Strategies for the Act of Complaint Used by Children
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 484 - 516, 27.10.2022
Nihat Bayat
,
Burcu Bezirganoğlu
Öz
The study aimed to determine in what ways preschool children of ages 5 and 6 are distinct from adults in using complaining strategies and in choosing complaint strategies as a type of pragmatics. Participants of the study were two groups comprised of children and adults and the survey model was used for the study. In the first group, 110 children between the ages of 5 and 6 who studied in preschool institutions were included while the second group consisted of 110 adults who were involved in the study to determine the complaint strategies used in Turkish culture and the Turkish language. The data were collected through a Discourse Completion Test prepared to be equivalent for children and adults. Children were interviewed in the data collection process since they did not know how to read and write, whereas adults were presented with written forms. Responses of participants were evaluated by two scholars in the field to determine the corresponding strategies for the responses. Frequency and rating calculations for complaint strategies used by children and adults in certain contexts were made, and the obtained results were reported comparatively. According to the conclusions reached in the research, the choice of complaint strategies differed greatly between children aged 5 to 6 and adults.
Kaynakça
- Austin, J.L. (1962). How to Do Things with Words. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Bachman, L.F. (1990). Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Bayat, N. (2017). Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde şikayet ve özür edimine ilişkin görünümler. PAU Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 41, 1-16.
- Bialystok, E. (2001). Bilingualism in Development: Language, Literacy, and Cognition. Cambridge University Press.
- Bikmen, A, (2015). A study of complaint speech acts in Turkish learners of English, Oman Journal of English Language Teaching, 2, 6-29.
- Bikmen, A. ve Martı, L. (2013). A study of complaint speech acts in Turkish learners of English, Education and Science, 38(170), 253-264.
- Blum-Kulka, S., and Olshtain, E. (1984). Requests and apologies: A cross-cultural study of speech act realization patterns (CCSARP). Applied Linguistics, 5(3), 196-212.
- Boxer, D. (1993) Social distance and speech behavior: Thecase of indirect complaints. Journal of Pragmatics, 19(2), 103-125.
- Brown, P. & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in languageusage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Canale, M. and Swain, M. (1983). From communicative competence to communicative language pedagogy. In Language and Communication. Richards, J. and Schmidt, R. (eds.). London: Longman.
- Canale, M. and Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 1-47.
- Caret, N. (2004). Understanding children’s responses to TV. Young Consumers, 5(2), 51-59.
- Clyne, M. (1994) Inter-cultural Communication at Work: Cultural Valuesin Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Darabi Bazvand, A. & Khoram, A. (2019). Pragmatic competence of young children in Persian: A case study of thanking, requesting, and apologizing, Applied Linguisics Research Journal, 3(5), 76–86.
- Demircan, Ö. (1990). Yabancı Dil Öğretim Yöntemleri. İstanbul: Can Ofset.
- Deveci, T. (2015). The complaint speech act set produced by university students speaking English as a foreign language. Literacy Information and Computer Education Journal (LICEJ), 4(1), 2161-2171.
- Edwards, D. (2005). Moaning, whinging and laughing: The subjective side of complaints. Discourse Studies, 7, 5-29.
- Fraenkel, J.R. ve Wallen, N.E. (2006). How to Desing and Evaluate Research in Education. New York: McGaw-Hill International Edition.
- Genishi. C. (1998). Young Children's Oral Language Development. Retrieved from
http://www.readingrockets.org/article/young-childrens-oral-language-development/
- Harlow, H.L. (1990). Do they mean what they say? Sociopragmatic competence and second language learenrs. Modern Language Journal, 74(1), 328-9.
- Hatch, E. (1992). Discourse and language education: Speech acts and speech events, (pp.140-147). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hymes, D.H. (1972) “On Communicative Competence” In: J.B. Pride and J. Holmes (eds) Sociolinguistics. Selected Readings. Harmonds Worth: Penguin, pp. 269- 293.
- Kılıç Gönen, A. (2019). An analysis of Turkish complaints in computer mediated communication: the Tripadvisor case. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, (Ö6), 22- 36.
- Kocaman, A. (2009). Dilbilim söylemi. Ahmet Kocaman (haz.) Söylem Üzerine. Ankara: ODTÜ Yayıncılık.
Leech, G.N. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
- Levinson, S. (2000). Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Masjedi, N. & Paramasivam, S. (2018). Complaint and politeness strategies used by Iranian speakers of English. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, 7(4), 38-49.
- Mofidi, M & Shoushtari, Z.G. (2012). A comparative study of the complaint strategies among Iranian EFL and ESL students – The Study of the effect of length of residence and the amount of contact. English Language Teaching, 5(11), 118-124.
- Olshtain, E. And Weinbach, L. (1987). Complaints: A study of speech act behavior among native and nonnative speakers of Hebrew. In J. Verschuerenand Bertucelli- Papi(Eds.), The Pragmatic Perspective. Pp. 195-208. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Owens, R.E. Jr. (1998). Language Development An Introduction. Ohio: Merrill Publishing Company.
- Peccei, J. S. (1999). Pragmatics. London: Routledge.
- Plotnik, R. (2009). Psikolojiye Giriş. Çev.T. Geniş. İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları.
- Schmidt, R. (1993). Consciousness, Learning and Interlanguage Pragmatics. Gabriele Kasper ve Shoshana Blum-Kulka. Interlanguage pragmatics içinde (pp. 21-42). Oxford University Press US.
- Searle, J.R. (2006). Zihin Dil ve Toplum: Gerçek Dünyada Felsefe. Çev. A. Tural, İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık.
- Searle, J.R. (2000). Söz edimleri. Çev: R. Levent Aysever. Ankara: Ayraç Yayınevi.
- Slobin, D. I. (1986). The crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Trosborg, A. (1995). Interlanguage pragmatics: Requests, complaints and apologies. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Widdowson, H. (1989). Knowledge of language and ability for use. Applied Linguistics, 10(2), 128-137.
- Wijayanto, A., Hikmat, M.H., & Prasetyarini, A. (2017). Impoliteness in EFL complaints: Exploring its intentions and motivating factors. LinguaCultura, 12(1), 97-104.
- Yurdugül, H. (2005). Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışmalarında Kapsam Geçerliliği İçin Kapsam Geçerlik İndekslerinin Kullanılması. XIV. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi, 28-30 Eylül 2005, Denizli.
Çocukların Kullandığı Şikayet Edimi Stratejileri
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 484 - 516, 27.10.2022
Nihat Bayat
,
Burcu Bezirganoğlu
Öz
Bu araştırmada okulöncesi dönemde bulunan 5-6 yaş aralığındaki çocukların edimsel bir tür olarak kullandığı şikayet etme stratejilerinin ve şikayet stratejilerini seçerken yetişkinlerden ne ölçüde farklılaştıklarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tarama modelinde yürütülen araştırmanın katılımcılarını çocuklardan ve yetişkinlerden oluşan iki grup oluşturmaktadır. Birinci grupta okulöncesi kurumlarında eğitim alan ve yaşları 5-6 yaş aralığında olan 110 çocuk, ikinci grupta ise Türk kültüründe ve Türkçede kullanılan şikayet stratejilerini belirlemek amacıyla araştırmaya dahil edilen 110 yetişkin yer almıştır. Veriler çocuklar ve yetişkinler için denk olacak biçimde hazırlanan iki Söylem Tamamlama Testi ile toplanmıştır. Veri toplama sürecinde okuma yazma bilmedikleri için çocuklarla görüşme yapılmış, yetişkinlere ise yazılı form verilmiştir. Katılımcıların verdiği yanıtlar iki uzman tarafından değerlendirilmiş ve yanıtın hangi stratejiye karşılık geldiği belirlenmiştir. Çocukların ve yetişkinlerin ilgili bağlamlarda kullandığı şikayet etme stratejilerinin sıklık ve oran hesapları yapılmış, elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırmalı biçimde raporlanmıştır. Araştırmada ulaşılan sonuçlara göre 5-6 yaş aralığındaki çocukların şikayet etme strateji seçimleri yetişkinlerin seçimlerinden önemli ölçüde farklılaşmaktadır.
Kaynakça
- Austin, J.L. (1962). How to Do Things with Words. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Bachman, L.F. (1990). Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Bayat, N. (2017). Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde şikayet ve özür edimine ilişkin görünümler. PAU Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 41, 1-16.
- Bialystok, E. (2001). Bilingualism in Development: Language, Literacy, and Cognition. Cambridge University Press.
- Bikmen, A, (2015). A study of complaint speech acts in Turkish learners of English, Oman Journal of English Language Teaching, 2, 6-29.
- Bikmen, A. ve Martı, L. (2013). A study of complaint speech acts in Turkish learners of English, Education and Science, 38(170), 253-264.
- Blum-Kulka, S., and Olshtain, E. (1984). Requests and apologies: A cross-cultural study of speech act realization patterns (CCSARP). Applied Linguistics, 5(3), 196-212.
- Boxer, D. (1993) Social distance and speech behavior: Thecase of indirect complaints. Journal of Pragmatics, 19(2), 103-125.
- Brown, P. & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in languageusage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Canale, M. and Swain, M. (1983). From communicative competence to communicative language pedagogy. In Language and Communication. Richards, J. and Schmidt, R. (eds.). London: Longman.
- Canale, M. and Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 1-47.
- Caret, N. (2004). Understanding children’s responses to TV. Young Consumers, 5(2), 51-59.
- Clyne, M. (1994) Inter-cultural Communication at Work: Cultural Valuesin Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Darabi Bazvand, A. & Khoram, A. (2019). Pragmatic competence of young children in Persian: A case study of thanking, requesting, and apologizing, Applied Linguisics Research Journal, 3(5), 76–86.
- Demircan, Ö. (1990). Yabancı Dil Öğretim Yöntemleri. İstanbul: Can Ofset.
- Deveci, T. (2015). The complaint speech act set produced by university students speaking English as a foreign language. Literacy Information and Computer Education Journal (LICEJ), 4(1), 2161-2171.
- Edwards, D. (2005). Moaning, whinging and laughing: The subjective side of complaints. Discourse Studies, 7, 5-29.
- Fraenkel, J.R. ve Wallen, N.E. (2006). How to Desing and Evaluate Research in Education. New York: McGaw-Hill International Edition.
- Genishi. C. (1998). Young Children's Oral Language Development. Retrieved from
http://www.readingrockets.org/article/young-childrens-oral-language-development/
- Harlow, H.L. (1990). Do they mean what they say? Sociopragmatic competence and second language learenrs. Modern Language Journal, 74(1), 328-9.
- Hatch, E. (1992). Discourse and language education: Speech acts and speech events, (pp.140-147). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hymes, D.H. (1972) “On Communicative Competence” In: J.B. Pride and J. Holmes (eds) Sociolinguistics. Selected Readings. Harmonds Worth: Penguin, pp. 269- 293.
- Kılıç Gönen, A. (2019). An analysis of Turkish complaints in computer mediated communication: the Tripadvisor case. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, (Ö6), 22- 36.
- Kocaman, A. (2009). Dilbilim söylemi. Ahmet Kocaman (haz.) Söylem Üzerine. Ankara: ODTÜ Yayıncılık.
Leech, G.N. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
- Levinson, S. (2000). Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Masjedi, N. & Paramasivam, S. (2018). Complaint and politeness strategies used by Iranian speakers of English. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, 7(4), 38-49.
- Mofidi, M & Shoushtari, Z.G. (2012). A comparative study of the complaint strategies among Iranian EFL and ESL students – The Study of the effect of length of residence and the amount of contact. English Language Teaching, 5(11), 118-124.
- Olshtain, E. And Weinbach, L. (1987). Complaints: A study of speech act behavior among native and nonnative speakers of Hebrew. In J. Verschuerenand Bertucelli- Papi(Eds.), The Pragmatic Perspective. Pp. 195-208. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Owens, R.E. Jr. (1998). Language Development An Introduction. Ohio: Merrill Publishing Company.
- Peccei, J. S. (1999). Pragmatics. London: Routledge.
- Plotnik, R. (2009). Psikolojiye Giriş. Çev.T. Geniş. İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları.
- Schmidt, R. (1993). Consciousness, Learning and Interlanguage Pragmatics. Gabriele Kasper ve Shoshana Blum-Kulka. Interlanguage pragmatics içinde (pp. 21-42). Oxford University Press US.
- Searle, J.R. (2006). Zihin Dil ve Toplum: Gerçek Dünyada Felsefe. Çev. A. Tural, İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık.
- Searle, J.R. (2000). Söz edimleri. Çev: R. Levent Aysever. Ankara: Ayraç Yayınevi.
- Slobin, D. I. (1986). The crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Trosborg, A. (1995). Interlanguage pragmatics: Requests, complaints and apologies. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Widdowson, H. (1989). Knowledge of language and ability for use. Applied Linguistics, 10(2), 128-137.
- Wijayanto, A., Hikmat, M.H., & Prasetyarini, A. (2017). Impoliteness in EFL complaints: Exploring its intentions and motivating factors. LinguaCultura, 12(1), 97-104.
- Yurdugül, H. (2005). Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışmalarında Kapsam Geçerliliği İçin Kapsam Geçerlik İndekslerinin Kullanılması. XIV. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi, 28-30 Eylül 2005, Denizli.