Energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of Sauceboat Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production in Türkiye

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 605 - 613, 30.12.2022

Mehmet Fırat Baran , Ahmet Konuralp Eliçin , Korkmaz Bellitürk , Ahmet Çelik

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2022.4.14

Cited By: 4

Abstract

In this study, the efficiency of energy consumption and the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from the cultivation of sauceboat pepper were determined. The experiments and research data are based on the 2020 growing season and were conducted in the Karaisali district of Adana province, Turkey. The primary data used in this study, such as the financial system, labor efficiency, fuel consumption levels, weights of tools and machinery used in sauceboat pepper production, fertilizer, and seedling quantities, were obtained from existing calculations, previous studies, and various sources. The energy ratio, specific energy, energy productivity, and net energy in sauceboat pepper were calculated as 0.82, 0.98 MJ kg^-1, 1.02 kg MJ^-1, and -6845.51 MJ ha^-1, respectively. In the case of the sauceboat peppers, the energy of the fuel oil had the highest share of the total energy input, 31.65%. It was followed by energy for planting seedlings, energy for fertilizer, water energy for irrigation, energy for human labour, energy for spraying, and energy for machinery, with 21.55%, 19.64%, 12.55%, 8.59%, 4.45%, and 1.87%, respectively. Total GHG emissions were estimated as 3703.54 kgCO_2-eq ha^-1 for sauceboat pepper highest-quality production portion in human labour (31.18%). Human labour was followed by diesel fuel consumption (25.79%), machine (0.08%), seedling planting (15.90%), nitrogen fertilizer (15.88%), phosphate fertilizer (4.09%), herbicides (3.68%), fungicides (1.93%), calcium consumption (0.09%), magnesium application (0.08%) and iron (0.52%). In addition, the GHG value for the production of sauceboat peppers was calculated to be 0.096 kgCO_2-eq kg^-1.

Keywords

Energy ratio, Sauceboat pepper, Greenhouse gas ratio, Greenhouse gas emissions

References

• Anonymous, 2021a; Crop Production Statistics. Turkish Istatistical Enstitute, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (Access date: 11 May 2021).
• Anonymous. 2021b Adana ili tarımsal yatırım rehberi, https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SGB/TARYAT /Belgeler/il_yatirim_rehberleri/adana.pdf, (Access date: 25 April 2021) Azder, G., Göçmen, E., İstanbulluoğlu, A. 2020. Tekirdağ Koşullarında Farklı Sulama Seviyelerinin Kapya Biberin (Capsicum Annum Cv. Kapija) Verim ve Verim Bileşenleri Üzerine Etkileri. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 17 (3), 422-431. (In Turkish) https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.703542
• Baran, M.F., Gökdoğan, O. 2016. Determination Of Energy Balance of Sugar Beet Production in Turkey: A Case Study For Kirklareli Province, Springer Energy Efficiency (2015) 9: (2) 487-494, ISSN: 1570-6478; DOI 10.1007/s12053-015-9375-x
• Bellitürk, K. 2019. Changes in Plant Nutrition for a Sustainable Agriculture: Past, Present and Future. ISPEC International Conference on Agriculture and Rural Development-III, 20-22 December 2019, 590-600, (Oral Presentation, Full Paper), Van, Türkiye. ISBN: 978-605-7811-43-1
• Bojacá, C.R., Casilimas H. A., Gil R., Schrevens E. (2012). Extending the input-output energy balance methodology in agriculture through cluster analysis, Energy, vol.47, pp. 465-470, Ed. Elsevier, London. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2012.09.051
• Clark, S., Khoshnevisan, B., Sefeedpari, P. (2016). Energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions during transition to organic and reduced-input practices: Student farm case study. Ecological Engineering, 88; 186-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.12.036
• Canakci, M., Akinci, I. 2006. Energy use pattern analyses of greenhouse vegetable production. Energy 31 (8), 1243–1256. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2005.05.021
• Çebi, U.K, Aydın, B., Çakır, R., Altıntaş, S. (2017). Örtü Altı Baş Salata (Lactuca sativa cv Salinas) Üretiminin Enerji Kullanım Etkinliği ve Ekonomik Analizi, Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 4(4): 426–433, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/turkjans/issue/31628/346678
• Çelen, İ.H. (2016). Tarımsal Uygulamalarda Enerji Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme, Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges- S: 18-29 Aralık 2016, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ejovoc/issue/36634/417036
• Çelik, A., Bellitürk, K., Sakin, E. (2020). New Approaches and Applications in Agriculture. Editor: M. Fırat Baran, IKSAD Publishing House. Chapter 14: Agriculture Friendly Bio-Fertilisers in Waste Management: Vermicompost and Biochar. pp. 302-327, Ankara. ISBN: 978-625-7279-66-6
• Davoodi, M.J.Ş., Housyar, E. (2009). Energy Consumption of Canola and Sunflower Production İn Iran. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 6(4): 381-384. ISSN 1818-6769, IDOSI Publications.
• Elhami, B., Akram, A., Khanali, M. (2016). Optimization of energy consumption and environmental impacts of chickpea production using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and multi objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) approaches. Information Processing in Agriculture, 3 (3); 190-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inpa.2016.07.002
• El-Helepi, M.M. (1997). Energy and Economic Analyses of Pepper Production under Plasticulture and Conventional Systems, Department of Agicultural Economics McGill University, Montreal. 0-612-37117-4
• El Saleh, Y. (2000). Syria and Turkey lentil and chickpea harvest mechanization research on the identification of opportunities. Ph.D. Thesis, Cukurova University, Institute of Science and Technology (Unpublished), Adana, Turkey (In Turkish) (Ulusal Tez Merkezi, Tez No: 95507)
• Erdal, G., Esengun, K., Erdal, H., Gunduz, O. (2007). Energy use and economical analysis of sugar beet production in Tokat province of Turkey. Energy, 32: 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2006.01.007
• Eren, Ö. (2011). Çukurova Bölgesinde Tatlı Sorgum (Sorghum Bıcolor (L.) Moench) Üretiminde Yaşam Döngüsü Enerji ve Çevresel Etki Analizi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi. Adana 2011. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.852286
• Eren, Ö., Baran, M.F., Gökdogan, O. (2019a). Determination of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Ghg) in The Production of Different Fruits in Turkey, Feb - Fresenius Envıronmental Bulletın, ISSN 1018-4619, Volume 27-No:1/2019 , pages: 464-472, ISSN 1018-4619
• Eren Ö., Gökdoğan, O., Baran, M.F. (2019b). Determination of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Ghg) in The Production of Different Plants in Turkey, Feb - Fresenius Environmental Bulletın, ISSN 1018-4619, Volume 27-No:2/2019 , pages: 1158-1166, ISSN 1018-4619
• Eren Ö., Gökdoğan, O., Baran, M.F. (2019c). Determination of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) in the Production of Different Aromatic Plants in Turkey, Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1): 90-96, 2019, https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans
• Farani, S.M., Bahrami, H. (2012). Efficiency Evaluation in Bell Pepper Production of Greenhouses in Iran, J. Life Sci. Biomed. 3(1): 69-74, ISSN 2251-9939
• Gökdoğan, O. (2016). Determination of İnput-Output Energy and Economic Analysis of Lavender Production in Turkey, Int J Agric & Biol Eng, IJABE, May, 2016 9(3): 154－161, Open Access at http://www.ijabe.org
• Göktürk, B. (1999). A study on the Determination of some properties of dry onion for harvesting, development of the excavator knife type harvesting machine, and comparison with other harvesting methods. Ph.D. Thesis, Trakya University, Institute of Science and Technology, Tekirdağ, Turkey (Ulusal Tez Merkezi, Tez no: 84760)
• Güzel, E. (1986). A study on the mechanization of the dismantling and blending of peanuts in Çukurova Region and the Determination of the properties of the plant for mechanization. Turkey Agricultural Equipment Association Professional Publications, Publication Number: 47, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Güvenç, İ. (2020). The Production, Foreign Trade and Comparative Advantages of Peppers in Turkey. KSU J. Agric. Nat. 23 (2): 441-445. DOI:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.595512
• Hedau, N.K., Tuti, M.D., Stanley, J., Mina, B.L., Agrawal, P.K., Bisht, J.K., Bhatt, J.C. (2014). Energy-use efficiency and economic analysis of vegetable cropping sequences under greenhouse condition, Energy Efficiency (2014) 7:507–515, DOI:10.1007/s12053-013-9239-1
• Houshyar, E., Dalgaard, T., Tarazgar, M.H., Jorgensen, U. (2015). Energy input for tomato production what economy says, and what is good for the environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 89; 99-109, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.11.022
• Hughes, D.J., West, J.S., Atkins, S.D., Gladders, P., Jeger, M.J., Fitt, B.D. (2011). Effects of disease control by fungicides on greenhouse gas emissions by U.K. arable crop production. Pest Manag Sci, 67; 1082-1092, https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2151
• İbrahim, H.Y., İbrahim, H.I. (2013). Energy Inputs and Climate Change: A Case Study of vegetable Production under Fadama In North Central Nigeria, Trakia Journal of Sciences, No3, pp 343-347, ISSN 1313-3551 (online)
• Kaltcshmitt, M., Reinhardt, G.A. (1997). Ecological energy balance sheets in renewable energy source. Friedr. Vieweg, Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Braunschweig, Weisbaden, Germany.
• Keleş, D. (2007). Farklı Biber Genotiplerinin Karakterizasyonu ve Düşük Sıcaklığa Tolerans, Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, (In Turkish) (Ulusal Tez Merkezi, Tez no: 212528)
• Khoshnevisan, B., Shariati, H.M., Rafiee, S., Mousazadeh, H. (2014). Comparison of energy consumption and GHG emissions of open field and greenhouse strawberry production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29; 316-324, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.098
• Kılbacak, H., Bellitürk, K., Çelik, A. (2021). Bitkisel ve Hayvansal Atıklardan Vermikompost Üretilmesi: Yeşil Badem Kabuğu ve Koyun Gübresi Karışımı Örneği. Akademik Perspektiften Tarıma Bakış (Editör: Gülşah Bengisu). IKSAD Publishing House. ISBN: 978-605-70345-3-3. Bölüm 2, s: 19-44, Ankara, ISBN: 978-605-70345-3-3
• Koçtürk, O.M., Engindeniz, S. (2009). Energy and Cost Analysis of Sultana Grape Growing: A case study of Manisa, west Turkey. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4(10):938-943, ISSN 1991-637X
• Kuswardhani, N., Soni, P., Shivakoti, G.P. (2013). Comparative energy input-output and financial analyses of greenhouse and open field vegetables production in West Java, Indonesia. Energy, 53(2013): 83-92, DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2013.02.032
• Mandal, K.G., Saha, K.P., Ghosh, P.K., Hati, K.M., Bandyopadhyay, K.K. (2002). Bioenergy and economic analysis of soybean-based crop production systems in central India. Biomass and Bioenergy 23: 337-345, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00058-2
• Maraseni, T.N., Cockfield, G., Maroulis, J., Chen, G. (2010). An assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from the Australian vegetables industry. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 45:6, 578-588, https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2010.493497
• Medina, A., Cooman, A., Parrado, C.A., Schrevens, E. (2006). Evaluation of Energy Use and Some Environmental Impacts for Greenhouse Tomato Production in the High Altitude Tropics, Proc. IIIrd IS on HORTIMODEL2006, Acta Horticulturae, 718, ISHS 2006, pp. 415-422, International Society for Horticultural Science, Leuven/Belgium, https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.718.48
• Meisterling, K., Samaras, C., Schweizer, V. (2009). Decisions to reduce greenhouse gases from agriculture and product transport: LCA case study of organic and conventional wheat, Journal of Cleaner Production 17, 222–230, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.04.009
• Mousavi-Avval, S.H., Rafiee, S., Jafari, A., Mohammadi, A. (2011). Energy Flow Modeling and Sensitivity Analysis of Inputs For Canola Production In İran. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19 -1464-1470, (www.elsevier.com/locate/biombioe, USA). DOI : 10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.04.013
• Mohammadi, A., Tabatabaeefar, A., Shahin, S., Rafiee, S., Keyhani, A. (2008). Energy use and economical analysis of potato production in Iran a case study: Ardabil province. Energy Convers Manag 49: 3566-3570, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.07.003
• Mohammadi, A., Rafiee, S., Mohtasebi, S.S., Rafiee, H. (2010). Energy inputs-yield relationship and cost analysis of kiwifruit production in Iran. Renew Energy 35: 1071-1075, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2009.09.004
• Naderi, S.A, Dehkordi, A.L, Taki, M. (2019). Energy and environmental evaluation of greenhouse bell pepper production with life cycle assessment approach, Elsevier, Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 3-4, DOI: 10.1016/j.indic.2019.100011
• Nguyen, T.L.T., Hermansen, J.E. (2012). System expansion for handling co-products in LCA of sugar cane bio-energy systems: GHG consequences of using molasses for ethanol production. Applied Energy, 89; 254-261, DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.07.023 Nourani, A., Bencheikh, A. (2017). Energy Balance Analysis And Mechanization Indexfor Greenhouse Vegetable Production In Southern of Algeria. An Overview of Biskra Province, INMATEH-Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 51, No.1, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316580256
• Ortaş, İ. (2012). Do Maize and Pepper Plants Depend on Mycorrhizae in Terms of Phosphorus and Zinc Uptake. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 35:11: 1639-1656, DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2012.698346
• Özkan, B., Kürklü, A., Akçaöz, H. (2004). An input-output energy analysis in greenhouse vegetable production: a case study for Antalya region of Turkey. Biomass Bioenergy, 26(1): 189-195, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(03)00080-1
• Özcan, M.T. (1986). Comparison of lentil harvesting and blending methods in terms of work efficiency, quality, energy consumption and cost, and research on the development of an appropriate harvesting machine. Turkey Agricultural Equipment Corporation Press, Release No. 46. Ankara, Turkey (In Turkish)
• Pepper, I.L. (2013). The Soil Health: Human Health Nexus. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, DOI:10,1080/10643389,2012,694330.
• Pishgar-Komleh, S.H., Sefeedpari, P., Ghahderijani, M. (2012). Exploring energy consumption and CO2 emission of cotton production in Iran. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 4: 033114-033115, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4727906
• Razavinia, B., Fallah, H., Niknejad, Y. (2015). Energy efficiency and economic analysis of winter cultivation (lettuce, bersim clover, broad bean) in Mazandaran province of Iran. Biological Forum, 7(1): 1452-1460, ISSN No. (Print): 0975-1130
• Sabbağ, Ç., Akça, E. (2015). Adıyaman Yerel Biberinin Besin ve Yetiştiği Toprak Özellikleri, GAP VII. Tarım Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 1-4. 28 Nisan – 01 Mayıs 2015 Şanlıurfa, ISBN: 978-975-7113-45-4
• Sabah, M. (2010). Söke Ovasında İkinci Ürün Yağlık Ayçiçeği Üretiminde Enerji Kullanımı. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Adana, (Ulusal Tez Merkezi, Tez no: 276913)
• Singh, J.M. (2002). On farm use pattern in different cropping systems in Haryana, India. Master Thesis (unpublished). International Institute of Management, University of Flensburg, Germany.
• Sonmete, M.H. (2006). Harvest-threshing mechanization and development possibilities of beans. Ph.D. Thesis, Selcuk University Institute of Science and Technology (Unpublished), Konya, Türkiye, (Ulusal Tez Merkezi, Tez no: 183162)
• Suha, E., Azmi, Y., Muhammad R.M., Nazmi M.N., Modather, M. (2019). Energy utilization in major crop cultivation, Energy, Vol: 173, Pages 1285-1303, ISSN 0360-5442,
• Şen, E. (2015). Sanayi Biberinde (Capsicum Annuum L.) Damla Sulama Uygulamalarının Bazı Verim Ve Kalite Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarımsal Yapılar Ve Sulama Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, (Ulusal Tez Merkezi, Tez no: 382419)
• Tongwane, M., Mdlambuzi, T., Mokhele Moeletsi, M., Tsubo, M.,Vuyo, M., Lunga Grootboom L. (2016). Greenhouse gas emissions from different crop production and management practices in South Africa, Elsevier, Environmental Development, Vol: 19, 23–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2016.06.004
• Turkstat, (2022). https://www.tuik.gov.tr/ (Access date: 13 September 2022)
• Yousefi, M., Omid, M., Rafiee, S.H., Khoshnevisan, B. (2013). Modeling GHG emission and energy consumption in selected greenhouses in Iran, International Journal of Energy and Envıronment Vol: 4, Issue 3, 2013 pp.511-518, ISSN 2076-2895 (Print)