Determination of Macro, Micro Element and Heavy Metal Contents of Astragalus Taxa Collected from Nature

Öz

The aim of the research is to determine the macro (Ca, Mg, P and K), micro (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Be) element and heavy metal (Al, Cr, Ni, Se and Cd) contents of some Astragalus taxa collected from nature. Nine Astragalus taxa (Astragalus gummifer, A. compactus, A. lineatus var. longidens, A. aureus, A. onobrychis, A. declinatus, A. lineatus var. lineatus, A. oocephalus subsp. stachyophorus, A. inereus) collected from the natural areas of Bingöl province were used as the plant material of the research. Astragalus taxa were collected from the central villages of Bingöl province in June 2018, during the flowering period of the plants. Macro, micro element and heavy metal contents of the collected and dried plant samples were determined with the help of NIRS (Near Infrared Spectroscopy) and ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectometry) devices. As a result of the analysis, the average Ca content of Astragalus taxa was determined as % 1.63, Mg content % 0.36, P content % 0.27, K content % 1.49, Fe content 2436 mg kg-1, Mn content 153.7 mg kg-1, Cu content 84.5 mg kg-1, Zn content 14.08 mg kg-1, Be content 0.10 mg kg-1, Al content 2535 mg kg-1, Cr content 7.67 mg kg-1, Ni content 9.99 mg kg-1 and Se content 2.19 mg kg-1. In general, the highest Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Al, Cr and Ni contents were determined in A. declinatus, the highest P and K contents were determined in A. oocephalus subsp. stachyophorus, the highest Cu content was determined in A. cinearus, the highest Zn content was determined in A. lineatus var. longidens, the highest content Be was determined in A. gummifer and the highest Se content was determined in A. compactus. Cd content could not be detected in any Astragalus taxa. As a result of the study, it was concluded that Astragalus taxa, which are abundant in the natural flora of our country, can be used as a source of roughage in animal nutrition and can meet the macro and micro element needs of animals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Astragalus sp
• Macro elements
• Micro elements
• Minerals
• Heavy metals

Determination of Macro, Micro Element and Heavy Metal Contents of Astragalus Taxa Collected from Nature

Öz

Bu çalışma doğal alanlardan toplanan bazı Astragalus taksonlarının makro (Ca, Mg, P ve K), mikro (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn ve Be) ve ağır metal (Al, Cr, Ni, Se ve Cd) içeriklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bingöl ili doğal alanlarından toplanan dokuz adet Astragalus taksonu (Astragalus gummifer, A. compactus, A. lineatus var. longidens, A. aureus, A. onobrychis, A. declinatus, A. lineatus var. lineatus, A. oocephalus subsp. stachyophorus, A. inereus) araştırmanın bitkisel materyali olarak kullanılmıştır. Astragalus taksonları 2018 yılının haziran ayında, bitkilerin çiçeklenme döneminde Bingöl ilinin merkez köylerinden toplanmıştır. Toplanıp kurutulan bitki örneklerinin makro, mikro element ve ağır metal içerikleri NIRS (Near Infrared Spectroscopy) ve ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectometry) cihazları yardımıyla belirlenmiştir. Analizler sonucunda Astragalus taksonlarının ortalama Ca içeriği % 1.63, Mg içeriği % 0.36, P içeriği % 0.27, K içeriği % 1.49, Fe içeriği 2436 mg kg-1, Mn içeriği 153.7 mg kg-1, Cu içeriği 84.5 mg kg-1, Zn içeriği 14.08 mg kg-1, Be içeriği 0.10 mg kg-1, Al içeriği 2535 mg kg-1, Cr içeriği 7.67 mg kg-1, N içeriği 9.99 mg kg-1 ve Se içeriği 2.19 mg kg-1 olarak belirlenmiştir. Genel olarak en yüksek Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Al, Cr ve Ni içerikleri A. declinatus, en yüksek P ve K içerikleri A. oocephalus subsp. stachyophorus, en yüksek Cu içeriği A. cinearus, en yüksek Zn içeriği A. lineatus var. longidens, en yüksek Be içeriği A. gummifer ve en yüksek Se içeriği de A. compactus taksonunda tespit edilmiştir. Astragalus taksonlarında Cd içeriği tespit edilmemiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, Ülkemiz doğal florasında bol miktarda bulunan Astragalus taksonlarının hayvan beslemede kaba yem kaynağı olarak kullanılabileceği ve hayvanların makro ve mikro element ihtiyacını karşılayabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Astragalus sp.
• Makro elementler
• Mikro elementler
• Mineraller
• Ağır metaller

Kaynakça

1. Amiri, M. S., Joharchi, M. R., Nadaf, M. and Nasseh, Y. (2020). Ethnobotanical knowledge of Astragalus spp.: The world’s largest genus of vascular plants. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 10(2): 128-132.
2. Aytac, Z., Ekici, M. and Akan, H. (2012). Astragalus. In: Guner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., Babac, M. T. (eds.), Turkey’s List of Vascular Plants, 427-456. Nezahat Gokyigit Botanical Garden and Flora Research Association Publication, Istanbul.
3. Azarikia, F. and Abbasi, S. (2010). On the stabilization mechanism of Doogh (Iranian yoghurt drink) by gum tragacanth. Food Hydrocolloids, 24(4): 358-363.
4. Basbag, M., Cacan, E., Sayar, M. S. and Karan, H. (2017). Some shrub and tree taxa in the grassland-pasture and natural vegetation of Turkey. Middle East Journal of Science, 3(2): 115-128.
5. Basbag, M., Cacan, E., Sayar, M. S. and Firat, M. (2019). Determination of some quality characteristics of southern milk-vetch (Astragalus hamosus L.) herbage collected from different locations of Southeastern Anatolia Region. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science, 5(2): 346-354.
6. Davis, P. H. (1982). Flora of Turkey. Edinburgh University Press, 7, Edinburgh.
7. Diaz-Gomez, N. M., Domenech, E., Barroso, F., Castells, S., Cortabarria, C. and Jimenz, A. (2003). The effect of zinc supplementation on linear growth body composition and growth factors in preterm infants. Pediatrics, 111(5): 1002-1009.
8. Donmez, A. A. and Aydin, Z. U. (2018). Astragalus ihsancalisii (Fabaceae), a new species from Erzurum province, E Turkey. Willdenowia, 48: 399–404.

9. Ekici, M., Akan, H. and Aytac, Z. (2015). Taxonomic revision of Astragalus L. section Onobrychoidei DC. (Fabaceae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 39(2): 708-745.
10. Engin, B. and Mut, H. (2018). Variation of some nutrient contents with relative feed value according to cutting order in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) varieties. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 15(02): 119-127.
11. Fox, T. C. and Guerinot, M. L. (1998). Molecular biology of cation transport in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Moleculer Biology, 49: 669–696.
12. Gaeta, A. and Robert Hider, C. (2005). The crucial role of metal ions in neurodegeneration; the basis for promising therapeutic strategy. British Journal of Paharmacology, 146(8): 1041-1059.
13. Gokkus, A., Parlak, A. O., Baytekin, H. and Hakyemez, B. H. (2013). Change of mineral composition of herbaceous species at the Mediterranean shrublands. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 10(1): 1-10.
14. Gorji, E. G., Mohammadifar, M. A. and Ezzatpanah, H. (2011). Influence of gum tragacanth, Astragalus gossypinus, addition on stability of nonfat Doogh, an Iranian fermented milk drink. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 64(2): 262-268.
15. Gruenwald, J., Brendler, T. and Jaenicke, C. (1998). PDR for Herbal Medicines. Medical Economics Company, Montvale, New Jersey.
16. Hawkes, G. R., Campbell, K. B., Ludwick, A. E., Milliway, R. M. and Thorup, R. M. (1985). Essential Plant Nutrients. In: Western Fertilizer Handbook, 7th ed., The Interstate Printers & Publishers, Inc, Illinois, p. 61–81.
17. Hussain, M., Hidayatullah, S., Baqi, A., Jabeen, R. and Iqbal Khattak, M. (2019). Study of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb & Zn) in some medicinal plant species (Hernia intermedia, Cardaria chalepense, Scorzonera ammophila, Tamarix karelini, Astragalus auganus) at Pishin area in Balochistan, Pakistan. Pure and Applied Biology, 8(1): 995-1007.
18. Jani, G. K., Shah, D. P., Prajapati, V. D. and Jain, V.C. (2009). Gums and mucilages: Versatile excipients for pharmaceutical formulations. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(5): 309-323.
19. Kabata-Pendias, A. (2011). Trace Elements in Soils and Plants: Fourth Edition. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton.
20. Leand, P. A. (1986). Mineral elements concentration and carbohydrate trends in wodly loco Astragalus mollissimus. (MSc. Thesis) Texas Tech University, Texas.
21. Ma, J., Qiao, Z. and Xiang, X. (2011). Aqueous extract of Astragalus mongholicus ameliorates high cholesterol diet induced oxidative injury in experimental rat models. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 5(5): 855-858.
22. Manga, I., Acar, Z. and Ayan, I. (2003). Leguminous Forage Crops. Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Agriculture, Textbook No:7, p. 381, Samsun.
23. Martinez, C. and Motto, H. (2000). Solubility of lead, zinc and copper added to mineral soils. Environmental Pollution, 107(1): 153-158.
24. Miladinović, D. L., Ilić, B. S. and Milosavljević, V. N. (2011). Trace elements and antioxidants in Astragalus onobrychis L. subsp. chlorocarpus (Griseb.) S. Kozuharov et D.K. Pavlova. Hemijska industrija, 65(3): 323–327.
25. Motsara, M. R. and Roy, R. N. (2008). Guide to Laboratory Establishment for Plant Nutrient Analysis. FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin No: 19:78.
26. Nejatian, M., Hatami, M. and Mohammadifar, M. A. (2013). Effect of gum tragacanth exuded by three Iranian Astragalus on mixed milk protein system during acid gelation. International journal of biological macromolecules, 53: 168- 176.
27. Parlak, H. (2019). The identification of some Astragalus taxa in Agri mountain and determination of nutrients for taxa. (MSc. Thesis) Iğdır University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Field Crops, Iğdır.
28. Podlech, D. and Zarre, S. (2013). A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Astragalus L. (Leguminosae) in the Old World (Volume 2). Vienna Natural History Museum Press, p. 1553–1640, Vienna.
29. Rahimi, E., Asgarpanah, J. and Ziarati, P. (2017). Nutritive value and mineral elements of wild Astragalus meridioalis sensu auct. seeds in south of Iran. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, 5(2): 121-129.
30. Schulz, V., Hansel, R. and Tayler, V. E. (2001). Medicinal Plants, Phytomedicines, and Phytotherapy. In: Rational Phytotherapy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
31. Shahzad, M., Shabbir, A., Wojcikowski, K., Wohlmuth, H. and Gobe, G. C. (2016). The antioxidant effects of radix Astragali (Astragalus membranaceus and related species) in protecting tissues from injury and disease. Current Drug Targets, 17(123): 1331-1340.
32. Sheded, G. M., Pulford, I. D. and Hamed, I. A. (2006). Presence of major and trace elements in seven medicinal plants growing in the South-Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of Arid Environments, 66(2): 210-217.
33. Smith, J. C. (1987). Copper Nutritive and Cardiovascular Integrity. 21st Annual Conference on Trace Substances in Environmental Health. May 25-28, p. 499-513, Colombia.
34. Wadhwa, N. (2015). Textbook of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Pepatology and Nutrition. In: Anupam Sibal, Sarath Gopalan (editor), Akshay Kapoor, Vidyut Bhatia (Controbutor), Published by Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, 1st edition. Indian J Pediatr, New Delhi, India.
35. Verbeken, D., Dierckx, S. and Dewettinck, K. (2003). Exudate gums: occurrence, production, and applications. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 63(1): 10-21.
36. Yang, M., Lin, H. B., Gong, S., Chen, P. Y., Geng, L. L., Zeng, Y. M. and Li, D. Y. (2014). Effect of Astragalus polysaccharides on expression of TNF-α, IL-1βand NFATc4 in a rat model of experimental colitis. Cytokine, 70(2): 81-86.
37. Zhao, L. H., Zhi-Xin, M., Jie, Z., Xiao-Hong, Y. and Deng-Po, W. (2011). Characterization of polysaccharide from Astragalus radix as the macrophage stimulator. Cellular Immunology, 271(2): 329–334.