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Developing intercultural awareness in language teaching: Insights from EFL lecturers in Turkey

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 1436 - 1458, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.668546

Öz

This study aims to reveal EFL lecturers’ opinions about intercultural education and classroom practices including teaching materials, classroom activities, assessment, and teachers’ role for developing intercultural awareness. To gain insights about the current situation in EFL classrooms at a university level in Turkey, lecturers’ opinions and classroom practices have been examined through a questionnaire and an interview. This study, combining both quantitative and qualitative research, was designed according to the mixed method procedure and followed the sequential explanatory strategy. The study covered 172 EFL lecturers from preparatory schools of six state universities, and 12 EFL lecturers selected randomly joined the interview voluntarily. The participating institutions were Atatürk University, Cumhuriyet University, Erciyes University, Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Karabük University, and Karadeniz Technical University. The quantitative results show that although lecturers are aware of the importance of integrating both home and target culture into the classes, and developing learners’ interactional skills, intercultural communicative competence and intercultural sensitivity, they are not sure about how to put intercultural learning into practice for EFL classroom tasks and activities. Accordingly, the results of the interview present the problems that prevent teaching about intercultural awareness and reveal that lecturers need guidance and training to practice confidently intercultural competence teaching in the classroom, especially in terms of assessment methods as they do not have a clear idea about the assessment and evaluation methods to apply with intercultural competence.

Kaynakça

  • Agudelo, J. J. (2007). An intercultural approach for language teaching: Developing critical cultural awareness. Ikala, 12(18), 185-217.
  • Aguilar, M. J. (2007). Dealing with intercultural communicative competence in the foreign language classroom. In E. A. Soler & M. P. Jorda (Eds.), Intercultural language use and language learning (pp. 59-78). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Almalki, S. (2016). Integrating quantitative and qualitative data in mixed methods research - challenges and benefits. Journal of Education and Learning, 5(3), 288-296. DOI: 10.5539/jel.v5n3p288.
  • Alptekin, C. (1993). Target-language culture in EFL materials. ELT Journal, 47(2), 136-143.
  • Arasaratnam, L. A., & Doerfel, M. L. (2005). Intercultural communication competence: Identifying key components from multicultural perspectives. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 137-163.
  • Atay, D., Çamlıbel, Z., Ersin, P., Kaşlıoğlu, Ö., & Kurt, G. (2009). Turkish EFL teachers' opinions on intercultural approach in foreign language education. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences I, 1, 1611-1616.
  • Bennett, M. J. (1993). Towards ethnorelativism: A developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In R. M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience (pp. 21-71). Yarmouth: Intercultural Press.
  • Bennett, M. J. (2004). Becoming interculturally competent. In J. S. Wurzel (Ed.), Toward multiculturalism: A reader in multicultural education (2nd ed., pp. 62-77). Newton: Intercultural Resource Corporation.
  • Bennett, M. J. (2009). Defining, measuring, and facilitating intercultural learning: A conceptual introduction to the intercultural education double supplement. Intercultural Education, 20(1), 1-13. DOI: 10.1080/14675980903370763.
  • Bush, M. D. (2007). Facilitating the integration of culture and vocabulary learning: The categorization and use of pictures in the classroom. Foreign Language Annals, 40(4), 727-745.
  • Byram, M. (1989). Cultural studies in foreign language education. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.
  • Byram, M. (1990). Foreign language teaching and young people's perceptions of other cultures. In B. Harrison (Ed.), Culture and the language classroom (pp. 76-87). Hong Kong: Modern English Publications and the British Council.
  • Byram, M. (Ed.). (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
  • Byram, M. (2014). Twenty-five years on - from cultural studies to intercultural citizenship. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 27(3), 209-225. DOI: 10.1080/07908318.2014.974329.
  • Byram, M., Nichols, A., & Stevens (Eds.). (2001). Developing intercultural competence in practice. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
  • Canto, S., Graaff, R. d., & Jauregi, K. (2014). Collaborative tasks for negotiation of intercultural meaning in virtual worlds and video-web communication. In M. Gonzalez-
  • Lloret, & L. Ortega (Eds.), Technology-mediated TBLT: Researching technology and tasks (pp. 183-212). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.
  • Chastain, K. (1976). Developing second language skills: Theory to practice (2nd ed.). Chicago: Rand McNally College.
  • Clouet, R. (2006). Between one's own culture and the target culture: The language teacher as intercultural mediator. Porta Linguarum, 5, 53-62.
  • Corbett, J. (2003). An intercultural approach to English language teaching. (M. Byram, & A. Phipps, Eds.) New York: Multilingual Matters.
  • Cortazzi, M. (1990). Cultural and educational expectations in the language classroom. In B. Harrison (Ed.), Culture and the language classroom (pp. 54-65). Hong Kong: Modern English Publications and the British Council.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Boston: Pearson Education.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Culhane, S. F. (2004). An intercultural interaction model: Acculturation attitudes in second language acquisition. Electronic Journal of Foreign Teaching, 1(1), 50-61.
  • Duff, S., & Mayes, J. (2001). Family life and regional identity - comparative studies while learning French. In M. Byram, A. Nicholas, & D. Stevens (Eds.), Developing intercultural competence in practice (pp. 93-110). Exeter: Multilingual Matters.
  • Dunnett, S. C., Dubin, F., & Lezberg, A. (1990). English language teaching from an intercultural perspective. In J. M. Valdes (Ed.), Culture bound: Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching (4th ed., pp. 148-161). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ferguson-Patrick, K., & Jolliffe, W. (2018). Cooperative learning for intercultural classrooms: Case studies for inclusive pedagogy. New York: Routledge.
  • Furstenberg, G. (2010). Making culture the core of the language class: Can it be done? The Modern Language Journal, 94(2), 329-332.
  • Galante, A. (2014). Developing EAL learners' intercultural sensitivity through a digital literacy project. TESL Canada Journal, 32(1), 53-66.
  • Ganem-Gutiérrez, G. A. (2014). The third dimension: A sociocultural theory approach to the design and evaluation of 3D virtual worlds tasks. In M. Gonzalez-Lloret, & L. Ortega (Eds.), Technology-mediated TBLT: Researching technology and tasks (pp. 213-238). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.
  • Garrett-Rucks, P. (2014). Measuring instructed language learners' IC developments: Discrepancies between assessment models by Byram and Bennett. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 41, 181-191.
  • Georgieva, I. (2001). An approach to implementing a cultural studies syllabus. In M. Byram, A. Nicholas, & D. Stevens (Eds.), Developing intercultural competence in practice (pp. 77-92). Exeter: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
  • Gipps, C. (2002). Sociocultural perspectives on assessment. In G. Wells, & G. Claxton (Eds.), Learning for life in the 21st century: Sociocultural perspectives on the future of education (pp. 73-83). Cornwall: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Gonzalez-Lloret, M., & Ortega, L. (2014). Towards technology-mediated TBLT: An introduction. In M. Gonzalez-Lloret, & L. Ortega (Eds.), Technology-mediated TBLT: Researching technology and tasks (pp. 1-22). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.
  • Gu, X. (2016). Assessment of intercultural communicative competence in FL education: A survey on EFL teachers' perception and practice in China. Language and Intercultural Communication, 16(2), 254-273. DOI: 10.1080/14708477.2015.1083575.
  • Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 421-443.
  • Harrison, B. (Ed.). (1990). Culture and the language classroom. Hong Kong: Modern English Publications and the British Council.
  • Harsch, C., & Poehner, M. E. (2016). Enhancing student experiences abroad: The potential of dynamic assessment to develop student interculturality. Language and Intercultural Communication, 16(3), 470-490. DOI: 10.1080/14708477.2016.1168043.
  • Hoff, H. E. (2014). A critical discussion of Byram's model of intercultural communicative competence in the light of Bildung theories. Intercultural Education, 25(6), 508-517. DOI: 10.1080/14675986.2014.992112.
  • Holliday, A. (2016). Difference and awareness in cultural travel: Negotiating blocks and threads. Language and Intercultural Communication, 16(3), 318-331. DOI: 10.1080/14708477.2016.1168046.
  • Holmes, P., & O'Neill, G. (2012). Developing and evaluating intercultural competence: Ethnographies of intercultural encounters. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(5), 707-718.
  • Karabinar, S., & Guler, C. Y. (2013). A review of intercultural competence from language teachers' perspective. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 70, 1316-1328. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.193.
  • Kearney, E. (2010). Cultural immersion in the foreign language classroom: Some narrative possibilities. The Modern Language Journal, 94(2), 332-336.
  • Koester, J., & Lustig, M. W. (2015). Intercultural communication competence: Theory, measurement, and application. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 48, 20-21.
  • Krajka, J., Marczak, M., Tatar, S., & Yıldız, S. (2013). Building ESP teacher awareness through intercultural tandems - post-practicum experience. English for Specific Purposes World, 14(38), 1-18.
  • Lee, L. (2012). Engaging study abroad students in intercultural learning through blogging and ethnographic interviews. Foreign Language Annals, 45(1), 7-21. DOI: 10.111/j.1944-9720.2012.01164.x.
  • Liddicoat, A. J. (2005). Teaching Languages for Intercultural Communication. Retrieved from https://www.resourcefulindonesian.com/uploads/1/1/2/5/11252883/teaching_languages_fpr_intercultural_communication.pdf
  • Lin, W.-C., Shie, J.-S., & Holmes, P. (2017). Enhancing intercultural communicative competence through online foreign language exchange: Taiwanese students' experiences. Asian Journal of Applied Linguistic, 4(1), 73-88.
  • Littlewood, W. (2014). Communication-oriented language teaching: Where are we now? Where do we go from here? Language Teaching, 47(3), 349-362. DOI: 10.1017/S0261444812000134.
  • Liu, J., & Fang, F. (2017). Perceptions, awareness and perceived effects of home culture on intercultural communication: Perspectives of university students in China. System, 67, 25-37.
  • Madjarova, T., Botsmanova, M., & Stamatova, T. (2001). I thought my teacher fancied me. In M. Byram, A. Nicholas, & D. Stevens (Eds.), Developing intercultural competence in practice (pp. 236-245). Exeter: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
  • Mahon, J. A., & Cushner, K. (2014). Revising and updating the inventory of cross-cultural sensitivity. Intercultural Education, 25(6), 484-496. DOI: 10.1080/14675986.2014.990232.
  • Morgan, C. (2001). The international partnership project. In M. Byram, A. Nicholas, & D. Stevens (Eds.), Developing intercultural competence in practice (pp. 11-28). Exeter: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
  • Müller-Hartmann, A., & Ditfurth, M. S. (2010). Research on the use of technology in task-based language teaching. In M. Thomas, & H. Reinders (Eds.), Task-based language learning and teaching with technology (pp. 17-40). New York: Continuum International Publishing.
  • Nieto, S. (2002). Language, culture, and teaching: Critical perspectives for a new century. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Olson, C. L., & Kroeger, K. R. (2001). Global competency and intercultural sensitivity. Journal of Studies in Intercultural Education, 5(2), 116-137.
  • Osterloh, K. H. (1990). Intercultural differences and communicative approaches to foreign language teaching in the third world. In J. M. Valdes (Ed.), Culture bound: Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching (4th ed., pp. 77-84). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Parsons, J., & Junge, P. (2001). Why do Danes put their elderly in nursing homes? - Working outside the classroom with adult second language learners. In M. Byram, A. Nicholas, & D. Stevens (Eds.), Developing intercultural competence in practice (pp. 203-216). Exeter: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
  • Perry, L. B., & Southwell, L. (2011). Developing intercultural understanding and skills: Models and approaches. Intercultural Education, 22(6), 453-466. DOI: 10.1080/14675986.2011.644948.
  • Porto, M. (2010). Culturally responsive L2 education: An awareness-raising proposal. ELT Journal, 64(1), 45-53.
  • Rubenfeld, S., Sinclair, L., & Clément, R. (2007). Second language learning and acculturation: The role of motivation and goal content congruence. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 10(3), 309-329.
  • Sandelowski, M. (2000). Focus on research methods: Combining qualitative and quantitative sampling, data collection, and analysis techniques in mixed-method studies. Research in Nursing and Health, 23(3), 246-255.
  • Sayer, P., & Meadows, B. (2012). Teaching culture beyond nationalist boundaries: National identities, stereotyping, and culture in language education. Intercultural Education, 23(3), 265-279. DOI: 10.1080/14675986.2012.702446.
  • Sellami, A. L. (2000). Teaching towards cultural awareness and intercultural competence: From what through how culture is? Annual meeting of teachers of English to speakers of other languages, (pp. 1-13). Vancouver, Canada.
  • Sercu, L. (2005). Foreign language teachers and intercultural competence: An international investigation. (M. Byram, & A. Phipps, Eds.) New York: Multilingual Matters.
  • Sercu, L. (2006). The foreign language and intercultural competence teacher: The acquisition of a new professional identity. Intercultural Education, 17(1), 55-72. DOI: 10.1080/14675980500502321.
  • Stromquist, N. P., & Monkman, K. (2014). Globalization and education: Integration and contestation across cultures. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Taguchi, N., Li, S., & Xiao, F. (2016). Effects of intercultural competence and social contact on speech act production in a Chinese study abroad context. The Modern Language Journal, 100(4), 775-796. DOI: 10.1111/modl.12349.
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Yıl 2019, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 1436 - 1458, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.668546

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Agudelo, J. J. (2007). An intercultural approach for language teaching: Developing critical cultural awareness. Ikala, 12(18), 185-217.
  • Aguilar, M. J. (2007). Dealing with intercultural communicative competence in the foreign language classroom. In E. A. Soler & M. P. Jorda (Eds.), Intercultural language use and language learning (pp. 59-78). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Almalki, S. (2016). Integrating quantitative and qualitative data in mixed methods research - challenges and benefits. Journal of Education and Learning, 5(3), 288-296. DOI: 10.5539/jel.v5n3p288.
  • Alptekin, C. (1993). Target-language culture in EFL materials. ELT Journal, 47(2), 136-143.
  • Arasaratnam, L. A., & Doerfel, M. L. (2005). Intercultural communication competence: Identifying key components from multicultural perspectives. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 137-163.
  • Atay, D., Çamlıbel, Z., Ersin, P., Kaşlıoğlu, Ö., & Kurt, G. (2009). Turkish EFL teachers' opinions on intercultural approach in foreign language education. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences I, 1, 1611-1616.
  • Bennett, M. J. (1993). Towards ethnorelativism: A developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In R. M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience (pp. 21-71). Yarmouth: Intercultural Press.
  • Bennett, M. J. (2004). Becoming interculturally competent. In J. S. Wurzel (Ed.), Toward multiculturalism: A reader in multicultural education (2nd ed., pp. 62-77). Newton: Intercultural Resource Corporation.
  • Bennett, M. J. (2009). Defining, measuring, and facilitating intercultural learning: A conceptual introduction to the intercultural education double supplement. Intercultural Education, 20(1), 1-13. DOI: 10.1080/14675980903370763.
  • Bush, M. D. (2007). Facilitating the integration of culture and vocabulary learning: The categorization and use of pictures in the classroom. Foreign Language Annals, 40(4), 727-745.
  • Byram, M. (1989). Cultural studies in foreign language education. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.
  • Byram, M. (1990). Foreign language teaching and young people's perceptions of other cultures. In B. Harrison (Ed.), Culture and the language classroom (pp. 76-87). Hong Kong: Modern English Publications and the British Council.
  • Byram, M. (Ed.). (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
  • Byram, M. (2014). Twenty-five years on - from cultural studies to intercultural citizenship. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 27(3), 209-225. DOI: 10.1080/07908318.2014.974329.
  • Byram, M., Nichols, A., & Stevens (Eds.). (2001). Developing intercultural competence in practice. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
  • Canto, S., Graaff, R. d., & Jauregi, K. (2014). Collaborative tasks for negotiation of intercultural meaning in virtual worlds and video-web communication. In M. Gonzalez-
  • Lloret, & L. Ortega (Eds.), Technology-mediated TBLT: Researching technology and tasks (pp. 183-212). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.
  • Chastain, K. (1976). Developing second language skills: Theory to practice (2nd ed.). Chicago: Rand McNally College.
  • Clouet, R. (2006). Between one's own culture and the target culture: The language teacher as intercultural mediator. Porta Linguarum, 5, 53-62.
  • Corbett, J. (2003). An intercultural approach to English language teaching. (M. Byram, & A. Phipps, Eds.) New York: Multilingual Matters.
  • Cortazzi, M. (1990). Cultural and educational expectations in the language classroom. In B. Harrison (Ed.), Culture and the language classroom (pp. 54-65). Hong Kong: Modern English Publications and the British Council.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Boston: Pearson Education.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Culhane, S. F. (2004). An intercultural interaction model: Acculturation attitudes in second language acquisition. Electronic Journal of Foreign Teaching, 1(1), 50-61.
  • Duff, S., & Mayes, J. (2001). Family life and regional identity - comparative studies while learning French. In M. Byram, A. Nicholas, & D. Stevens (Eds.), Developing intercultural competence in practice (pp. 93-110). Exeter: Multilingual Matters.
  • Dunnett, S. C., Dubin, F., & Lezberg, A. (1990). English language teaching from an intercultural perspective. In J. M. Valdes (Ed.), Culture bound: Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching (4th ed., pp. 148-161). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ferguson-Patrick, K., & Jolliffe, W. (2018). Cooperative learning for intercultural classrooms: Case studies for inclusive pedagogy. New York: Routledge.
  • Furstenberg, G. (2010). Making culture the core of the language class: Can it be done? The Modern Language Journal, 94(2), 329-332.
  • Galante, A. (2014). Developing EAL learners' intercultural sensitivity through a digital literacy project. TESL Canada Journal, 32(1), 53-66.
  • Ganem-Gutiérrez, G. A. (2014). The third dimension: A sociocultural theory approach to the design and evaluation of 3D virtual worlds tasks. In M. Gonzalez-Lloret, & L. Ortega (Eds.), Technology-mediated TBLT: Researching technology and tasks (pp. 213-238). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.
  • Garrett-Rucks, P. (2014). Measuring instructed language learners' IC developments: Discrepancies between assessment models by Byram and Bennett. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 41, 181-191.
  • Georgieva, I. (2001). An approach to implementing a cultural studies syllabus. In M. Byram, A. Nicholas, & D. Stevens (Eds.), Developing intercultural competence in practice (pp. 77-92). Exeter: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
  • Gipps, C. (2002). Sociocultural perspectives on assessment. In G. Wells, & G. Claxton (Eds.), Learning for life in the 21st century: Sociocultural perspectives on the future of education (pp. 73-83). Cornwall: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Gonzalez-Lloret, M., & Ortega, L. (2014). Towards technology-mediated TBLT: An introduction. In M. Gonzalez-Lloret, & L. Ortega (Eds.), Technology-mediated TBLT: Researching technology and tasks (pp. 1-22). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.
  • Gu, X. (2016). Assessment of intercultural communicative competence in FL education: A survey on EFL teachers' perception and practice in China. Language and Intercultural Communication, 16(2), 254-273. DOI: 10.1080/14708477.2015.1083575.
  • Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 421-443.
  • Harrison, B. (Ed.). (1990). Culture and the language classroom. Hong Kong: Modern English Publications and the British Council.
  • Harsch, C., & Poehner, M. E. (2016). Enhancing student experiences abroad: The potential of dynamic assessment to develop student interculturality. Language and Intercultural Communication, 16(3), 470-490. DOI: 10.1080/14708477.2016.1168043.
  • Hoff, H. E. (2014). A critical discussion of Byram's model of intercultural communicative competence in the light of Bildung theories. Intercultural Education, 25(6), 508-517. DOI: 10.1080/14675986.2014.992112.
  • Holliday, A. (2016). Difference and awareness in cultural travel: Negotiating blocks and threads. Language and Intercultural Communication, 16(3), 318-331. DOI: 10.1080/14708477.2016.1168046.
  • Holmes, P., & O'Neill, G. (2012). Developing and evaluating intercultural competence: Ethnographies of intercultural encounters. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(5), 707-718.
  • Karabinar, S., & Guler, C. Y. (2013). A review of intercultural competence from language teachers' perspective. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 70, 1316-1328. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.193.
  • Kearney, E. (2010). Cultural immersion in the foreign language classroom: Some narrative possibilities. The Modern Language Journal, 94(2), 332-336.
  • Koester, J., & Lustig, M. W. (2015). Intercultural communication competence: Theory, measurement, and application. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 48, 20-21.
  • Krajka, J., Marczak, M., Tatar, S., & Yıldız, S. (2013). Building ESP teacher awareness through intercultural tandems - post-practicum experience. English for Specific Purposes World, 14(38), 1-18.
  • Lee, L. (2012). Engaging study abroad students in intercultural learning through blogging and ethnographic interviews. Foreign Language Annals, 45(1), 7-21. DOI: 10.111/j.1944-9720.2012.01164.x.
  • Liddicoat, A. J. (2005). Teaching Languages for Intercultural Communication. Retrieved from https://www.resourcefulindonesian.com/uploads/1/1/2/5/11252883/teaching_languages_fpr_intercultural_communication.pdf
  • Lin, W.-C., Shie, J.-S., & Holmes, P. (2017). Enhancing intercultural communicative competence through online foreign language exchange: Taiwanese students' experiences. Asian Journal of Applied Linguistic, 4(1), 73-88.
  • Littlewood, W. (2014). Communication-oriented language teaching: Where are we now? Where do we go from here? Language Teaching, 47(3), 349-362. DOI: 10.1017/S0261444812000134.
  • Liu, J., & Fang, F. (2017). Perceptions, awareness and perceived effects of home culture on intercultural communication: Perspectives of university students in China. System, 67, 25-37.
  • Madjarova, T., Botsmanova, M., & Stamatova, T. (2001). I thought my teacher fancied me. In M. Byram, A. Nicholas, & D. Stevens (Eds.), Developing intercultural competence in practice (pp. 236-245). Exeter: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
  • Mahon, J. A., & Cushner, K. (2014). Revising and updating the inventory of cross-cultural sensitivity. Intercultural Education, 25(6), 484-496. DOI: 10.1080/14675986.2014.990232.
  • Morgan, C. (2001). The international partnership project. In M. Byram, A. Nicholas, & D. Stevens (Eds.), Developing intercultural competence in practice (pp. 11-28). Exeter: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
  • Müller-Hartmann, A., & Ditfurth, M. S. (2010). Research on the use of technology in task-based language teaching. In M. Thomas, & H. Reinders (Eds.), Task-based language learning and teaching with technology (pp. 17-40). New York: Continuum International Publishing.
  • Nieto, S. (2002). Language, culture, and teaching: Critical perspectives for a new century. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Olson, C. L., & Kroeger, K. R. (2001). Global competency and intercultural sensitivity. Journal of Studies in Intercultural Education, 5(2), 116-137.
  • Osterloh, K. H. (1990). Intercultural differences and communicative approaches to foreign language teaching in the third world. In J. M. Valdes (Ed.), Culture bound: Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching (4th ed., pp. 77-84). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Parsons, J., & Junge, P. (2001). Why do Danes put their elderly in nursing homes? - Working outside the classroom with adult second language learners. In M. Byram, A. Nicholas, & D. Stevens (Eds.), Developing intercultural competence in practice (pp. 203-216). Exeter: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
  • Perry, L. B., & Southwell, L. (2011). Developing intercultural understanding and skills: Models and approaches. Intercultural Education, 22(6), 453-466. DOI: 10.1080/14675986.2011.644948.
  • Porto, M. (2010). Culturally responsive L2 education: An awareness-raising proposal. ELT Journal, 64(1), 45-53.
  • Rubenfeld, S., Sinclair, L., & Clément, R. (2007). Second language learning and acculturation: The role of motivation and goal content congruence. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 10(3), 309-329.
  • Sandelowski, M. (2000). Focus on research methods: Combining qualitative and quantitative sampling, data collection, and analysis techniques in mixed-method studies. Research in Nursing and Health, 23(3), 246-255.
  • Sayer, P., & Meadows, B. (2012). Teaching culture beyond nationalist boundaries: National identities, stereotyping, and culture in language education. Intercultural Education, 23(3), 265-279. DOI: 10.1080/14675986.2012.702446.
  • Sellami, A. L. (2000). Teaching towards cultural awareness and intercultural competence: From what through how culture is? Annual meeting of teachers of English to speakers of other languages, (pp. 1-13). Vancouver, Canada.
  • Sercu, L. (2005). Foreign language teachers and intercultural competence: An international investigation. (M. Byram, & A. Phipps, Eds.) New York: Multilingual Matters.
  • Sercu, L. (2006). The foreign language and intercultural competence teacher: The acquisition of a new professional identity. Intercultural Education, 17(1), 55-72. DOI: 10.1080/14675980500502321.
  • Stromquist, N. P., & Monkman, K. (2014). Globalization and education: Integration and contestation across cultures. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Taguchi, N., Li, S., & Xiao, F. (2016). Effects of intercultural competence and social contact on speech act production in a Chinese study abroad context. The Modern Language Journal, 100(4), 775-796. DOI: 10.1111/modl.12349.
  • Tolosa, C., Biebricher, C., East, M., & Howard, J. (2018). Intercultural language teaching as a catalyst for teacher inquiry. Teaching and Teacher Education, 70, 227-235. DOI: 10.1016/j.tate.2017.11.027.
  • Wang, J., Lin, E., Spalding, E., Odell, S. J., & Klecka, C. L. (2011). Understanding teacher education in an era of globalization. Journal of Teacher Education, 62(2), 115-120. DOI: 10.1177/0022487110394334.
  • Williams, B., Onsman, A., & Brown, T. (2010). Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Journal of Emergency Primary Health Care, 8(3), 1-13.
  • Yeşil, Ş., & Demiröz, H. (2017). An exploration of English language teachers' perceptions of culture teaching and its effects on students' motivation. International Journal of Progressive Education, 13(1), 79-95.
  • Yong, A. G., & Pearce, S. (2013). A beginner's guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94. DOI: 10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079.
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

B. Zeynep Özışık

Savaş Yeşilyurt

Dr. Hakan Demiröz

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Özışık, B. Z., Yeşilyurt, S., & Demiröz, D. H. (2019). Developing intercultural awareness in language teaching: Insights from EFL lecturers in Turkey. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 15(4), 1436-1458. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.668546
AMA Özışık BZ, Yeşilyurt S, Demiröz DH. Developing intercultural awareness in language teaching: Insights from EFL lecturers in Turkey. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. Aralık 2019;15(4):1436-1458. doi:10.17263/jlls.668546
Chicago Özışık, B. Zeynep, Savaş Yeşilyurt, ve Dr. Hakan Demiröz. “Developing Intercultural Awareness in Language Teaching: Insights from EFL Lecturers in Turkey”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 15, sy. 4 (Aralık 2019): 1436-58. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.668546.
EndNote Özışık BZ, Yeşilyurt S, Demiröz DH (01 Aralık 2019) Developing intercultural awareness in language teaching: Insights from EFL lecturers in Turkey. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 15 4 1436–1458.
IEEE B. Z. Özışık, S. Yeşilyurt, ve D. H. Demiröz, “Developing intercultural awareness in language teaching: Insights from EFL lecturers in Turkey”, Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, c. 15, sy. 4, ss. 1436–1458, 2019, doi: 10.17263/jlls.668546.
ISNAD Özışık, B. Zeynep vd. “Developing Intercultural Awareness in Language Teaching: Insights from EFL Lecturers in Turkey”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 15/4 (Aralık 2019), 1436-1458. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.668546.
JAMA Özışık BZ, Yeşilyurt S, Demiröz DH. Developing intercultural awareness in language teaching: Insights from EFL lecturers in Turkey. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. 2019;15:1436–1458.
MLA Özışık, B. Zeynep vd. “Developing Intercultural Awareness in Language Teaching: Insights from EFL Lecturers in Turkey”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, c. 15, sy. 4, 2019, ss. 1436-58, doi:10.17263/jlls.668546.
Vancouver Özışık BZ, Yeşilyurt S, Demiröz DH. Developing intercultural awareness in language teaching: Insights from EFL lecturers in Turkey. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. 2019;15(4):1436-58.