Makroalgal karotenoidlerin bazı biyoaktif özellikleri

Öz

Sürdürülebilir ve ucuz alternatif gıda kaynaklarının bulunması, gıda alanındaki temel ve acil araştırma konularından birini oluşturmaktadır. Bu noktada makroalgler, artan dünya nüfusuna paralel olarak artan gıda talebinin karşılanması için önemli bir gıda kaynağı olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Makroalgler, ekilebilir araziye ihtiyaç duymadıkları ve minimun besin maddesi ile büyüyebilmelerinin yanı sıra içerdikleri polifenol, sterol, tanen, pigmentler, flavonoid, protein, çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri gibi çeşitli biyoaktif bileşikler açısından zengindir. Bu çalışmada, makroalglerin kimyasal kompozsiyonu ve algal karotenoidlerin bazı biyoaktif özellikleri derlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Makroalg
• karotenoid
• pigment
• antioksidan aktivite
• biyoaktif özellik

Some bioactive properties of macroalgal carotenoids

Öz

Finding sustainable and cheap alternative food sources is one of the fundamental and urgent research matter in the field of food. Herein, macroalgae are considered an important food source satisfy the increasing food demand in parallel with the growing world population. Macroalgae do not require arable land and are able to grow on minimal nutrients, they are rich in various bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, sterols, tannins, pigments, flavonoids, proteins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In this study, the chemical composition of macroalgae and some bioactive properties of algal carotenoids were compiled.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Makroalgae
• carotenoid
• pigment
• antioxidant activity
• bioactive property

Kaynakça

1. Anguelova, T., & Warthesen, J. (2000). Lycopene stability in tomato powders. Journal of Food Science, 65(1), 67-70.
2. Barkia, I., Saari, N., & Manning, S. R. (2019). Microalgae for high-value products towards human health and nutrition. Marine Drugs, 17(5), 304.
3. Bouzari, A., D. Holstege, and D. M. Barrett. 2015. Vitamin retention in eight fruits and vegetables: A comparison of refrigerated and frozen storage. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63 (3):957–62.
4. Bednarczyk, K., Matysiak, W., Tański, T., Janeczek, H., Schab-Balcerzak, E., & Libera, M. (2021). Effect of polyaniline content and protonating dopants on electroconductive composites. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 7487.
5. Behsnilian, D., & Mayer-Miebach, E. (2017). Impact of blanching, freezing and frozen storage on the carotenoid profile of carrot slices (Daucus carota L. cv. Nutri Red). Food Control, 73, 761-767.
6. Ben-Amotz, A., & Fishler, R. (1998). Analytical, nutritional and clinical methods section-Analysis of carotenoids with emphasis on 9-cis b-carotene in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in Israel. Food Chemistry, 62(4), 515-520.
7. Bennedsen, M., Wang, X., Willén, R., Wadström, T., & Andersen, L. P. (2000). Treatment of H. pylori infected mice with antioxidant astaxanthin reduces gastric inflammation, bacterial load and modulates cytokine release by splenocytes. Immunology Letters, 70(3), 185-189.
8. Bhosale, P., & Bernstein, P. S. (2007). Vertebrate and invertebrate carotenoid-binding proteins. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 458(2), 121-127.

9. Biancarosa, I., Belghit, I., Bruckner, C. G., Liland, N. S., Waagbø, R., Amlund, H., & Lock, E. J. (2018). Chemical characterization of 21 species of marine macroalgae common in Norwegian waters: benefits of and limitations to their potential use in food and feed. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(5), 2035-2042.
10. Bianchi, T. S., Kautsky, L., & Argyrou, M. (1997). Dominant chlorophylls and carotenoids in macroalgae of the
11. Baltic Sea (Baltic proper): their use as potential biomarkers. Sarsia, 82(1), 55-62.
12. Biris-Dorhoi, E. S., Michiu, D., Pop, C. R., Rotar, A. M., Tofana, M., Pop, O. L., & Farcas, A. C. (2020). Macroalgae—A sustainable source of chemical compounds with biological activities. Nutrients, 12(10), 3085.
13. Boëchat, I. G., & Giani, A. (2000). Factors affecting biochemical composition of seston in an eutrophic reservoir (Pampulha Reservoir, Belo Horizonte, MG. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 60, 63-71.
14. Bongaarts, J. (2021). FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020. Transforming food systems for affordable healthy diets FAO, 2020, 320 p.
15. Burton, G. W. (1989). Antioxidant action of carotenoids. The Journal of Nutrition, 119(1), 109-111.
16. Carvalho, L. M. J. D., Smiderle, L. D. A. S. M., Carvalho, J. L. V. D., Cardoso, F. D. S. N., & Koblitz, M. G. B. (2014). Assessment of carotenoids in pumpkins after different home cooking conditions. Food Science and Technology, 34, 365-370.
17. Chopin, T., & Tacon, A. G. (2021). Importance of seaweeds and extractive species in global aquaculture production. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 29(2), 139-148.
18. Christaki, E., Bonos, E., Giannenas, I., & Florou‐Paneri, P. (2013). Functional properties of carotenoids originating from algae. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93(1), 5-11.
19. Christen, W. G., Gaziano, J. M., Hennekens, C. H. (2000). Design of Physicians' Health Study II—a randomized trial of beta-carotene, vitamins E and C, and multivitamins, in prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and eye disease, and review of results of completed trials. Annals of Epidemiology, 10(2), 125-134.
20. Christodouleas, D. C., Fotakis, C., Nikokavoura, A., Papadopoulos, K., & Calokerinos, A. C. (2015). Modified DPPH and ABTS assays to assess the antioxidant profile of untreated oils. Food Analytical Methods, 8, 1294-1302.
21. Cikoš, A. M., Flanjak, I., Bojanić, K., Babić, S., Čižmek, L., Čož-Rakovac, R., & Jerković, I. (2021). Bioprospecting of coralline red alga Amphiroa rigida JV Lamouroux: Volatiles, fatty acids and pigments. Molecules, 26(3), 520.
22. Cikoš, A. M., Šubarić, D., Roje, M., Babić, J., Jerković, I., & Jokić, S. (2022). Recent advances on macroalgal pigments and their biological activities (2016–2021). Algal research, 65, 102748.
23. Cetik, S., Ayhanci, A., & Sahinturk, V. (2015). Protective effect of carvacrol against oxidative stress and heart injury in cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity in rat. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 58, 569-576.
24. Das, A., Yoon, S. H., Lee, S. H., Kim, J. Y., Oh, D. K., & Kim, S. W. (2007). An update on microbial carotenoid production: application of recent metabolic engineering tools. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 77, 505-512.
25. Daskaya-Dikmen, C., Yucetepe, A., Karbancioglu-Guler, F., Daskaya, H., & Ozcelik, B. (2017). Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides from plants. Nutrients, 9(4), 316.
26. Dawes, C. J. (1998). Marine Botany, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
27. Deepika, C., Ravishankar, G. A., & Rao, A. R. (2022). Potential products from macroalgae: An overview. Sustainable Global Resources Of Seaweeds Volume 1: Bioresources, cultivation, trade and multifarious applications, 17-44.
28. Dembitsky, V. M., & Maoka, T. (2007). Allenic and cumulenic lipids. Progress in Lipid Research, 46(6), 328-375. Denizci, A. A. (1990). Phaffia rhodozyma NRRLY-10921 mayası ile astaksantin pigmentinin üretimi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir, Türkiye.
29. Deventer, B., & Heckman, C. W. (1996). Effects of prolonged darkness on the relative pigment content of cultured diatoms and green algae. Aquatic Sciences, 58, 241-252.
30. Dugave, C., & Demange, L. (2003). Cis−trans isomerization of organic molecules and biomolecules: implications and applications. Chemical Reviews, 103(7), 2475-2532.
31. El-Agamey, A., Lowe, G. M., McGarvey, D. J., Mortensen, A., Phillip, D. M., Truscott, T. G., & Young, A. J. (2004). Carotenoid radical chemistry and antioxidant/pro-oxidant properties. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 430(1), 37-48.
32. El Gamal, A. A. (2010). Biological importance of marine algae. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 18(1), 1-25. FAO, (2020). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture: sustainability in action. Rome (Italy): FAO. 1–206.
33. Ferreira, M., Teixeira, C., Abreu, H., Silva, J., Costas, B., Kiron, V., & Valente, L. M. (2021). Nutritional value, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of micro-and macroalgae, single or blended, unravel their potential use for aquafeeds. Journal of Applied Phycology, 33(6), 3507-3518.
34. Figueroa, F. L., Bonomi-Barufi, J., Celis-Plá, P. S., Nitschke, U., Arenas, F., Connan, S., & Stengel, D. B. (2021). Short-term effects of increased CO2, nitrate and temperature on photosynthetic activity in Ulva rigida (Chlorophyta) estimated by different pulse amplitude modulated fluorometers and oxygen evolution. Journal of Experimental Botany, 72(2), 491-509.
35. Fleurence, J. Seaweed Proteins. In Proteins in Food Processing; Elsevier Ltd.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2004; pp. 197–213.
36. Fleurence, J., Morançais, M., & Dumay, J. (2018). Seaweed proteins. In Proteins in Food Processing, 245-262. Woodhead Publishing.
37. Frassini, R., Silva, Y. P. D., Moura, S., Villela, L. Z., Martins, A. P., Colepicolo, P., & Roesch-Ely, M. (2019). Chemical characterization and cytotoxic activity of antarctic macroalgae extracts against colorectal cancer. Advances in Biological Chemistry, 9(05), 167-177.
38. García-Alonso, F. J., Bravo, S., Casas, J., Perez-Conesa, D., Jacob, K., & Periago, M. J. (2009). Changes in antioxidant compounds during the shelf life of commercial tomato juices in different packaging materials. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(15), 6815-6822.
39. Ghosh, S., Sarkar, T., Das, A., & Chakraborty, R. (2022). Natural colorants from plant pigments and their encapsulation: An emerging window for the food industry. Lwt, 153, 112527.
40. Gordalina, M., Pinheiro, H. M., Mateus, M., da Fonseca, M. M. R., & Cesário, M. T. (2021). Macroalgae as protein sources—a review on protein bioactivity, extraction, purification and characterization. Applied Sciences, 11(17), 7969.
41. Gouveia, L., & Empis, J. (2003). Relative stabilities of microalgal carotenoids in microalgal extracts, biomass and fish feed: effect of storage conditions. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 4(2), 227-233.
42. Hanahan, D. J., & Nelson, D. R. (1984). Phospholipids as dynamic participants in biological processes. Journal of Lipid Research, 25(13), 1528-1535.
43. Heo, S. J., Ko, S. C., Kang, S. M., Kang, H. S., Kim, J. P., Kim, S. H., & Jeon, Y. J. (2008). Cytoprotective effect of fucoxanthin isolated from brown algae Sargassum siliquastrum against H2O2-induced cell damage. European Food Research and Technology, 228, 145-151.
44. Heo, S. J., & Jeon, Y. J. (2009). Protective effect of fucoxanthin isolated from Sargassum siliquastrum on UV-B induced cell damage. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 95(2), 101-107.
45. Hoek, C., Mann, D. G., & Jahns, H. M. (1995). Algae: an introduction to phycology. Cambridge university press.
46. Holdt, S. L., & Kraan, S. (2011). Bioactive compounds in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation. Journal of Applied Phycology, 23, 543-597.
47. Hosokawa, M., Wanezaki, S., Miyauchi, K., Kurihara, H., Kohno, H., Kawabata, J., & Takahashi, K. (1999). Apoptosis-inducing effect of fucoxanthin on human leukemia cell line HL-60. Food Science and Technology Research, 5(3), 243-246.
48. Hosseinkhani, N., McCauley, J. I., & Ralph, P. J. (2022). Key challenges for the commercial expansion of ingredients from algae into human food products. Algal Research, 64, 102696.
49. Hu, C. C., Lin, J. T., Lu, F. J., Chou, F. P., & Yang, D. J. (2008). Determination of carotenoids in Dunaliella salina cultivated in Taiwan and antioxidant capacity of the algal carotenoid extract. Food Chemistry, 109(2), 439-446.
50. Ilknur, A. K., & Turker, G. (2018). Antioxidant properties and phytochemicals of three brown macro algae from the Dardanelles (Çanakkale) strait. Agricultural Science & Technology, 10(4), 1313-8820.
51. Jaswir, I., Noviendri, D., Hasrini, R. F., & Octavianti, F. (2011). Carotenoids: Sources, medicinal properties and their application in food and nutraceutical industry. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(33), 7119-7131.
52. Jeon, S. M., Kim, H. J., Woo, M. N., Lee, M. K., Shin, Y. C., Park, Y. B., & Choi, M. S. (2010). Fucoxanthin‐rich seaweed extract suppresses body weight gain and improves lipid metabolism in high‐fat‐fed C57BL/6J mice. Biotechnology Journal, 5(9), 961-969.
53. Jung, H.A., Islam, M.N., Lee, C.M., Jeong, H.O., Chung, H.Y., Woo, H.C., & Choi, J.S. (2012). Promising antidiabetic potential of fucoxanthin isolated from the edible Brown algae Eisenia bixyclis and Undaria pinnatifida, Fisheries Science, 78, 1321-1329.
54. Kanda, H., Wahyudiono, Machmudah, S., & Goto, M. (2020). Direct extraction of lutein from wet macroalgae by liquefied dimethyl ether without any pretreatment. Acs Omega, 5(37), 24005-24010.
55. Kazir, M., Abuhassira, Y., Robin, A., Nahor, O., Luo, J., Israel, A., & Livney, Y. D. (2019). Extraction of proteins from two marine macroalgae, Ulva sp. and Gracilaria sp., for food application, and evaluating digestibility, amino acid composition and antioxidant properties of the protein concentrates. Food Hydrocolloids, 87, 194-203.
56. Koizumi, J., Takatani, N., Kobayashi, N., Mikami, K., Miyashita, K., Yamano, Y., & Hosokawa, M. (2018). Carotenoid profiling of a red seaweed Pyropia yezoensis: insights into biosynthetic pathways in the order Bangiales. Marine Drugs, 16(11), 426.
57. Konda, N. M., Singh, S., Simmons, B. A., & Klein-Marcuschamer, D. (2015). An investigation on the economic feasibility of macroalgae as a potential feedstock for biorefineries. BioEnergy Research, 8, 1046-1056.
58. Konstantin, B., Anastasia, P., Nikolay, I., & Daria, P. (2023). Seasonal variations in the chemical composition of Arctic brown macroalgae. Algal Research, 72, 103112.
59. Kosanić, M., Ranković, B., & Stanojković, T. (2015). Biological activities of two macroalgae from Adriatic coast of Montenegro. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 22(4), 390-397.
60. Kumar, J. I., Kumar, R. N., Bora, A., Amb, M. K., & Chakraborthy, S. (2009). An evaluation of the pigment composition of eighteen marine macroalgae collected from Okha Coast, Gulf of Kutch, India. Our Nature, 7(1), 48-55.
61. Kumar, Y., Tarafdar, A., & Badgujar, P. C. (2021). Seaweed as a source of natural antioxidants: Therapeutic activity and food applications. Journal of Food Quality, 2021, 1-17.
62. Kurniawan, R., Nurkolis, F., Taslim, N. A., Subali, D., Surya, R., Gunawan, W. B., & Kim, B. (2023). Carotenoids composition of green algae Caulerpa racemosa and their antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Molecules, 28(7), 3267.
63. Lewington, S., Clarke, R., Qizilbash, N., Peto, R., & Collins, R. (2003). Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality. The Lancet, 361(9366), 1391-1392.
64. Littler, M. M., & Littler, D. S. (2013). The nature of macroalgae and their interactions on reefs. Research and Discoveries: The Revolution of Science through Scuba.
65. Liu, Y., Zhang, C., Cui, B., Wang, M., Fu, H., & Wang, Y. (2021). Carotenoid-enriched oil preparation and stability analysis during storage: Influence of oils’ chain length and fatty acid saturation. Lwt, 151, 112163.
66. Ma, A. C., Chen, Z., Wang, T., Song, N., Yan, Q., Fang, Y. C., & Liu, H. B. (2014). Isolation of the molecular species of monogalactosyldiacylglycerols from brown edible seaweed Sargassum horneri and their inhibitory effects on triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(46), 11157-11162.
67. Maeda, H., Hosokawa, M., Sashima, T., Murakami-Funayama, K., & Miyashita, K. (2009). Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of fucoxanthin on diet-induced obesity conditions in a murine model. Molecular Medicine Reports, 2(6), 897-902.
68. Maher, J., & Yamamoto, M. (2010). The rise of antioxidant signaling—the evolution and hormetic actions of Nrf2. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 244(1), 4-15.
69. Mamun-or-Rashid, A. N. M., Hossain, M. S., Hassan, N., Dash, B. K., Sapon, M. A., & Sen, M. K. (2014). A review on medicinal plants with antidiabetic activity. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 3(4), 149-159.
70. Mattea, F., Martín, Á., & Cocero, M. J. (2009). Carotenoid processing with supercritical fluids. Journal of Food Engineering, 93(3), 255-265.
71. Mæhre, H. K., Malde, M. K., Eilertsen, K. E., & Elvevoll, E. O. (2014). Characterization of protein, lipid and mineral contents in common Norwegian seaweeds and evaluation of their potential as food and feed. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94(15), 3281-3290.
72. Meléndez-Martínez, A. J., Mandić, A. I., Bantis, F., Böhm, V., Borge, G. I. A., Brnčić, M., & O’Brien, N. (2022). A comprehensive review on carotenoids in foods and feeds: Status quo, applications, patents, and research needs. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(8), 1999-2049.
73. Mendis, E., & Kim, S. K. (2011). Present and future prospects of seaweeds in developing functional foods. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 64, 1-15.
74. Minguez-Mosquera, M. I., & Hornero-Mendez, D. (1994). Changes in carotenoid esterification during the fruit ripening of Capsicum annuum cv. Bola. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 42(3), 640-644.
75. Mussagy, C. U., Winterburn, J., Santos-Ebinuma, V. C., & Pereira, J. F. B. (2019). Production and extraction of carotenoids produced by microorganisms. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 103, 1095-1114.
76. Mysliwa-Kurdziel, B., & Solymosi, K. (2017). Phycobilins and phycobiliproteins used in food industry and medicine. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 17(13), 1173-1193.
77. Naito, Y., Uchiyama, K., Aoi, W., Hasegawa, G., Nakamura, N., Yoshida, N., & Yoshikawa, T. (2004). Prevention of diabetic nephropathy by treatment with astaxanthin in diabetic db/db mice. Biofactors, 20(1), 49-59.
78. Nakano, T., & Wiegertjes, G. (2020). Properties of carotenoids in fish fitness: a review. Marine Drugs, 18(11), 568.
79. Norsker, N. H., Barbosa, M. J., Vermuë, M. H., & Wijffels, R. H. (2011). Microalgal production—a close look at the economics. Biotechnology Advances, 29(1), 24-27.
80. Ohgami, K., Shiratori, K., Kotake, S., Nishida, T., Mizuki, N., Yazawa, K. & Ohno, S. (2003). Effects of astaxathin on lipopolysaccariede induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Investingative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 44, 2694-2701.
81. Othman, R., Amin, N. A., Sani, M. S. A., Fadzillah, N. A., & Jamaludin, M. A. (2018). Carotenoid and chlorophyll profiles in five species of Malaysian seaweed as potential halal active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology, 8(4-2), 1610-1616.
82. Özkan, M., & Cemeroğlu, B. (1997). Karotenoidler: Özellikleri ve gıdalarda uygulamaları. Gıda Teknolojisi, 2(11), 34-42.
83. Pal, A., Kamthania, M. C., & Kumar, A. (2014). Bioactive compounds and properties of seaweeds—a review. Open Access Library Journal, 1(4), 1-17.
84. Pangestuti, R., & Kim, S. K. (2011). Neuroprotective effects of marine algae. Marine Drugs, 9(5), 803-818.
85. Panzella, L., & Napolitano, A. (2017). Natural phenol polymers: Recent advances in food and health applications. Antioxidants, 6(2), 30.
86. Parada, J.,& Aguilera, J. M. (2007). Food microstructure affects the bioavailability of several nutrients. Journal of Food Science, 72(2), R21-R32.
87. Paran, E.,& Engelhard, Y. (2001, May). Effect of Lyc-O-Mato, standardized tomato extract on blood pressure, serum lipoproteins plasma homocysteine and oxidative stress markers in grade 1 hypertensive patients. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society of Hypertension, San Francisco, USA.
88. Paran, E. (2006). Reducing hypertension with tomato lycopene. Tomatoes, lycopene and human health. Caledonian Science Press, Scotland, 169-182.
89. Park, J. S., Chyun, J. H., Kim, Y. K., Line, L. L., & Chew, B. P. (2010). Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans. Nutrition & Metabolism, 7, 1-10.
90. Parker, R. S. (1996). Absorption, metabolism, and transport of carotenoids. The FASEB Journal, 10(5), 542-551.
91. Pereira, L. (2018). Therapeutic and nutritional uses of algae. CRC Press.
92. Poojary, M. M., Barba, F. J., Aliakbarian, B., Donsì, F., Pataro, G., Dias, D. A., & Juliano, P. (2016). Innovative alternative technologies to extract carotenoids from microalgae and seaweeds. Marine Drugs, 14(11), 214.
93. Pradhan, B., Bhuyan, P. P., & Ki, J. S. (2023). Immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and pharmacokinetic activity of Ulvan, a seaweed-derived sulfated polysaccharide: An updated comprehensive review. Marine drugs, 21(5), 300.
94. Radman, S., Cikoš, A. M., Flanjak, I., Babić, S., Čižmek, L., Šubarić, D., & Jerković, I. (2021). Less polar compounds and targeted antioxidant potential (in vitro and in vivo) of Codium adhaerens C. Agardh 1822. Pharmaceuticals, 14(9), 944.
95. Raji, V., Loganathan, C., Ramesh, T., & Thayumanavan, P. (2023). Dual antidiabetic and antihypertensive activity of fucoxanthin isolated from Sargassum wightii Greville in in vivo rat model. Food Science and Human Wellness, 12(5), 1693-1700.
96. Rebello, V., Shaikh, S., & Desai, P. V. (2010, September). Toxicity of cobalt oxide nanoparticles. In 2010 International conference on environmental engineering and applications, 195-199. IEEE.
97. Ribeiro, H. S., Schuchmann, H. P., Engel, R., Walz, E., & Briviba, K. (2010). Encapsulation of carotenoids. Encapsulation technologies for active food ingredients and food processing, 211-252.
98. Rock, C. L. (2009). Carotenoids and cancer. In Carotenoids: Volume 5: Nutrition and Health, 269-286. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel.
99. Roleda, M. Y., & Hurd, C. L. (2019). Seaweed nutrient physiology: application of concepts to aquaculture and bioremediation. Phycologia, 58(5), 552-562.
100. Roleda, M. Y., Marfaing, H., Desnica, N., Jónsdóttir, R., Skjermo, J., Rebours, C., & Nitschke, U. (2019). Variations in polyphenol and heavy metal contents of wild-harvested and cultivated seaweed bulk biomass: Health risk assessment and implication for food applications. Food Control, 95, 121-134.
101. Saeed, A., Abotaleb, S., Alam, N., ELMehalawy, A., & Gheda, S. (2020). In vitro assessment of antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities of some marine macroalgae. Egyptian Journal of Botany, 60(1), 81-96.
102. Saito, M., Kawai, M., Hagino, H., Yamamoto, K., Hayashida, M., & Ikeda, T. (2002). Antihypertensive effect of Nori-peptides derived from seaweed. In Journal of hypertension, Vol. 20, S160-S160.
103. Shahidi, F., & Brown, J. A. (1998). Carotenoid pigments in seafoods and aquaculture. Critical Reviews in Food Science, 38(1), 1-67.
104. Shannon, E., & Abu-Ghannam, N. (2019). Seaweeds as nutraceuticals for health and nutrition. Phycologia, 58(5), 563-577.
105. Shi, J., & Maguer, M. L. (2000). Lycopene in tomatoes: chemical and physical properties affected by food processing. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 40(1), 1-42.
106. Ślusarczyk, J., Adamska, E., & Czerwik-Marcinkowska, J. (2021). Fungi and algae as sources of medicinal and other biologically active compounds: A review. Nutrients, 13(9), 3178.
107. Smith, W. C., Lee, A. J., Crombie, I. K., & Tunstall-Pedoe, H. (1990). Control of blood pressure in Scotland: the rule of halves. British Medical Journal, 300(6730), 981-983.
108. Song, J., Wei, Q., Wang, X., Li, D., Liu, C., Zhang, M., & Meng, L. (2018). Degradation of carotenoids in dehydrated pumpkins as affected by different storage conditions. Food Research International, 107, 130-136.
109. Stahl, W., & Sies, H. (2005). Bioactivity and protective effects of natural carotenoids. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease, 1740(2), 101-107.
110. Su, J., Guo, K., Huang, M., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Sun, L., & Huang, L. (2019). Fucoxanthin, a marine xanthophyll isolated from Conticribra weissflogii ND-8: Preventive anti-inflammatory effect in a mouse model of sepsis. Frontiers in pharmacology, 10, 906.
111. Vaughan, V. C., Hassing, M. R., & Lewandowski, P. A. (2013). Marine polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancer therapy. British Journal of Cancer, 108(3), 486-492.
112. Vera, J., Castro, J., Gonzalez, A., & Moenne, A. (2011). Seaweed polysaccharides and derived oligosaccharides stimulate defense responses and protection against pathogens in plants. Marine Drugs, 9(12), 2514-2525.
113. Wang, H. M. D., Chen, C. C., Huynh, P., & Chang, J. S. (2015). Exploring the potential of using algae in cosmetics. Bioresource Technology, 184, 355-362.
114. Wasowicz, E., Gramza, A., Hes, M., Jelen, H., Korczak, J., Malecka, M., & Zawirska-Wojtasiak, R. (2004). Oxidation of lipids in food. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 13 (Spec. Issue 1).
115. Xie, X., Lu, X., Wang, L., He, L., & Wang, G. (2020). High light intensity increases the concentrations of β-carotene and zeaxanthin in marine red macroalgae. Algal Research, 47, 101852.
116. Yu, R. X., Yu, R. T., & Liu, Z. (2018). Inhibition of two gastric cancer cell lines induced by fucoxanthin involves downregulation of Mcl-1 and STAT3. Human Cell, 31, 50-63.
117. Yucetepe, A. (2022). Strategies for Nanoencapsulation of Algal Proteins, Protein Hydrolysates and Bioactive Peptides: The Effect of Encapsulation Techniques on Bioactive Properties. Bioprospecting Algae for Nanosized Materials, 211-227.
118. Yucetepe, A., Aydar, E. F., Okudan, E. Ş., Özçelik, B., & Durmaz, G. (2023). Proximate analysis and fatty acid, mineral and soluble carbohydrate profiles of some brown macroalgae collected from Türkiye coasts. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 78(7-8), 261-269. Zailanie, K., & Purnomo, H. (2011). Fucoxanthin content of five species brown seaweed from Talango District, Madura Island. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 1, 1103-1105.
119. Zhang, Z., Zhang, P., Hamada, M., Takahashi, S., Xing, G., Liu, J., & Suguiura, N. (2008). Potential hemoprevention effect of dietary fucoxanthin on urinary bladder cancer FJ-1 cell line. Oncology Reports, 20(5), 1099-1103.
120. Zhu, L. D., Li, Z. H., & Hiltunen, E. (2016). Strategies for lipid production improvement in microalgae as a biodiesel feedstock. BioMed Research International, 2016.