Yoksul Kuzey’in Güneyi: Kafkasya Öznelliği ve İkincil “Avustralizm” Kompleksi

Öz

İkinci Dünya’nın haritadan silinmesi, dünya düzenindeki ikiliğin artmasına yol açtı ve dünyanın eksenini Kuzey-Güney ayrımına doğru kaydırdı. Bu ayrım, Doğu-Batı ayrımına benzer şekilde, özselleştirilmiş hayaller ve karakteristikler ortaya çıkararak yerel tarihlerin çeşitliliğini homojenleştirmeye eğilim gösterdi. İkinci Dünya’dan arta kalanların Kuzey’e ya da Güney’e doğu kayması, geçmişte bu dünyanın bir parçası olan tüm unsurlar için kaçınılmaz hale geldi. Ancak bu bağlam, söz konusu unsurları belirsiz, hatta olumsuz bir nesnellikle karşı karşıya bıraktı. Bu makale, eski sosyalist dünyanın ve bu dünyanın kolonyal ötekilerinin küresel Kuzey-Güney ayrımındaki rolünü ve işlevini, kolonyal ve emperyal farklılık konseptleri aracılığıyla sorunsallaştırmayı amaçlıyor. Makale, Kafkasya’yı yoksul Kuzey’in güneyindeki en uç örnek olarak değerlendiriyor ve bölge insanlarının öznelliği için yıkıcı olan ikincil “Avustralizm” sendromunu analiz ediyor. Avrupalı olmayan Rusya’ya/Sovyetlere ait eski kolonilerdeki oluşun, hissedişin ve düşünüşün olası dekolonizasyon yöntemleri üzerinde duruyor.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kafkasya,Güney,Kuzey,Avustralizm

Yoksul Kuzey’in Güneyi: Kafkasya Öznelliği ve İkincil “Avustralizm” Kompleksi [The South of the Poor North. Caucasus Subjectivity and the Complex of Secondary "Australism"]

Abstract

The erasing of the Second World has resulted in the increased binarity of the world order and changing of its axis to the North-South divide. Similarly to the West-East partition it tends to homogenize various local histories into imagined essentialized sets of characteristics. Drifting of bits and pieces of the Second World in the direction of either the North or the South has become unavoidable for all its former subjects, yet leaves them with an uncertain, almost negative subjectivity. The article problematizes the role and function of the ex-Socialist world and its colonial others within the global North-South divide and through the concepts of colonial and imperial differences. It considers Caucasus as t he utmost case of t he South of the poor North and analyses secondary “Australism” syndrome which is devastating for the subjectivity of its people. Finally, it dwells on the possible w ays o f d ecolonizing o f b eing, s ensing a nd t hinking i n t henon-European Russian/Soviet ex-colonies.

Keywords

• Caucasian,Sourth,North,Australism

Kaynakça

1. Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich. The Anthropological Treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach: De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa. 1795. Ed. ve Çev. Thomas Bendyshe. Londra: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green, 1865.
2. Brandt Commission. The Brandt Commission Papers: Selected Background Papers Prepared for the Independent Commission on International Development Issues, 1978–79. Leck, Almanya: Clausen & Bosse, 1981.
3. Castro-Gómez, Santiago. “The Missing Chapter of Empire: Postmodern Reorganization of Coloniality and Post-Fordist Capitalism.” Cultural Studies 21.2–3 (2007): 428–48.
4. Dainotto, Roberto. “A South with a View: Europe and Its Other.” Nepantla 1.2 (2000): 375–90.
5. Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. “Dnevnik Pisatelya za 1877” (Writer’s Diary for 1877). Russkaja Ideya. Moskova: Iris Press, 2002. 154–62.
6. Dugin, Alexander. Mysterii Yevrazii (Mysteries of Eurasia). Moskova: Arktogeya, 1996.
7. Dussel, Enrique. Philosophy of Liberation. Çev. Aquilina Martines and Christine Morkovsky. Eugene: Wipf & Stock Publishers, 1985.
8. Fukuyama, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press, 1992.

9. Guillen, Mauro F., ve Sandra L. Suárez. “Explaining the Global Digital Divide: Economic, Political and Sociological Drivers of Cross-national Internet Use.” Social Forces 84.2 (2005): 681–708.
10. Haushofer, Karl. An English Translation and Analysis of Major General Karl Ernst Haushofer’s “Geopolitics of the Pacific Ocean”: Studies on the Relationship Between
11. Geography and History. Ed. Lewis A. Tambs. Çev. Ernst Brehm. New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2002.
12. Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996. Kitsikis, Dimitri. The Intermediate Region: A
13. Common Civilization between the Adriatic Sea and the Indus River, Dialogue of Civilizations? Tahran, İran, 1999.
14. Koshubayev, Dzhambulat. Abrag. Nalchik: Elbrus, 2004.
15. Mackinder, Halford John. Democratic Ideals and Reality. New York: Holt, 1919.
16. McClintock, Anne. Imperial Leather. Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest. New York: Routledge, 1995.
17. Mignolo, Walter D. “Coloniality at Large: Time and the Colonial Difference.” The Enchantments of Modernity: Empire, Nation, Globalization. Ed. Saurabh Dube. Londra: Routledge, 2009. 67–95.
18. ———. “Delinking: The Rhetoric of Modernity, the Logic of Coloniality and the Grammar of Decoloniality.” Cultural Studies 21.2–3 (2007): 449–514.
19. Mignolo, Walter D., ve Madina Tlostanova. “The Logic of Coloniality and the Limits of Postcoloniality.” The Postcolonial and the Global: Connections, Conflicts, Complicities. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2007. 109–23.
20. ———. “Theorizing from the Borders: Shifting to Geo- and Body-Politics of Knowledge.” European Journal of Social Theory 9.1 (2006): 205–21. Murat Yagan. http://muratyagan.com/site2007/en/en-bio.htm. Web. 10 October 2010.
21. Pelipenko, Andrey. Dualisticheskaja Revoljutsija i Smislogenez v Istorii (Dualistic Revolution and Meaning-Genesis in History). Moskova: Moscow State University of Culture and Arts, 2007. Puti Yevrazii: Russkaja Intelligentsya i Sud’by Rossii. (Eurasia’s Ways: Russian intelligentsia and the Destiny of Russia). Moskova: Progress, 1992.
22. Robbins, Bruce. “The Sweatshop Sublime.” PMLA 117.1 (2002): 84–97.
23. Sahni, Kalpana. Crucifying the Orient. Bangkok: White Orchid Press, 1997.
24. Sandoval, Chela. Methodology of the Oppressed. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2000.
25. Shami, Seteney Khalid. “Pre-histories of Globalization: Circassian Identity in Motion.” Public Culture 12.1 (2000): 177–204.
26. Smith, Neil. American Empire. Roosevelt’s Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization. Los Angeles: Los Angeles & L., 2003.
27. Smith, Woodruf D. “Friedrich Ratzel and the Origins of Lebensraum.” German Studies Review 3.1 (Şubat 1980): 51–68.
28. Thrien. Jean Philippe. “Beyond the North-South Divide: The Two Tales of World Poverty.” Third World Quarterly 20.4 (1999): 723–42.
29. Tlostanova, Madina. Gender Epistemologies and Eurasian Borderlands. Palgrave Macmillan: New York, 2010.
30. Tlostanova, Madina, and Walter D. Mignolo. “Global Coloniality and the Decolonial Option.” Kult 6 – Special Issue: Epistemologies of Transformation: The Latin American Decolonial Option and its Ramifications. Roskilde University: Department of Culture and Identity, 2009. 130–47.