Meristem Culture in Production of Virus Free Garlic (Allium sativum L.): The Effect of Nutrient Medium, Termotherapy and Chemotherapy

Öz

Virus diseases, which are one of the most important factor affecting yield and quality in garlic cultivation and without chemical control, cause more devastating results than other disease factors. Viruses of the genus Allexivirus, Potyvirus, Potexvirus, Carlavirus and Tospovirus are problematic in garlic production and the viruses are collectively called as Garlic Viral Complex (GVC). The most effective way to prevent viral diseases is to control viruses. For this purpose, the use of virus-free garlic seeds can prevent the spread of the disease, as it prevents the initial contamination. Producing virus-free garlic plants through conventional agronomic systems is expensive and difficult. To overcome these problems, in vitro propagation of virus-free plants by meristem culture is a promising method to produce virus-free garlic in a short time, especially when combined with applications such as thermotherapy and chemotherapy. In this study, the application of meristem culture and the effects of pre-treatments used in the production of virus-free garlic, such as nutrient medium, thermotherapy and chemotherapy applied before or during the culture was investigated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Garlic
• Allium sativum L.
• meristem culture
• OYDV
• LYSV

Virüsten Ari Sarımsak Tohumluğu (Allium sativum L.) Üretiminde Meristem Kültürü: Besin Ortamı, Sıcaklık ve Kemoterapi Uygulamalarının Etkisi

Öz

Sarımsak yetiştiriciliğinde verim ve kaliteyi etkileyen en önemli etmenlerinden biri olan ve kimyasal mücadelesi olmayan virüs hastalıkları, diğer hastalık etmenlerine göre daha yıkıcı sonuçlara neden olmaktadır. Genel olarak sarımsak viral kompleksi (GVC) olarak adlandırılan Allexivirus, Potyvirus, Potexvirus, Carlavirus ve Tospovirus cinslerine ait virüsler sarımsakta zarar yapmaktadır. Virüs hastalıklarının önlenmesinde en etkili yol virüslerin kontrol altına alınmasıdır. Bu amaçla virüsten ari sarımsak tohumluğu kullanılması başlangıç bulaşmasını engellediği için hastalığın yayılmasını da önleyebilmektedir. Virüssüz sarımsak bitkilerinin geleneksel agronomik sistemler aracılığıyla üretilmesi maliyetli ve zordur. Bu sorunların üstesinden gelmek için, in vitro koşullarda meristem kültürü yoluyla çoğaltılması, özellikle termoterapi ve kemoterapi gibi uygulamalarla birleştirildiğinde kısa sürede virüssüz sarımsak tohumluğu üretmek için umut verici bir yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada sarımsakta virüsten ari tohumluk üretiminde kullanılan meristem kültürünün uygulanışı, besin ortamının, kültür öncesi veya sırasında yapılan sıcaklık ve kemoterapi gibi ön uygulamaların etkileri incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sarımsak
• Allium sativum L.
• meristem kültürü
• OYDV
• LYSV

Kaynakça

1. Akan S, 2014. Sarımsak Tüketiminin İnsan Sağlığına Yararları. Akademik Gıda Dergisi, 12(2): 95-100.
2. Akan S, Tuna Gunes N, 2021. Potential Effects of Storage Period, Warehouse Locations, and Methyl Jasmonate in Long-Term Stored Garlic Bulbs. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 45(1): 79-90.
3. Asha Devi A, Khar A, Lawande KE, 2007. Genotypic Response of Short Day Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Accessions to Shoot Multiplication. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 16: 15-21.
4. Avato P, Miccolis V, Tursi F, 1998. Agronomic Evaluation and Essential Oil Content of Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) Ecotypes Grown in Southern Italy, Adv. Hort. Sci., 12: 201-204.
5. Ayed C, Bayoudh C, Rhimi A, Mezghani N, Haouala F, Dridi BAM, 2018. In Vitro Propagation of Tunisian Local Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) from Shoot-Tip Culture, Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research, 1(2):75-86.
6. Barandiaran X, Martin N, Alba C, Rodriguez-Conde MF, Pietro AD, Martin J, 1999. An Efficient Method for The In Vitro Management of Multiple Garlic Accessions, In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant., 35: 466-469.
7. Benke AP, Shelke P, Mahajan V, 2018. Three Step Protocol for Regeneration of Plantlets in Indian Garlic Varieties Using Root Meristem. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 52(1): 66-70.
8. Bertaccini A, Botti S, Tabanelli D, Dradi G, Fogher C, Previati A, Dare F, 2004. Micropropagation and Establishment of Mite-Borne Virus-Free Garlic (Allium sativum), Proc. XXVI IHC- Transplant Production and Stand Establishment, Eds. S. Nicola, J. Nowak and C.S. Vavrina, Acta Hort. 631, ISHS.

9. Beşirli G, Yanmaz R, Güçlü D, 1999. Sarımsak Yetiştiriciliğinde Diş İriliğinin Baş İriliği ve Verime Etkisi, Türkiye III. Bahçe Bitkileri Kongresi, 08-12 Eylül 2003, Ankara.
10. Bruna A, 1997. Effect of Thermotherapy and Meristem-Tip Culture on Production of Virus-Free Garlic in Chile. Acta Hortic., 433: 631-634.
11. Choi SY, Oh JY, Kim JS, Lim JH, Choi DJ, Lee SB, Choi DU, 1992. Meristem Culture of Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) Effects of Growth Regulators Through In Vitro Multi-Propagation of Garlic (Allium sativum). Research Reports of The Rural Development Administration (Korea Republic), 34 (2): 24-29.
12. Conci VC, Nome SF, 1991. Virus Free Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Plants Obtained by Thermotherapy and Meristem Tip Culture. J. Phytopathology, 132: 186-192.
13. Conci VC, Perotto MC, Cafrune E, Lunello P, 2005. Programme for Intensive Production of Virus-Free Garlic Plants. The IVth International Symposium on Edible Alliaceae (Ganggsu, L., Ed.). Acta Horticulturae, 688: 195-200.
14. Debebe A, 2017. Comparison of Meristem Culture and Heat Therapy to Clean Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) Infecting Virus In Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Agric. Sci., 27(3): 1-8.
15. Dunstan DI, Short KC, 1977. Improved Growth of Tissue Cultures of The Onion, Allium cepa. Physiol Plant, 41: 70-72.
16. Fidan H, 2010. Sarımsak, Soğan ve Pırasadaki Virüs Hastalıklarının Saptanması ve Taşköprü 56 Sarımsak Tipinin En Yaygın Virüse Karşı Reaksiyonunun Belirlenmesi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi.
17. Gamborg OL, Miller RA, Ojima K, 1968. Nutrient Requirements of Suspension Cultures of Soyabean Root Cells. Exp. Cell Res., 50: 151-158.
18. Ghaemizadeh F, Dashti F, Khodakaramian G, Sarikhani H, 2014. Combination of Stem-Disc Dome Culture and Thermotherapy to Eliminate Allexiviruses and Onion Yellow Dwarf Virus from Garlic (Allium sativum cv. Hamedan). Arch Phytopathol Plant Protect, 47: 499-507.
19. Gimenez MD, Yanez-Santoz AN, Paz RC, Quiroga MP, Marfil CF, Conci VC, Garcia-Lampasona SC, 2016. Assessment of Genetic and Epigenetic Changes in Virus-Free Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) Plants Obtained by Meristem Culture Followed by In Vitro Propagation, Plant Cell Rep., 35: 129-141.
20. Gull I, Noreen A, Aslan MS, Athar MA, 2014. Comparative Effect of Different Pyhtohormones on The Micropropagation of Allium Sativum. Pak. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 47(1-2): 121-124.
21. Haque MS, Wada T, Hattori K, 2003. Shoot Regeneration and Bulblet Formation from Shoot and Root Meristem of Garlic Cv Bangladesh Local. Asian J. Plant Sci, 2(1): 23-27.
22. Haque MS, Hattori K, 2017. Detection of Viruses of Bangladeshi and Japanese Garlic and Their Elimination Through Root Meristem Culture. Progressive Agriculture, 28(2): 55-63.
23. Junior PSPC, Cardosa FP, Martins AD, Buttros VHT, Pasqual M, Dias DR, Schwan JD, 2020. Endophytic Bacteria of Garlic Roots Promote Growth of Micropropagated Meristems. Microbiological Research, 241: 126585.
24. Jones HA, Mann LK, 1963. Onions and Their Allies, 285, Leonard Hill, London.
25. Karjadi AK, Gunaeni N, 2021. The Influence of Variety and Explant Size on Garlic (Allium Sativum L) Proliferation Using Murashige and Skoog Media. Earth and Environmental Science, 653: 012-062.
26. Kim KS, Jang YS, Nam SS, Choi IH, Bang JK, 2006a. Multiple Shoot Regeneration and Bulblet Formation Through Meristem Culture of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) ‘Godang’. Kor. J. Hort. Sci. Technol., 24(1): 37-42.
27. Kim KS, Song YS, Jang YS, Nam SS, Choi IH, Bang, JK, 2006b. Production of Virus-free Bulblets of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) by Meristem-Tip Culture of Immature Vegetative Bulbils. Kor. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 24(4): 441-446.
28. Kudelkova M., Ondruikova E, Saskova H, 2016. Elimination of Garlic Common Latent Virus by Meristem Culture and Chemotherapy. Acta Hortic., 1113: 233-238.
29. Kurul M, 2010. Sarımsakların Meristem Kültürü ile Çoğaltılması ve Virüsten Arınmadaki Etkinliğinin Real-Time PCR ile Belirlenmesi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoteknoloji ABD, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
30. Lanzotti V, 2006. The Analysis of Onion and Garlic. Journal of Chromatography A, 1112: 3-22.
31. Linsmaier EM, Skoog F, 1965. Organic Growth Factor Requirements of Tobacco Tissue Cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, 18: (100-127).
32. Luciani GF, Mary AK, Pellegrini C, Curvetto NR, 2006. Effects of Explants and Growth Regulators in Garlic Callus Formation and Plant Regeneration. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult, 87:139-143.
33. Mahajan R, 2016. In Vitro and Cryopreservation Techniques for Conservation of Snow Mountain Garlic.In Protocols for In Vitro Cultures and Secondary Metabolite Analysis of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, (Jain SM ed.). Humana Press, p: 335-346, New York.
34. Manjunathagowda DC, J Gopal Archana R, Asiya KR, 2017. Virus-Free Seed Production of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): Status and Prospects. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol.App.Sci., 6(6): 2446-2456.
35. Manjunathagowdaa DC, Jayaswalla K, Singha M, Sagarb R, Chaturvedib P, Janhavic V, 2021. Thermotherapy of Cloves for In-Vitro Mericlone Production for Healthy and Sustainable Management of Garlic (Allium Sativum L) Germplasm. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 20(1): 1-5.
36. Messiaen CM, Marrov J, Quiot JB, Leclant F, Leroux JP, 1970. Etude Dans Le Sud-Est De La France D’ Un Schéma De Sélection Sanitaire De L’ Ail Et De L’ Échalote. Comptes Rendus De La 7 Conf. De Pathologie Des Plantes. C.N.R.A. Montfavet, France. (13) (PDF) Biotechnological Tools For Garlic Propagation And Improvement, 101-103.
37. Moriconi DN, Conci VC, Nome SF, 1990. Rapid Multiplication of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) In Vitro. Phyton, Buenos Aires, 51(2): 145-151.
38. Murashige T, Skoog F, 1962. A Revised Medium for Rapid Growth and Bioassay With Tobacco Tissue Cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, 15 (473-497).
39. Murkute AA, Gawande SJ, 2018. Production of Virus Free Planting Material Through Meristem Culture in Short Day Garlic Cultivars Bhima Omkar and Bhima Purple. Journal of Environmental Biology, 39: 286-290.
40. Muller NTG, Fortes GRL, Nascimento GC, Daniels J, 2000. Meristem Isolation of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Cultivars Sao Marcos and Sao Valentim. Hortscience, 35(3): 449.
41. Nome SF, Abril A, Racca R 1981. Obtaining Virus-Free Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Plants by Apical Meristem Culture. Phyton (Buenos Aires), 41(1/2):139-151.
42. Pramesh D, Baranwal VK, 2015. Production of Virus-Free Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Through Meristem Tip Culture After Solar or Hot Air Treatment of Cloves. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 90(2): 180-186.
43. Parrano L, Afunian M, Pagliaccia D, Douhan G, Vidalakis G, 2012. Characterization of Viruses Associated with Garlic Plants Propagate from Different Reproductive Tissues From Italy and Other Geographic Regions. Phytopathol Mediterr, 51: 549-565.
44. Patena LF, Dolores L M, Bariring1 AL, Alcachupas AL, Laude NP, Barg E, Green SK, Barba R, 2005. Improved Technique for Virus Elimination in and Production of Certified Planting Materials of Garlic (Allium sativum L.). Proc. IS on Hort. in Asian-Pacific Region, Acta Hort., 694.
45. Pei-Wen PX, Srinives P, Liang YC, 2000. Rapid Multiplication of Virus-Free Garlic by Inflorescence Meristem Culture and Induction of Multi-Bulbils. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science, 33 (1/2): 11-20.
46. Pena-Iglesias A, Ayuso P, 1983. Characterisation of Spanish Garlic Viruses and Their Elimination By In Vitro Shoot Apex Culture. Acta Hortic., 127: 183-193.
47. Perotto MC, Cafrune EE, Conci VC, 2010. The Effect of Additional Viral İnfections on Garlic Plants Initially Infected With Allexiviruses. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 126: 489-495.
48. Perez ML, Cordova RZ, Barboza CE, Ramirez MR, Ramirez LJ, Ruiz CS, Silva RL, 2006. First Report of Leek Yellow Stripe Virus in Garlic in The State of Guanajuato, Mexico. Plant Dis., 90: 1458-1458.
49. Petropoulos SA, Fernandes A, Ntatsi G, Petrotos K, Barros L, Ferreira CFR, 2018. Nutritional Value, Chemical Characterization and Bulb Morphology of Greek Garlic Landraces. Molekules, 23(319): 1-14.
50. Pooler MR, Simon PW, 1993. Garlic Flowering in Response to Clone, Photoperiod, Growth Temperature and Cold Storage. Horticultural Science, 28: 1085-1086.
51. Rabinowitch HD, 2004. Fertility Restoration Results in Unleashing Ancient Diversity in Garlic. V. Sebze Tarımı Sempozyumu, 21 - 24 Eylül 2004, Çanakkale.
52. Robert U, Zel J, Ravnikar M, 1998. Thermotherapy in Virus Elimination from Garlic: Influences on Shoot Multiplication from Meristems and Bulb Formation In Vitro. Scientia Horticulturae, 73: 193-202.
53. Roksana R, Alam MF, Islam R,Hossain MM, 2002. In vitro Bulblet Formation from Shoot Apex in Garlic (Allium sativum L.). Plant Tissue Cult., 12(1) : 11-17.
54. Sehitoglu MH, Yarali Karakan F, Kizilkaya B, Öztopuz RO, Gulcin I, 2018. Investigation of Antioxidant Properties and Bioactive Composition of Allium tuncelianum ((Kollman) Ozhatay, Matthew & Siraneci) And Allium sativum L. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 8: 213-221.
55. Tapiero H, Townsend D, Tew K, 2004. Organosulfur Compounds from Alliaceae in The Prevention of Human Pathologies. Biomed Pharmacother, 58: 183-193.
56. Torres AC, Fajardo TV, Dusi AN, Resende RO, Buso JA, 2000. Shoot Tip Culture and Thermotherapy in Recovering Virus Free Plants of Garlic. Horticultura Brasileira, Brasília, 18(3): 192-195.
57. Taskin H, Baktemur G, Kurul M, Buyukalaca S, 2013. Use of Tissue Culture Techniques for Producing Virus-Free Plant in Garlic and Their Identification Through Real-Time PCR. Scientific World Journal, 2013: 1-5.
58. Verbeek M, Dijk P, Peter MA, Well A, 1995. Efficiency of Eradication of Four Viruses From Garlic (Allium Sativum) by Meristem-Tip Culture. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 101: (231-239).
59. Vieira RL, Silva ALD, Zaffari GR, Feltrim AL, 2014. In Vitro Morphogenesis of Garlic Plants: The Role of Growth Regulators in Bulb İnduction and Development. Biologia Cienc. Rural, 44(3): 439-445.
60. Walkey DGA, Weeb MJW, Bolland CJ, Miller A, 1987. Production of Virus-Free Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and Shallot (A. ascalonicum L.) by Meristem-Tip Culture. Journal of Horticultural Science, 62 (2): 211-220.
61. Walkey DGA, Antill DN, 1989. Agronomic Evaluation of Virus-Infected Garlic (Allium sativum). Journal of Horticulture Science, 64: 3-60.
62. Yaralı F, Yanmaz R, 2013. Allium Türlerinin Islahında Haploidi Tekniğinden Yararlanma. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 6 (2): 45-52.
63. Yasseen MY, Splittstoesser WE, Litz RE, 1994. In Vitro Shoot Proliferation and Production of Sets From Garlic and Shallot. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 36: 243-247.
64. Yulianingsih R, Hidayat SH, Dinarti D, 2019. Elimination of Garlic Common Latent Virus from Garlic Through Meristem Culture and Thermotherapy. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 468(1): 12-28.
65. Zahedi B, Mosahebi G, Zamani Z, Kashi A, 2010. Elimination of Potyviruses from Two Commercial Iranian Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) Populations Through Thermotherapy and by Meristem Tip Culture. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science, 41(2): 345-352.