THE MEDIATING ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR IN THE IMPACT OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP ON INNOVATIVE WORK BEHAVIOR

Öz

In today's rapidly changing world, encouraging employees to exhibit innovative work behavior is one of the ways for organizations to remain competitive and survive. Leadership plays a crucial role in this context. Leaders who will carry the organization into the future are expected to be visionary, team-oriented, supportive of their employees, and exhibit behavior based on respect and compassion. One leadership approach that possesses these qualities is servant leadership. Servant leaders' characteristics contribute to employees demonstrating organizational citizenship behavior. This study aims to investigate the mediating effect of organizational citizenship behavior on the relationship between servant leadership and employees' innovative work behavior. Data was collected from 288 employees working in a factory operating in the automotive sector in Izmit. The validity and reliability of the scales were measured. Correlation analysis was performed to determine the relationship between variables, and Process macro was used to test the research hypotheses. The analysis results show that servant leadership significantly and positively affects innovative work behavior, and organizational citizenship behavior plays a mediating role in this relationship. The findings of this research provide practical implications for practitioners, in addition to contributing to the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Servant ledaership
• innovative work behavior
• organizational citizenship behavior

HİZMETKÂR LİDERLİĞİN, YENİLİKÇİ İŞ DAVRANIŞINA ETKİSİNDE ÖRGÜTSEL VATANDAŞLIK DAVRANIŞININ ARACI ROLÜ

Öz

Her şeyin çok hızlı değiştiği günümüzde örgütlerin rekabetçi olmasının ve hayatta kalmasının yollarından biri çalışanların yenilikçi iş davranışı sergilemesini teşvik etmektir. Bu kapsamda liderlik büyük önem arz etmektedir. Örgütü geleceğe taşıyacak liderlerin; vizyoner, takım çalışmasına yatkın olması, çalışanları desteklemesi, saygı ve şefkat temeline dayalı bir davranış sergilemesi beklenmektedir. Bu özelliklere sahip liderlik yaklaşımlarından biri hizmetkâr liderliktir. Hizmetkâr liderlerin bu özellikleri çalışanların örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı göstermesine katkıda bulunacaktır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı hizmetkar liderliğin çalışanların yenilikçi iş davranışı göstermesinde örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışının aracı etkisini araştırmaktır. Veriler İzmit’te otomotiv sektöründe faaliyette bulunan fabrikada çalışan 288 kişiden toplanmıştır. Ölçeklerin geçerlik ve güvenirlikleri ölçülmüştür. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi için korelasyon analizi yapılmış, araştırma hipotezleri test etmek için ise Process macro kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları hizmetkâr liderliğin yenilikçi iş davranışını anlamlı ve pozitif yönde etkilediği ve örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışının bu ilişkide aracılık rolü olduğunu göstermektedir. Araştırmada bulgular, literatüre katkı sağlamasının yanı sıra uygulayıcılar için de pratik çıkarımlar sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hizmetkar liderlik
• Yenilikçi iş davranışı
• Örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı

Kaynakça

1. Acar A.Z. (2006). Örgütsel yurttaşlık davranışı: Kavramsal gelişimi ile kişisel ve örgütsel etkileri. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 7(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.31671/dogus.2019.257.
2. Acquaah, M. (2004). Human factor theory, organizational citizenship behaviors and human resources management practices: An integration of theoretical constructs and suggestions for measuring the human factor. Review of Human Factor Studies Special Edition, 10(1), 118-151.
3. Ahmad K. (2009). Management development: Its influence on innovative behaviour and the moderating role of proactivity, A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the master degree in educational science and technolog, specialisation in human resource development, Faculty of Behavioural Sciences, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
4. Akgündüz, Y. (2021). Örgütsel Davranış Teorileri. Ankara: Nobel.
5. Bakan, İ., Doğan F. (2012). Hizmetkar liderlik. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 2(2), 1-12.
6. Basım, H.N., & Şeşen, H. (2006). Örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı ölçeği uyarlama ve karşılaştırma çalışması. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 61(4), 83-101.
7. Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
8. Buchen, I.H. (1998). Servant leadership: A model for future faculty and future institutions. Journal of Leadership Studies, 5(1), 125-134. https://doi.org/10.1177/107.179.199800500111.

9. Cai, W., Lysova, E.I., Khapova, S.N., & Bossink, B.A. (2018). Servant leadership and innovative work behavior in Chinese high-tech firms: A moderated mediation model of meaningful work and job autonomy. Frontiers in Psychology, 9:1767. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01767.
10. Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke, W., & West, J. (2014). New frontiers in open innovation. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/978.019.9682461.001.0001.
11. Çalışkan, A., Akkoç, İ., & Turunç, Ö. (2019). Yenilikçi davranış: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 94-111. https://doi.org/10.29131/uiibd.562196.
12. Çapraz, B., Ünnü, N., vd. (2014). Çalışanlar perspektifinden inovatif iş davranışının belirleyicileri: İzmir ilindeki öncelikli sektörlere ilişkin bir araştırma. Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Yönetimi Dergisi, 3(1), 49-72.
13. Çetin M., Yeşilbağ Y., & Akdağ, B. (2003). Öğretmenlerin örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı. M.Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 17, 39-54.
14. De Jong J.P.J., & Den Hartog, D.N. (2010). Measuring innovative work behavior. Creativity and Innovation Management 19(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2010.00547.x.
15. De Jong J.P.J. (2007). Individual innovation, The connection between leadership and employees. Innovative Work Behavior, Academisch Proefschrift.
16. De Jong, J.P.J., & Den Hartog, D. (2007). How leaders influence employees innovative behaviour. European Journal of Innovation Management, 10(1), 41-64. https://doi.org/10.1108/146.010.60710720546.
17. De Jong, J.P.J., & Vermeulen, P.A.M. (2005). Innovation in research and education: What do our students learn?). Tijdschrift Voor Hoger Onderwijs, 43(1), 17-43.
18. Dinçer, M., & Öksüz, B. (2011). Hizmetkâr liderlik anlayışı ile örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı geliştirmek. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi “Akademia”, 2(2), 2-18.
19. Dorenbosch L., Van Engen M. L., & Verhagen M. (2005). On-the-job innovation: The impact of job design and human resource management through production ownership. Creativity and Innovation Management, 14(2), 129-141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-8691.2005.00333.x.
20. Elche, D., Ruiz-Palomino, P., & Linuesa-Langreo, J. (2020). Servant leadership and organizational citizenship behavior the mediating effect of empathy and service climate. Nternational Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(6), 2035-2053. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-05-2019-0501.
21. Erkmen, T. (2019). Yönetim ve Davranış. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
22. Fındıkçı, İ. (2010). İnsani kriz ve hizmetkâr liderlik. Sağlıkta Nabız Aktüel ve Sosyal Tıp Dergisi. http://www. sagliktanabiz.com/index.php?option. (Erişim Tarihi: 07.10. 2023).
23. Fındıkçı, İ. (2009). Bir Gönül Yolculuğu: Hizmetkar Liderlik. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
24. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002.224.37810 1800104 https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312.
25. Greenleaf, R.K. (1977). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness, Paulist Press, www.greenleaf.org (Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2023)
26. Gül, İ., Gedik, Ö., Canbaz, M., & Saraçlı, S. (2023). Hizmetkar liderlik ve yenilikçi davranış arasındaki ilişkide çalışan sadakatinin aracı rolünün pls-sem ile incelenmesi. Nicel Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 29-50. https://doi. org/10.51541/nicel.1139405.
27. Hackman, J.R., & Oldham, G.R. (1980). Work Redesign, Reading, MA: AddisonWesle.
28. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: global perspective. Pearson Education, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
29. Hayes, A.F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach. USA: Guilford Publications.
30. Irving, J., & Mcintosh, T. (2010). Investigating the value of and hindrances to servant leadership in the latin american context: ınitial findings from peruvian leaders. Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies, 2, 1-16.
31. İmamoğlu, S.Z., & Türkcan, H., Birgülen, Ö. (2022). Örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı, açık inovasyon ve firma performansı ilişkisi. International Review of Economics and Management, 10(1), 18-37. https://doi. org/10.18825/iremjournal.1061261.
32. Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort-reward fairness and ınnovative work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 287-302. https://doi.org/10.1348/096.317.900167038.
33. Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
34. Khaola, P. P., and Sephelane, R. (2013). Leadership, organisational citizenship and innovative work behaviours in Lesotho: Exploratory evidence. Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa, 4(2), 46-58.
35. Kılıç, K.C., & Aydın, Y. (2016). Hizmetkâr liderlik ölçeğinin türkçe uyarlaması: güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 18(30), 106-113.
36. King N., & Anderson, N. (2002). Managing innovation and change: a critical guide for organizations, London: Thomson.
37. Krause, D.E. (2004). Influence-based leadership as a determinant of the inclination to innovate and innovation- related behaviors: an empirical investigation. Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 79-102. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.006.
38. Liden, R.C., Wayne, S.J., Zhao, H., & Henderson, D., (2008). Servant leadership: development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. Leadership Quarterly, 19(2), 161-177. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.01.006.
39. Newman, A., Schwarz, G., Cooper, B., & Sendjaya, S. (2017). How servant leadership influences organizational citizenship behavior: The roles of LMX, empowerment, and proactive personality. Journal of Business Ethics, 145(1), 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551.015.2827-6.
40. Organ, D., Podsakoff, P.M., & MacKenzie, S.B. (2006). Organizational citizenship behaviour: ıts nature, antecedents and consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/978.145.2231082.
41. Örnek, A.Ş., Pazarcık, Y. Eroğlu, U., & Şamdan, A.İ. (2023). Hizmetkâr liderlik ile örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı arasındaki ilişkide kültürün aracı rolü. Troyacademy-International Journal of Social Sciences, 8(1), 70- 100. https://doi.org/10.31454/troyacademy.1204396.
42. Page, D., & Wong, T.P. (2000). A Conceptual framework for measuring servant leadership. In Adjibolosoo, S. (Ed.), The Human Factor in Shaping the Course of History and Development, University Pres of America, Lanham, MD.
43. Patterson, K. (2003). Servant leadership: a theoretical model. proceedings of the servant leadership roundtable. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
44. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKensie, S.B., Paine, J., & Bachrach, D. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: a critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26, 513-563. https://doi.org/10.1177/014.920.630002600307.
45. Ramamoorthy, N., Flood, P. C., Slattery, T., & Sardessai, R. (2005). Determinants of innovative work behaviour: development and test of an integrated model. Creativity & Innovation Management, 14(2), 142-150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2005.00334.x.
46. Rasheed, A., Lodhi, R. N., & Habiba, U. (2016). An empirical study of the impact of servant leadership on employee innovative work behavior with the mediating effect of work engagement: Evidence from banking sector of Pakistan. Global Management Journal for Academic & Corporate Studies, 6(2), 177- 190.
47. Scott, S.G., & Bruce R.A. (1994).Determinants of innovative behaviour: a path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 580607. https://doi.org/10.2307/256701.
48. Smith, C., Organ, D., & Near, J. (1983). Organizational citizenship behaviour: its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653-663. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.68.4.653.
49. Spears, L.C. (2004). Practing servant-leadership. Leader to Leader, 34, 7-11. https://apscomunicacioenpublic. files.wordpress.com/2012/12/larry-spears-practicing-servant-leadership.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12. 2023) https://doi.org/10.1002/ltl.94.
50. Sürücü, L., Şeşen, H., & Maslakçı, A. (2023). Regression, mediation/moderation, and structural equation modeling with spss, amos and process macro. Lyon: Livre de Lyon.
51. Sürücü, L., & Maslakçı, A. (2020). Validity and reliability in quantitative research. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(3), 2694-2726. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i3.1540.
52. Tabachnik, B. G., & Fidell, S. L. (2013). Multicollinearity and singularity. using multivariate statistics. Boston: Pearson Education Inc.
53. Toramış Ü., & Bülbül M. (2023). Yükseköğretim yurt yöneticilerinin gösterdiği hizmetkar liderlik davranışlarıyla öğrencilerin yurt hizmetlerinden memnuniyetleri arasındaki ilişki. Medeniyet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 66-82.
54. Van Dyne, L., Cummings, L.L., & Parks, J.M. (1995). Extra-role behaviors: In pursuit of construct and definitional clarity (a bridge over muddied waters). Research in Organizational Behavior: An Annual Series of Analytical Essays and Critical Reviews, 17, 215-285.
55. Vey, M.A., & Campbell, J.P. (2004). In-role or extra-role organization all citizenship behavior: which are we measuring? Human Performance, 17(1), 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327043HUP1701_6.
56. Walumbwa, F.O., Hartnell, C.A., & Oke, A. (2010). Servant leadership, procedural justice climate, service climate, employee attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior: A cross-level investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(3), 517-529. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018867.
57. West, M.A. (2002). Sparkling fountains or stagnant ponds: an ıntegrative model of creativity and ınnovation ımplementation in work groups. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51, 355-387. https://doi. org/10.1111/1464-0597.00951.
58. Williams, S., & Shiaw, W.T. (1999). Mood and organizational citizenship behavior: the effects of positive affect on employee ocb ıntentions. The Journal of Psychology, 133(6), 656 – 668. https://doi.org/10.1080/002. 239.89909599771.
59. Winston, B. (2003). Extending patterson’s servant leadership model: explaining how leaders and followers ınteract in a circular model. In B. Winston (Ed.), Proceedings of the Servant Leadership Roundtable at Regent University.
60. Yukl, G.A. (2013). Leadership in organizations. (8th Ed.), Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River.