Biotechnological valorization of chicken processing by-products for sustainable peptone production

Öz

In this study, it was aimed to produce a sustainable chicken peptone through the biotechnological valorization of poultry processing by-products via enzymatic hydrolysis using alcalase. The effective utilization of protein-rich wastes generated by increasing animal production activities, without causing environmental harm, is of great importance for sustainable production approaches and circular economy principles. In this context, converting such wastes into value-added bioprocess products is noteworthy for both reducing environmental burden and providing economic benefits. Response Surface Methodology was employed to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis process, and the effects of enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time on peptone yield and protein content were systematically investigated. The optimum conditions were determined as 0.5% enzyme concentration and 12 hours of hydrolysis, under which the highest peptone yield (60%) and protein content (92.00%) were achieved. Chemical characterization results demonstrated that the produced chicken peptone has high total nitrogen (16.22%), free amino nitrogen (4.51%), and soluble protein content. Structural analyses revealed that the peptone predominantly consists of low molecular weight peptide fractions, with a high degree of hydrolysis (28.56%) and an average molecular weight of 418 Da, indicating high bioavailability and rapid metabolizability. Furthermore, the amino acid composition was rich in glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, and glycine, which are critical for microbial metabolism. Evaluation of the produced peptone as a microbial growth medium showed comparable, and in some cases superior, growth performance to commercial peptones in cultures of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. This performance is associated with its balanced amino acid profile, low molecular weight peptide content, and high bioavailability. Overall, the findings demonstrate that poultry processing by-products are a promising alternative resource for the sustainable, economical, and environmentally friendly production of high value-added peptones, with significant potential for industrial-scale applications.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Chicken processing by-products
• hydrolysis
• peptone
• Escherichia coli
• Bacillus subtilis

Tavuk işleme atıklarının sürdürülebilir biyoteknolojik dönüştürülmesiyle pepton üretimi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, tavuk işleme atıklarının alkalaz enzimi kullanılarak enzimatik hidroliz yoluyla biyoteknolojik olarak değerlendirilmesiyle sürdürülebilir bir tavuk peptonu üretimi amaçlanmıştır. Artan hayvansal üretim faaliyetleri sonucunda ortaya çıkan protein açısından zengin atıkların çevreye zarar vermeden değerlendirilmesi, sürdürülebilir üretim yaklaşımları ve döngüsel ekonomi perspektifi açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu kapsamda, söz konusu atıkların katma değerli biyoproses ürünlerine dönüştürülmesi hem çevresel yükün azaltılması hem de ekonomik fayda sağlanması açısından dikkat çekmektedir. Enzimatik hidroliz sürecinin optimizasyonu için Yanıt Yüzey Metodolojisi uygulanmış; enzim konsantrasyonu ve hidroliz süresinin pepton verimi ve protein içeriği üzerindeki etkileri sistematik olarak incelenmiştir. Optimum koşullar %0,5 enzim konsantrasyonu ve 12 saat hidroliz süresi olarak belirlenmiş ve bu şartlarda en yüksek pepton verimi (%60) ile protein oranı (%92,00) elde edilmiştir. Kimyasal karakterizasyon sonuçları, üretilen tavuk peptonunun yüksek toplam azot (%16,22), serbest amino azot (%4,51) ve çözünür protein içeriğine sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Yapısal analizler, peptonun yüksek hidroliz derecesi (%28,56) ve ortalama 418 Da molekül ağırlığı ile ağırlıklı olarak düşük molekül ağırlıklı peptit fraksiyonlarından oluştuğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu durum, ürünün biyoyararlanım potansiyelinin yüksek olduğuna ve hızlı metabolize edilebilirliğine işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca amino asit kompozisyonunun, mikrobiyal metabolizma açısından kritik öneme sahip glutamik asit, aspartik asit, alanin ve glisin bakımından zengin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Üretilen peptonun mikrobiyal büyüme ortamı olarak etkinliği değerlendirildiğinde, Escherichia coli ve Bacillus subtilis kültürlerinde ticari peptonlara eşdeğer hatta bazı durumlarda daha yüksek büyüme performansı sağladığı saptanmıştır. Bu durum, peptonun dengeli amino asit profili, düşük molekül ağırlıklı peptit içeriği ve yüksek biyoyararlanımı ile doğrudan ilişkilendirilmektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, tavuk işleme atıklarının yüksek katma değerli biyoproses ürünlerine dönüştürülmesinde etkili bir yaklaşım sunduğunu ve sürdürülebilir, ekonomik ve çevre dostu pepton üretimi için önemli bir alternatif kaynak oluşturduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, geliştirilen bu yaklaşımın endüstriyel ölçekte uygulanabilirliği açısından da önemli bir potansiyel taşıdığı değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tavuk işleme atıkları
• hidroliz
• pepton
• Escherichia coli
• Bacillus subtilis

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