Measurement of Water Depth in a Class A Pan Using Ultrasonic Transducer and Programmable Logic Control (PLC)

Öz

The aim of this study is to compare water depths measured by manually and PLC from a Class A Pan in field conditions using ultrasonic transducer. The study was conducted in garden of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam in the summer season of 2019. A steel meter was used to measure water depth manually in the evaporation pan. Using the ultrasonic transducer, PLC measured water depth from the evaporation pan between 140 and 223 mm water depth at 8:00 am. An ultrasonic transducer is attached one end of sliding buttress, at which was 50 cm above from its inner-bottom at the center of the evaporation pan. The ultrasonic transducer was set to be able to read water depth and calibrated using sliding buttress. A program was written in CODESYS-ST language to measure the water depth from a Class A Pan using PLC, which was connected the ultrasonic transducer and uploaded to PLC. With the program, digital water depths were converted to millimeter water depths. To be able to read the water depth more accurately, each depth value read by the PLC was determined by averaging 30 measurements made successively at 300 millisecond intervals. In this processes, moving average method was used. Water depth measured by PLC was saved on the SD (secure digital memory) card. In the manual water depth measurements, there were 26 observations. The water depths on the manual measurement dates were matched with the water depths measured by PLC. A regression analysis was performed between the water depths measured by the steel meter and PLC in the pan, and determination coefficient (R2) was result as 0.96. The Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE) of these two data sets was calculated as 2.3%. The level of agreement between the two data sets; if the MAPE is below 10%, it is considered “very good”. The results of this study revealed that the PLC could measure the water depth close to the measured manually water depth in the evaporation pan with an ultrasonic transducer.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Evaporation pan
• Buttress
• PLC
• Ultrasound
• Level

Measurement of Water Depth in a Class A Pan Using Ultrasonic Transducer and Programmable Logic Control (PLC)

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, ultrasonik algılayıcı ve PLC kullanarak arazi koşullarında A sınıfı buharlaşma kabından PLC ve elle ölçülen su derinliğini karşılaştırmaktır. Çalışma, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi bahçesinde 2019 yaz sezonunda yapılmıştır. Buharlaşma kabı su derinliğinin elle ölçümlerinde, çelik metre kullanılmıştır. PLC ve çelik metre ile su derinliği ölçümleri, buharlaşma kabındaki su derinliğinin 140 ile 223 mm'lik su seviyesi arasında sabah saat 8:00'de yapılmıştır. Bir ultrasonik algılayıcı, bir hareketli payandanın bir ucuna bağlanmıştır. Hareketli payandaya tutturulan ultrasonik algılayıcı, anılan haraketli payandadan yararlanarak buharlaşma kabının ortasına ve iç-tabanından 50 cm yüksekliğe gelecek şekilde yerleştirilmiştir. Ultrasonik algılayıcının okuma ayarları yapılmış ve söz konusu algılayıcı, hareketli payandadan yararlanarak kalibre edilmiştir. PLC ve ultrasonik algılayıcı kullanarak A sınıfı buharlaşma kabından su derinliğini ölçmek için CODESYS-ST dilinde bir program yazılmış ve PLC’ye yüklenmiştir. Bu programla okunan sayısal değerler milimetre cinsinden su derinliğine dönüştürülmüştür. PLC tarafından ölçülen derinlik değerlerini daha doğru okumak için arka arkaya 300 mili saniyede bir 30 dijital değer alınmış ve anılan değerlerin ortalaması bulunmuştur. Bu işlemde hareketli ortalama yöntemi kullanılmıştır. PLC ile ölçülen su derinliği değerleri, SD (secure digital memory) karta kaydedilmiştir. Elle ölçümde toplam gözlem sayısı 26’dır. Elle ölçüm tarihlerindeki su derinlikleri, PLC ile ölçülen su derinlikleri ile eşleştirilmiştir. Bu iki su derinliği değerleri arasında regresyon analizi yapılmış ve belirleme katsayısı (R2) 0.96 olarak belirlenmiştir. Anılan verilerin Ortalama Mutlak Yüzde Hata (MAPE)'sı %2.3 olarak hesaplanmıştır. İki veri değerleri arasındaki uyum düzeyi; MAPE %10’un altında ise “çok iyi” olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, PLC’nin ultrasonik algılayıcı ile buharlaşma kabındaki su derinliğini, doğruya yakın ölçebileceğini ortaya koymuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Buharlaşma kabı
• payanda
• PLC
• ultrason
• seviye

Kaynakça

1. Anonymous (2022). Ultrasonic sensor https://www.tme.eu/Document/8c4faa1fa4f153b055bfa0aa91600582/133991.pdf. (Accessed date: 25.02.2022).
2. ABB (2022). Automation Builder 2.4 Basic. https://new.abb.com/plc/programmable-logic-controllers-plcs/ac500-eco (Accessed date: 20.02.2022).
3. Asrar, G., Kunze, R. J. and Linvill, D. E. (1982). Automating a Class A evaporation pan for semi-continuous recording. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 25: 275-281.
4. Azder, G., Göçmen, E. and İstanbulluoğlu, A. (2020). The effects of different irrigation levels on yield and yield components of capia pepper (Capsicum annuum Cv. Kapija) in Tekirdağ conditions. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 17(3): 422-431.
5. Boughton, W. C. and McPhee, R. J. (1987). An automatic recording Class A pan evapo-pluviometer for long-term unattended operation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 41: 21-29.
6. Burgess, M. D. and Hanson, C. L. (1981). Automatic Class-A pan-filling system. Journal of Hydrology, 50: 389-392. Caissie, D. (2011). The design of a new device to automate a class A evaporation pan. Fisheries and Oceans, Canadian Tech. Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sci. 2927, Canada.
7. Çevik, B., Oğuzer, V., Kanber, R., Önder, S., Sinan, S., Köksal, H., Gençoğlan, C. and Yardımcıoğlu, T. (1991). Determination of utilization opportunities of open water surface evaporation in determining sunflower irrigation interval and water consumption in Harran Plain conditions. Republic of Türkiye, Prime Ministry Southeastern Anatolia Project Regional Development Administration. C.U. Faculty of Agriculture GAP Publications No: 56, Adana.
8. Ertek, A. and Kanber, R. (2001). Effects of different irrigation programs on the quality properties of drip irrigated cotton. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 25: 415-425.

9. Ertek, A., Şensoy, S., Küçükyumuk, C. and Gedik, İ. (2006). Determination of plant-pan coefficients for field-grown eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) using Class A Pan evaporation values. Agricultural Water Management, 85(1-2): 58-66.
10. Fisher, D. K. and Sui, R. (2013). An inexpensive open-source ultrasonic sensing system for monitoring liquid levels. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 15(4): 328-334.
11. Gençoğlan, C., Altunbey, H. and Gençoğlan, S. (2006). Response of green bean (P. vulgaris L.) to subsurface drip irrigation and partial rootzone-drying irrigation. Agricultural water management, 84(3): 274-280.
12. Gençoğlan, C. and Gençoğlan, S. (2016). Measurement of water height in Class A Pan using pressure transducer and programmable logic control (PLC). Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludağ University, 30: 35-43.
13. Gençoğlan, C., Gençoğlan, S., Küçüktopcu, E., Uçak, A. B. and Kıraç A. M. (2013). Measuring water depth in Class A Pan using ultrasonic sensor. III. Ulusal Toprak ve Su Kaynakları Kongresi, 22-24 Ekim, p: 391-398, Tokat, Türkiye.
14. Gençoğlan, C., Gençoğlan, S., Nikpeyma, Y. and Ucak, A. B. (2019). Determination of water-yield relationship of comice pear (Pyrus Communis L.) variety irrigated by the irrigation automation system (IAS) based on programmable logic controller (PLC). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 28: 2433-2441.
15. Gençoğlan, C., Gençoğlan, S. and Selçuk, U. (2021). Designing Class A Pan automation system (CAPAS) based on programmable logic control (PLC) and testing. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(1): 1-10.
16. Gençoğlan, C. and Kıraç, A. M. (2008). The effects of some irrigation techniques applied by drip irrigation on water use and salt accumulation in dwarf apple trees. Sulama Tuzluluk Toplantısı, s:177-189, Devlet Su İşleri (DSI), 5. Dünya Su Formu İstanbul-2009, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
17. Gençoğlan, C. and Tüysüz, M. D. (2018). Water head measurement and flow estimation in open channel by pressure and ultrasonic sensors using programmable logic control (PLC). In: Binici, T. Sakin, E. Çopur, O. Özmen Özbakır, G. Odabaşıoğlu, M.İ. Eray, Ş. (Eds) 1st GAP International Agriculture and Livestock Congress Proceedings Book. 25-27 April, p:144-149, Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
18. Hasanuddin, M. I. (2019). Design and development of automatic evaporation pan system for hydrological station. (MSc. Thesis) University of Malaya.
19. Huang, X. F., Li, G. Y., Wang, X. W., Zeng D. C. and Sun, N. J. (2001). Water use of micro-sprinkler irrigated apple trees under full irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation. Transactions CSAE, 17: 43–47.
20. Huang, X. F., Li, G. Y., Zeng, D. C., Wang, W. and Sun, N. J. (2002). Real time determination of irrigation scheduling for micro-irrigated orchards. Transactions CSAE, 18: 79–83.
21. Kanber, R., Tekinel, O., Kumova, Y., Alagöz, T., Önder, S., Köksal, H., Gencer, O., Koç, K., Diker, K. and Gençoğlan, C. (1991). Determination of utilization opportunities of open water surface evaporation in determining cotton irrigation interval and water consumption in Harran Plain conditions. Republic of Türkiye, Prime Ministry Southeastern Anatolia Project Regional Development Administration. Ç.Ü. Agricultural Faculty GAP publication Number:44, Adana
22. Kıraç, A. M. (2007). The effect of deficit and partial root zone drying irrigation technique on some growth parameters of dwarf apples. (MSc. Thesis) Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye.
23. Lewis, C. D. (1982). Industrial and Business Forecasting Methods: Apractical Guide to Exponential Smoothing and Curve Fitting. Butterworths Scientific. ISBN: 978-0-408-00559-3, London, England, 144s.
24. Mbajiorgu, C. C. and Wilkie, K. I. (1995). Automation of an Evaporation Pan for Water Level Control and Digital Recording. Proceedings Nigerian Society of Agricultural Engineers. 18-25 April 1995. Thomas Idibiye Francis Auditorium, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State. Nigeria.
25. McKinion, J. M. and Tarent, A. (1985). Automation of a Class A evaporation pan. Transactions of the ASAE, 28: 169-171.
26. Phene, C. J. and Campbell, R. B. (1975). Automating pan evaporation measurements for irrigation control. Agricultural meteorology, 15: 181-191.
27. Phene, C. J., DeTar, W. R. and Clark, D. A. (1992). Real-time irrigation scheduling of cotton with an automated pan evaporation system. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 8: 787-793.
28. Sezer, Ç. Ö., Öztekin, T. and Cömert, M. M. (2017). Determination of instant evaporation from Class A Pan with ultrasonic depth meter. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludağ University, 31: 1-7.
29. Summer, C. J. (1963). Unattended long period evaporation recorder. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 89: 414-417.
30. Thibault, G. and Savoie, P. (1989). Automatic filling and emptying of a water evaporation pan. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 3(4): 327-333.
31. Tülücü, K. (2002). Hydrology. Çukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, General publication No:139, Books publication No:A-44, Adana.
32. Tüysüz, M. D. (2018). Water head measurement and flow estimation in open channel by pressure and ultrasonic sensors using programmable logic control (PLC). (MSc. Thesis) Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye.
33. USDA (1993). National Engineering Handbook. Irrigation Water Requirements. Chapter 2. 2–1. (210-vi-NEH, September 1993). United States. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service. Part 623 National. Engineering Handbook. Agriculture. Soil. Conservation. Service. Part, 623.
34. Ünal, A. (2008). Determination of irrigation schedule and amount of water for application in drip-irrigated vineyard using a class evaporation pan. (MSc. Thesis) Adnan Menderes University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Aydın, Turkey.
35. Ünlü, M., Kanber, R., Koç, D. L., Özekici, B., Kekeç, U., Yeşiloğlu, T., Ortaş, İ., Ünlü, F., Kapur, B., Tekin, S., Käthner, J., Gebbers, R., Zude, M., Peeters, A. and Ben-Gal, A. (2014). Irrigation scheduling of grapefruit trees in a Mediterranean environment throughout evaluation of plant water status and evapotranspiration. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 38(6): 908-915.
36. Van Haveren, B. P. (1982). An automated recording system for evaporation pans. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 18: 533-536.
37. Yahaya, O., Smart, B., Omoakhalen, A. I. and Ehibor, O. G. (2018). Development and calibration of automated Class A evaporimeter. Hydrology Current Research, 9(3): 1000304.
38. Yazar, A., Oğuzer, V., Tülücü, K., Arıoğlu, H., Gençoğlan, C. and Diker, K. (1991). Developing irrigation program for second crop soybean utilizing open water surface (Class A Pan) evaporation in Harran Plain conditions. Republic of Türkiye, Prime Ministry Southeastern Anatolia Project Regional Development Administration. Ç.U. Faculty of Agriculture GAP Publications No: 45, Adana.
39. Yenigün, S. D. and Erdem, T. (2019). Determination of water use characteristics of eggplant plant in Tekirdağ conditions. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 16(2): 221-231.
40. Yıldırım, M. (2016). Drip irrigation automation with a water level sensing system in a greenhouse. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 26: 131-138.