İlk Çağlardan Günümüze Yeraltı Yapıları, Kaya Yapıları ve Kaya Mekaniği

Öz

Yeraltındaki alanlarının kullanımı insanlar için antik dönemlere uzanan eski bir alışkanlıktır. Atalarımız, mağaraları vahşi hayattan korunmak için barınak olarak kullandılar, ayrıca değerli mineralleri çıkarmak için kazarak yeraltı boşlukları oluşturdular. Bu boşlukları kutsal alan, mezar veya depo olarak kullandılar.  Bu kullanım amaçlarına ek olarak, savaşlar sırasında saldırı veya surları geçmek amacıyla tüneller inşa ettiler. Daha sonraları, tüneller yerleşim yerlerine su getirmek veya söz konusu alanları selden korumak amacıyla yapıldı. İlk kez ne zaman kullanıldıkları bilinmemekle birlikte, birbirleriyle bağlantılı olarak inşa edilen yer altı yapıları insanlık tarihi boyunca barınma amacıyla da kullanıldı. Sonraki yüzyıllarda, ulaşım sistemlerine duyulan ihtiyaç nedeniyle yeni kazı tekniklerinin kullanıldığı ulaşım ve iletim tünelleri inşa edildi. Bu dönemde, demiryolu tünelleri ve karayolu tünelleri yapıldı. Bu yapıların çoğunluğu kaya ortamda yer almaktadır. İlk kazılar elle yapılmış olup,  daha sonra kolay kazmak için ateşin kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Bu tekniği, barut, patlayıcılar ve tünel açma makinaları takip etmiştir. Şu veya bu şekilde, eski  uygarlıklar kaya mekaniğinin temel prensiplerini kullanmış ve bu prensipleri yeraltı yapılarının inşasında uygulamışlardır. Kaya mekaniğinin prensipleri, tüm bu yapıların olmazsa olmaz unsurudur. Bu çalışmada, kaya mekaniğinin tarihçesi kısaca anlatılacak, tarihi ve anıtsal yeraltı ve kaya yapılarından örnekler sunulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antik yeraltı kaya yapıları,kaya mekaniği tarihçesi,kaya mühendisliği,kaya mekaniği uygulamaları

Underground Structures, Rock Structures and Rock Mechanics fFrom Ancient Era to the Modern Age

Öz

Usage of underground space is an old habit for human beings from the ancient era. Our ancestors have used caves as a shelter for protection from the wild life and nature and they excavated caves to extract valuable minerals. They also used them as sanctuaries, tombs or for storage of goods. In addition, they built tunnels to be used as assault systems or to underpass fortifications during ancient warfare. Later on, tunnels were driven to supply water to the towns or to protect the towns from floods. They also built them for communication purposes. Though not knowing the exact time when they were first used, natural underground structures, which have several interconnections, were also built for underground dwelling purposes through the human history. In the following centuries, due to the need of transportation facilities, transportation tunnels were constructed, where new excavation techniques were also used. Navigation canal tunnels, railway tunnels and road tunnels were constructed during that period. All these structures were mostly excavated in rocks. The first excavations were performed manually. Later on, to excavate more easily, fire technique had been used. This was followed by the methods in which gunpowder, explosives and tunneling machinery were used. By some means or other, ancient civilizations had used fundamental principles of rock mechanics and applied these principles in the construction of the underground structures. Principles of rock mechanics are the sine qua non for all of these structures and facilities. In this study, the history and evaluation of rock mechanics will be given briefly and some examples of historical and monumental underground and rock structures will be presented.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ancient underground rock structures,history of rock mechanics,rock engineering,rock mechanic applications

Kaynakça

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