Kurgan Tipi Gömüt Yapısı, Yeni Öneriler ve Kültürlerarası Etkileşimdeki Olası Rolü: Kuzey Karadeniz (Büyük Olbia) Örneği

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 27, 107 - 138, 09.02.2023

Okan Sezer

https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2022.1017525

Öz

Tartışmalı olanların dışında bilinen en eski örneklerine MÖ 3. binyılda rastlanan kurganlar Eski Avrasya toplumları tarafından bozkır kuşağında sıklıkla uygulanmış bir gömüt mimarisidir. İklim ve düzensiz yağış rejimi nedeniyle bozkır kuşağında yaşanan kıtlıklar belli dönemlerde birbirini tetikleyen göç hareketlerine neden olmuş, Anadolu ve Yakın Doğu söz konusu göç hareketlerinin ulaşmayı hedefledikleri coğrafyalar arasında yer almış ve böylelikle kurgan tipi gömüt yapısı diğer toplumlar tarafından da tanınır hale gelmiştir. Toplumlar arasındaki iletişimin şekli tek başına kuzeyden güneye doğru ilerleyen göçlerden ibaret değildir. MÖ 7-6. yüzyıllarda farklı sosyal ve ekonomik nedenlere dayanan Eski Yunan koloni faaliyetlerinin Karadeniz’in kuzey kıyılarında başladığı bilinmektedir. Aynı tarihlerde bölgede varlığı artış gösteren atlı-göçer toplumlar ile çeşitli kültürel etkileşimler gerçekleşmiştir. Pre-Hellenistik Dönem’e tarihlendirilen kurganlar Büyük Olbia’nın tarihi sınırlarında kalan Kırım’ın kuzeybatısında yoğunlaşmaktadır. Çalışmada bir kısmı geçmiş kurtarma kazılarıyla ortaya çıkarılan tanımlı kurganlardan bazıları derlenmiş, kurgan gelenekli atlı-göçer toplum modeli adına öneriler sunulmuş ve atlı-göçer toplumlar ile Eski Yunan toplumu arasındaki olası etkileşimler kurgan temelinde var olan önerilerle birlikte değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kurgan, Karadeniz Arkeolojisi, İskitler, Eski Yunan, Olbia, Gömüt

Teşekkür

İlk bilimsel ve sistemli kazıların başladığı tarihten bu yana ürettikleri bilgi ve keşiflerle kurgan tipi gömüt yapısını ve etrafında şekillenen farklı kültürleri anlamamızı sağlayan zamanın ve şimdinin tüm bilim insanlarına teşekkürü bir borç bilirim.

Kurgan, New Suggestions and Its Possible Role in Intercultural Interactions: the Northern Black Sea (Greater Olbia) Case

Öz

Apart from some controversial ones, kurgans are a model of grave architecture frequently used by ancient Eurasian societies in the steppes, with the oldest-known examples of kurgans dating back to the third millennium BC. Famines caused by climate conditions and erratic rainfall patterns led to migrations that triggered one-after another throughout particular periods. Kurgan became known by other societies as a result of these migrations happening toward certain geographies such as Anatolia and the Near East. The mode of societal interactions is not solely composed of migrations from north-to-south. Ancient Greeks’ activities on establishing colonies along the northern shore of the Black Sea are known to have started in the 7th-6th century BC for various social and economic reasons. During these centuries, certain cultural interactions took place with the nomadic horseman tribes that were gaining strength. Kurgans date back to the pre-Hellenistic period, with many found in the northwest of the Crimean Peninsula, located within the historical borders of Greater Olbia. This paper aims to bring together some of the kurgans that have been investigated by rescue excavations, to offer some suggestions for a model of the kurgan-centered society, and to evaluate possible further interactions between the nomadic horseman tribes and ancient Greek society in the context of kurgan architecture with existing suggestions. 

Kaynakça

• Antik Kaynaklar google scholar
• Hdt. (= Herodotos, Historiai) google scholar
• Kullanılan metin: Tarih (2017), Kitap I-II-III-IV-V-VI-VII-VIII-IX (M. Ökmen, Çev.), İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
• Hom. Od. (= Homeros, Odysseia) google scholar
• Kullanılan metin: Odysseia (2011), (A. Erhat ve A. Kadir, Çev.), İstanbul: Can Sanat Yayınları. google scholar
• LAR II (= Luckenbill, Luckenbill of Assyrian Records II) google scholar
• Kullanılan metin: Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (1927), Volume II, historical records of Assyria from Sargon to the end (Translated by D. D. Luckenbill), Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. google scholar
• Ps.-Hipp. (= Pseudo-Hippokrates, De aere aquis et locis) google scholar
• Kullanılan metin: Hippocrates (1923), (Translated by W. H. S. Jones), Cambridge: Harvard University Press. google scholar
• Çağdaş Kaynaklar google scholar
• Alekseev, A. Y. vd. (2016). A Chronology of the Scythian Antiquities of Eurasia Based on New Archaeological and C14 Data. Radiocarbon, 43, 1085-1107. google scholar
• Beisenov, A. Z. vd. (2016). Dromos Burials of Tasmola Culture in Central Kazakhstan. Anthropologist, 26, 25-33. google scholar
• Bilde, P. G. vd. (2008). Archaeology in the Black Sea Region in Classical Antiquity 1993-2007. Archaeological Reports, 54, 115-173. google scholar
• Boletsi, M. (2013). Barbarism and Its Discontents. California: Stanford University Press. google scholar
• Braund, D. (2007). Greater Olbia: Ethnic, Religious, Economic and Political Interactions in the Region of Olbia, c. 600-100 BC. In D. Braund & S. Kryzhitskiy (Eds.), Classical Olbia and the Scythian World (pp. 37-77). London: British Academy. google scholar
• Braund, D. (2019). Colonial Location: Olbia on the Hypanis. In J. Lucas, C. A. Murray & S. Owen (Eds.), Greek Colonization in the Local Context: Case Studies in Colonial Interactions (pp. 215-230). Oxford: Oxbow Books. google scholar
• Buyskikh, S. (2007). Contacts Between Greeks and Non-Greeks on the Lower Bug in Sixth and Fifth Centuries BC. In D. Braund & S. Kryzhitskiy (Eds.), Classical Olbia and the Scythian World (pp. 23-35). London: British Academy. google scholar
• Cunliffe, B. (2019). The Scythians, Nomad Warriors of the Steppe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. google scholar
• Daragan, M. (2016). The Use of GIS Technologies in Studying the Spatial and Time Concentration of Tumuli in the Scythian-time Lower Dnieper Region. In O. Henry & U. Kelp (Eds.), Tumulus as Sema vol 27 (pp. 669-685). Berlin: De Gruyter. google scholar
• Garland, R. (1985). The Greek Way of Death. New York: Cornell University Press. google scholar
• Gass, A. (2011). Early Iron Age Burials in Southeastern Zhetysu: The Geoarchaeological Evidence. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, 39, 57-69. google scholar
• Gimbutas, M. (1977). The First Wave of Eurasian Steppe Pastoralists into Copper Age Europe. Journal of Indo-European Studies, 5, 277-338. google scholar
• Gimbutas, M. (1980). The Kurgan Wave #2 (c. 3400-3200 B.C.) into Europe and the Following Transformations of Culture. Journal of Indo-European Studies, 8, 273-317. google scholar
• Gorodtsov, V. A. (1905). Rezul’taty arheologiCeskih issledovanij v Izjumskom uezde Har’kovskoj gubernii v 1901 g. Arheologiceskogo s’ezda, 12, 174-225. google scholar
• Gorodtsov, V. A. (1907). Rezul’taty arheologiceskih issledovanij v Bahmutskom uezde Ekaterino-slavskoj gubernii v 1903 g. Arheologiceskogo s’ezda, 13, 211-285. google scholar
• Gorodtsov, V. A. (1927). Bronzovyj vek na territorii SSSR. In C. I. Babilova & O. J. Scmidt (Eds.), Bol’saja Sovetskaja Ènciklopedija (pp. 23-32). Moskva: Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya. google scholar
• Govedarica, B., et al. (2006). Samar V. A. Der Grabhügel ‘Tarasova Mogila’ bei der Stadt Orechov. Eurasia Antiqua, 12, 61-112. google scholar
• Harding, A. (2011). The Tumulus in European Prehistory: Covering the Body, Housing the Soul. In E. Borgna & S. M. Celka (Eds.), Ancestral Landscapes: Burial Mounds in Copper and Bronze Ages (pp. 21-30). Lyon: Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée. google scholar
• Heubeck, A. ve Hoekstra A. (1989). A Commentary on Homer’s Odyssey, Vol II: IX-XVI. Oxford: Clarendon Press. google scholar
• Ivantchik, A. (2019). The Scythian Kingdom in the Crimea in the 2nd century BC and its relations with the Greek states in the North Pontic region. Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia, 25, 220-254. google scholar
• Kaiser, E. ve Winger, K. (2015). Pit Graves in Bulgaria and the Yamnaya Culture. Praehistorische Zeitschrift, 90, 114-140. google scholar
• Kim, H. J. (2013). The Invention of ‘Barbarian’ in the Late Sixth-Century BC Ionia. In E. Almagor & J. Skinner (Eds.), Ancient Ethnography: New Approaches (pp. 25-48). London: Bloomsbury Publishing. google scholar
• Knigge, U. (1976). Der Südhügel, Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen: IX. Berlin: De Gruyter. google scholar
• Knigge, U. (1980). Der Rundbau am Eridanos. In W. Koenigs, U. Knigge, A. Mallwitz & B. Bohnen (Ctrs.), Rundbauten im Kerameikos: XII (pp. 57-98). Berlin: De Gruyter. google scholar
• Knigge, U. (1988). Der Kerameikos von Athen, Führung durch Ausgrabungen und Geschichte. Athens: Kernos. google scholar
• Knigge, U. (2006). Ein Grabmonument der Alkmeoniden im Kerameikos. Athenische Mitteilungen, 121, 127-163. google scholar
• Kovpanenko, G. T. (1977). Kurgany skifskogo vremeni u s. Medvin v Poros’e. In A. I. Terenozhkin (Ed.), Skify i sarmaty (pp. 40-72). Kyiv: Naukova Dumka. google scholar
• Kryzhitskiy, S. (2007). Criteria for the Presence of Barbarians in the Population of Early Olbia. In D. Braund & S. Kryzhitskiy (Eds.), Classical Olbia and the Scythian World (pp. 17-22). London: British Academy. google scholar
• Kutajsov, V. (2004). Kerkinitida v anticnuju epochu. Kyiv: Korvin Press. google scholar
• Kutajsov, V. ve Pridnev, S. (1997). Ochrannye raskopki nekropolja Kerkinitidy. In. V. Kutajsov (Ed.), Krymskij ekspedicija (pp. 163-169). Kyiv: Natsional’na akademiya nauk Ukrayiny. google scholar
• Kuun, G. (1880). Codex Cumanicus, Bibliotheca ad Templum Divi Marci Venetiarum. Budapestini: Academiae Hung. google scholar
• Lancov, S. (1988). Materialy z nekropol’ja Kerkinitidy. Archeologija Kiiv, 63, 75-84. google scholar
• Levitski, O. ve Kashuba, M. (2010). Special Marks of the Social Status in Burials of the Middle 7-6. Centuries BC in the Light of Emergence of Early Scythian Warriors in the Eastern Carpathian Region. In V. Sirbu (Ed.), ISTROSXVI (pp. 91-122). Braila: Muzeul Brailei Editura Istros. google scholar
• Marchenko, K. (1988). Varvary v sostave naseleniya Berezani i Ol’vii vo vtoroi polovine VII - pervoi polovine I V. do n.e.: po materialam lepnoi Keramiki. Leningrad: Hayka. google scholar
• Merpert, N. (1977). Comments on ‘the Chronology of the Early Kurgan Tradition. Journal of Indo-European Studies, 5, 373-378. google scholar
• Özfırat, A. (2009). Bozkurt Kurgan Mezarlığı Kazıları. Belleten, 268, 635-644. google scholar
• Parzinger, H. (2017). Burial mounds of Scythian elites in the Eurasian steppe: New discoveries. Journal of the British Academy, 5, 331-355. google scholar
• Parzinger, H. vd. (2016). At the Foot of Royal Kurgans: The latest geoarchaeological and geophysical studies. Science First Hand, 43, 74-89. google scholar
• Petersen, J. H. (2010). Cultural Interactions and Social Strategies on the Pontic Shores. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. google scholar
• Piotrovsky, B. (1975). Excavations and Discoveries in Scytian Lands. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 1973-1974, 32, 26-31. google scholar
• Polat, M. A. (2016). Cambaztepe Tümülüsü (Kurgan) Kazısı Ön Değerlendirmesi, Arkeoloji ve Sanat, 152, 231-236. google scholar
• Porucznik, J. (2018). Heuresibios Son of Syriskos and the Question of Tyranny in Olbia Pontike (FifthFourth Century BC). Annual of the British School at Athens, 113, 399-414. google scholar
• Rogov, E. Y. (1998). Nekropol’ Panskoe I i ego mesto sredi nekropolej IV-III vv. do n.e. v Severnom Pricernomor’e (YayınlanmamışDoktora Tezi). St. Petersburg: Rossiiskaya akademiya nauk. google scholar
• Rudenko, S. (1970). Frozen Tombs of Siberia: the Pazyryk Burials of Iron Age Horsemen (Translated by M. W. Thompson). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. google scholar
• Rusyayeva, A. (1992). Religia i kulty antitchnoi Olvii. Kyiv: Naukova dumka. google scholar
• Shishlina, N. (2001). Early Herders of the Eurasian Steppe. Expedition Magazine of Penn Museum, 43.1, 21-28. google scholar
• Solovyov, S. (2019). Borysthenes and Olbia: Reflections on the character of contacts between Greeks and Natives during the initial stage of colonization. In J. Lucas, C. A. Murray & S. Owen (Eds.), Greek Colonization in Local Contexts (pp. 159-182). Oxford: Oxbow Books. google scholar
• Stais, V. (1890). O Tymbos en Vourva. AM, 15, 318-329. google scholar
• Stojanov, R. (2004). Nekropol’ Chersonesa Tavriceskogo V-I v. do n.e (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), St. Petersburg: Rossiiskaya akademiya nauk. google scholar
• Stolba, V. (2011). Multicultural Encounters in the Greek Countryside: Evidence from the Panskoye I Necropolis, Western Crimea. In E. Papuci-Wadyka, M. Vickers, J. Bodzek & D. Braund (Eds.), Pontika 2008: Recent Research on the Northern and Eastern Black Sea in Ancient Times (pp. 329-340). Oxford: BAR. google scholar
• Summerer, L. ve Lukpanova, Y. (2021). The Wooden Comb of the ‘Golden Lady’: A New Battle Image from the Taksai-1 kurgan (western Kazakhstan). In S. V. Pankova & St. J. Simpson (Eds.), Masters of the Steppe: the Impact of the Scythians and Later Nomad Societies of Eurasia (pp. 588-604). Oxford: Archaeopress. google scholar
• Sceglov, A. (2002a). The Monumental Building U6. In L. Hannestad, V. Stolba & A. Sceglov, Panskoye I (pp. 29-98). Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. google scholar
• Sceglov, A. (2002b). Introduction. In L. Hannestad, V. Stolba & A. Sceglov (Eds.), Panskoye I (pp. 11-25). Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. google scholar
• Sibanova D. A. (2022). K voprosu ob otnositel'noj hronologii pamjatnikov srubnoj kul'tury Niznego Podon'ja. In M. I. Bazin, et al (Eds.), Aktual'naja arheologija 6 (pp. 154-156). Sankt-Peterburg: IIMK RAN. google scholar
• Tekin, T. (2019). Orhon Yazıtları, Kül Tigin, Bilge Kağan, Tunyukuk. Ankara: BilgeSu. google scholar
• Telegin, D. vd. (2003). Relative and Absolute Chronology of Yamnaya and Catacomb Monuments: The Issue of Co-existence. In A. Kosko (Ed.), Baltic-Pontic Studies: 12 (pp. 132-184). Poznan: Adam Mickiewicz University Press. google scholar
• Tsetskhladze, G. (2016). Yunan Kolonizasyonu. Aktüel Arkeoloji, 54, 102-115. google scholar
• Vassileva, M. (1998). Greek Ideas of the North and the East: Mastering the Black Sea Area. In G. Tsetskhladze (Ed.), The Greek Colonisation of the Black Sea Area (pp. 69-77). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. google scholar
• Videiko, M. (2010). Ukraine: From Trypillia to Rus. Kyiv: Krion. google scholar
• Whitley, J. (1994). The Monuments that Stood before Marathon: Tomb Cult and Hero Cult in Archaic Attica. American Journal of Archaeology, 98, 213-230. google scholar
• Zaitsev, Y. (2001). Skilur and His Kingdom (New Discoveries and New Questions). Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia, 7, 239-271. google scholar