THE ACTORS AND DYNAMICS OF ADMINISTRATION IN ITALIAN CITY STATES AS ROOT OF MODERN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 1 - 18, 17.05.2018

Aziz Tuncer

Öz

Following the collapse of the Roman Empire the Italian cities
experienced the conditions under which they undertook some administrative
responsibilities that generally were implemented by the emperor as a part of Regalian rights. In this period
administrative power of the church increased considerably and it became
prominent actor of local administration.  On the other hand, in those cities a new
manufacture oriented traders and artisans emerged as a class claimed to be the primary
actor of local administrative affairs.  The
novel economic conditions and rising administrative understanding, based upon the
priorities of the cities, facilitated the defeat of the church. Following the
elimination of the church, city councils were accepted as institution which
protected city dwellers’ benefit.  However,
the claim of city councils to be the chief actor of local administration deeply
contradicted with the traditional Regalian
rights of the kings.  In this article, the
struggle between emperor and city states, on the axis of Regalian rights and city-oriented interests, and the framework for
power sharing patterns are analyzed as an earlier form of central versus local relations.
Such an approach could be meaningful to comprehend the origin and the development
of the framework for modern central-local government relations’  patterns.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Italian City States, Regalian Rights, City Councils, Centralization, Central vs. Local Government Relations

YEREL YÖNETİMLERİN KÖKENİ BAĞLAMINDA İTALYAN ŞEHİR DEVLETLERİNDE YÖNETİM VE AKTÖRLER

Öz

Roma İmparatorluğu’nun yıkılmasından sonra imparatorluk boşluğu olarak
adlandırılan dönemde İtalyan şehirleri uzunca bir süre şehir ölçekli
faaliyetleri kendileri yürütmüşlerdir. İmparatorluk döneminde merkezi yönetim
(imparator) tarafından yapılmakta olan bu faaliyetler genellikle yerel bağlamda
kilise tarafından yerine getirilmiştir ki bu sürecin sonunda kilise yerel
yönetim faaliyetlerinin asli aktörü haline gelmiştir. Ancak 900’lü yılların
ortalarından sonra kendilerini toparlayan şehirlerde imalat ekonomisi ve
zenaatçılar öncülüğünde yeni ekonomik dinamikler ön plana çıkmaya başlamıştır. Uzun
bir süredir kendi ayakları üzerinde duran şehirlerde şehir aidiyeti ekseninde ortaya çıkan yönetim anlayışı şehir
ölçekli üretimin de etkisiyle oldukça güçlenmiştir. Gelinen noktada şehir
yönetiminin birincil aktörü olma bağlamında kilise ile çatışma kaçınılmaz
olmuştur ve bu çatışmanın galibi yeni ekonomik ve sosyal dinamiklerin
temsilcisi olan şehir konsülleri olmuştur. Ancak şehir konsüllerinin şehirlerin
birincil temsilcisi olma iddiası Regalyan
haklar bağlamında şehirler üzerinde idari ve vergi toplama hakları olan
imparatorlar tarafından kabul edilmemiştir. Bu makale imparator ile şehirlerin Regalyan haklar-yerel çıkarlar bağlamında
ortaya çıkan çatışmalarının sebepleri ve bu çatışmalar sonucunda şekillenen
merkez-yerel yönetim yetki paylaşım çerçevesini ve bu çerçevenin bölgesel
merkezileşme bağlamında dönüşümünü analiz ederek modern yerel yönetim-merkezi
yönetim ilişki modellerinin anlaşılmasına katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İtalyan Şehir Devletleri, Regalyan Haklar, Şehir Konsülleri, Merkezileşme, Merkezi-Yerel Yönetim İlkeleri

Kaynakça

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