PS/18/B380. Qatar Digital Library. https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100024051501.0x00004b
• Metz, H. C. (Ed.). (1993). Persian Gulf states: Country studies. Library of Congress.
• Miller, C., et al. (2014). Persian dialects as spoken in Iran. University of Maryland.
• Mosalmah, K. (2008). Al-Ahwaz al-ardh al-Arabiya al-mohtallah. Markaz al-Darasat al-Almaniyah-al-Arabiyah.
• Najafabadi M. N., et al. (2018). Nazariyeye jange adelane va akhlaghmadari dar jang dar myane Musalmanan (bar payeye adab al-harbha). Tarikh va tamadone Islami, 14(27), 97-127. https://doi.org/10.30495/jhcin.2018.12893
• Najjar, M. A. (1971). Al-tarikh al-siyasi le emarat Arabistan al-Arabiya 1897-1925. Dar al-Maaref.
• Nawaser, A. (2013, May 29). Nabz-e eshteghal-e Khuzestan dar dastan-e ghayr-e bomiha. Mehr News. https://www.mehrnews.com/news/2065365/Khuzestan-occupation-pulse-in-foreign-countries-is-very-concerning
• Newman, A. J. (2003). Society and culture in the early modern Middle East: Studies on Iran in the Safavid period. Brill.
• Niebuhr, C. (1792). Travels through Arabia and other countries in the East (Vol. 2). R Morison and Son.
• Noras, A. M. K. (1982). Al-ashaer al-Arabiya wa alsiyasah al-Iraniya 1942-1946. Research and Information Center.
• Noras, A. M. K., & Raof, E. A. (1982). Emirate Kaab al-Arabiyah: Fi al-qarn al-thamen ashar ala dhoe al-wathaeq al-Beritaniyah. Dar al-Rashid lel-Nashr.
• Northedge, F. S., & Wells, A. (1982). Britain and Soviet communism: The impact of the revolution. Macmillan Press.
• O'Ballance, E. (1988). The Gulf war. Brassey's Defense Publishers.
• Olson, W. J. (2013). Anglo-Iranian relations during World War I. Routledge. (Original work published 1984).
• Pars Times. (n.d.). People of Iran. http://www.parstimes.com/people/
• Persia: Affairs of Arabistan (n.d.). British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/PS/18/C201. Qatar Digital Library. https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100026421889.0x000004
• Polo, M et al. (1993). The travels of Marco Polo: The complete Yule-Cordier edition, including the unabridged third edition (1903) of Henry Yule's annotated translation, as revised by Henri Cordier; together with Cordier's later volume of notes and addenda (1920) (Vol. 1). Dover Publications.
• Poor Bakhtiar, G. (2008). Reza Shah and the project of the Bakhtiyari tribe's compulsory settlement (A Research Based on Documents). MOSCOW, 2(8), 33-56.
• Potter, L. G. (2004). The evolution of the Iran-Iraq border. In R. S. Simon & E. H. Tejirian (Eds.), The creation of Iraq, 1914-1921 (pp. 61-79). Columbia University Press.
• Qasimi, S. B. (1999). Power struggle and the trade in the Gulf: 1620-1820. University of Exeter Press.
• Ramhormozi, H. (2016). Averting an Iranian geopolitical crisis: A tale of power play for dominance between colonial powers, tribal and government actors in the pre and post World War One era. Friesen Press.
• Ranjbar, M. A. (2004). Moshahsaiyan: Mahiyate fekri-ejtemaee va farayande tahavolate tarikhi. Entesharate Agah.
• Rashidian, S. (1954). Goghrafiyae Khuzestan. Bina.
• Redd. (n.d.). Ahwaz (18th century CE) - Arab emirates - Huwala Arabs. https://i.redd.it/loyzf41wsc381.jpg
• Roy, T. (2016). The East India Company: The world's most powerful corporation. India Portfolio.
• Sadawi, A. R. (2001). Tarikh bani Kaab va majaraye Sheikh Khazal. Moaseseyeh Farhangi Entesharati Aineh.
• Salman, M. H. (2004). Aspects of Portuguese rule in the Arabian Gulf 1521-1622 [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Hull.
• Sarkar, B. (1919). The reshaping of the Middle East. Journal of Race Development, 9(4), 332-343. https://doi.org/10.2307/29738313
• Schofield, R. (2004). Position, function, and symbol: The Shatt al-Arab dispute in perspective. In L. G. Potter & G. G. Sick (Eds.), Iran, Iraq, and the legacies of war (pp. 29-70). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403980427_3
• Schofield, R. (2008). Laying it down in stone: Delimiting and demarcating Iraq's boundaries by mixed international commission. Journal of Historical Geography, 34(3), 397-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2007.11.002
• Schofield, R. (Ed.). (1989). The Iran-Iraq border 1840-1958 (Vol. 1). Archive Editions.
• Shaw, J. M., & Demy, T. J. (2017). War and religion: An encyclopedia of faith and conflict (Vol. 1). ABC-CLIO.
• Shebli S. S., & al-Asimi, A. Z. (2014). Aleshkaliyah alghanoniyah fi hagh taghrir masir eghlim Arabistan. Zahran Publishers.
• Soucek, S. (1984). Arabistan or Khuzistan. Iranian Studies, 17, 195-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210868408701628
• Strakes, J. ( 2011 ). Between two masters: Khuzestan, southern Iraq, and dualities of state making in the Arab/Persian Gulf. The Arab World Geographer, 14(4), 336-341. https://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-abstract/14/4/336/59980/Between-Two-Masters-Khuzestan-Southern-Iraq-and
• Strunk, W. T. (1977). The reign of Shaykh Khaz'al ibn Jabir and the suppression of the principality of Arabistan: A study of British imperialism in southwestern Iran 1897-1925 [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Indiana University.
• Sweet, L. E. (1964). Pirates or polities? Arab societies of the Persian or Arabian Gulf, 18th century. Ethnohistory, 11(3), 262-280. https://doi.org/10.2307/480472
• Tahvildar, A., Fourousandeh, M., & Brunet, A. (2001). Sabeyan-e Iran zamin. Key Press.
• Teixeira, P., & Stevens, J. (1802). The travels of Pedro Teixeira: With his "kings of Harmuz" and extracts from his "kings of Persia." Hakluyt Society.
• Treaty of Erzurum between Persia and Ottoman Empire in 1847, Article 2. In Schofield, R. (Ed.), (1989). The Iran-Iraq border 1840-1958 (Vol. 1). Archive Editions.
• Visual Capitalist. (n.d.). Map of Europe and nearby in 1444 AD. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/medieval-map-of-europe-in-1444.html
• Wahidi, H. B. (1988) Tarikh Lengeh: Hadherat al-Arab ala al-sahil al-sharqi lel-Khalij. Dar al-Ummat lel-Nashr wa al-Tawzie.
• Ward, S. R. (2009). Immortal: A military history of Iran and its armed forces. Georgetown University Press.
• Waterfield, G. (1973). Professional diplomat; Sir Percy Loraine of Kirkharle, Bt., 1880-1961. Murray.
• Williamson, G. (2008). The Turko-Persian war 1821-1823: Winning the war but losing the peace. In R. Farmanfarmaian (Ed.), War and peace in Qajar Persia: Implications past and present (pp. 88-109). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203938300
• Wilson A. T. (n.d.). A Précis of the relations of the British government with the tribes and shaikhs of Arabistan by Lieutenant A T Wilson, Acting Consul for Arabistan. British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/PS/20/70. Qatar Digital Library. https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100034861789.0x000083
• Wilson, A. T. (1928). The Persian Gulf: An historical sketch from the earliest times to the beginning of the twentieth century. Clarendon Press.
• Zirinsky, M. P. (1992). Imperial power and dictatorship: Britain and the rise of Reza Shah, 1921-1926. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 24(4), 639-663. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800022388
• Zubeidi, M. H. (1982). Emarat al-Moshashaiyin: Aqdam emarat Arabiyah fi Arabistan. Dar al-Hurriyah lel-Tebaa.
• Zuhab Treaty between the Safavids and Ottoman Empire, 1639.
• Zürcher, E. J. (2016). Jihad and Islam in World War I: Studies on the Ottoman jihad on the centenary of Snouck Hurgronje's "holy war made in Germany". Leiden University Press.