A Research on the Relationship Between Job Crafting, Psychological Empowerment and Turnover Intention

Öz

This study aims to investigate the relationship between psychological empowerment perception, employee turnover intention, and job crafting behavior which is composed of task crafting, cognitive crafting, and relational crafting. By examining 238 public and private sector employees in Turkey and using structural equation modeling analysis, the results of this study empirically show that (1) psychological empowerment is positively related to task crafting, cognitive crafting and relational crafting behaviors, (2) cognitive crafting behavior is negatively related to employee turnover intention while other crafting behaviors have not any significant relation with employee turnover intention, and (3) surprisingly there is not any significant relationship between psychological empowerment and employee turnover intention. Based on the results, the conclusion can be drawn that employees who are psychologically empowered develop crafting behaviors more than others, also, employees cognitively crafting their jobs have increased the possibility to stay in their jobs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Job Crafting,Psychological Empowerment,Turnover Intention,Proactive Behavior,Theory of Job Design

İş Şekillendirme Davranışı, Psikolojik Güçlendirme ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma

Öz

Bu araştırma, iş şekillendirme davranışlarını oluşturan görev şekillendirme, bilişsel şekillendirme ve ilişkisel şekillendirme davranışları ile psikolojik güçlendirme algısı ve işten ayrılma niyeti arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesini amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında Türkiye’de kamu ve özel sektörde görev yapan 238 çalışanın verileri yapısal eşitlik modeli analizi kullanılarak incelenmiş ve elde edilen sonuçlar (1) psikolojik güçlendirme ile görev şekillendirme, bilişsel şekillendirme ve ilişkisel şekillendirme davranışları arasında pozitif bir ilişki bulunduğunu, (2) bilişsel şekillendirme davranışı ile işten ayrılma niyeti arasında negatif bir ilişkinin tespit edildiğini, ancak diğer iş şekillendirme davranışları ile işten ayrılma niyeti arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmadığını, ve (3) şaşırtıcı bir biçimde psikolojik güçlendirme ile işten ayrılma niyeti arasında anlamlı bir ilişkinin bulunmadığını ampirik olarak göstermektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlara dayanarak, psikolojik olarak güçlendirilen çalışanların diğerlerine göre daha fazla iş şekillendirme davranışı geliştirdikleri, ayrıca bilişsel olarak işlerini şekillendiren çalışanların ise işlerinde kalma ihtimallerinin daha yüksek olduğuna ulaşılabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İş Şekillendirme,Psikolojik Güçlendirme,İşten Ayrılma Niyeti,Proaktif Davranış,İş Dizaynı Teorisi

Kaynakça

1. Andela, Marie, and Margot van der Doef. 2019. “A Comprehensive Assessment of the Person-Environment Fit Dimensions and Their Relationships With Work-Related Outcomes.” Journal of Career Development 46 (5): 567–82.
2. Bagozzi, Richard P., and Youjae Yi. 1988. “On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 16 (1): 74–94.
3. Bakker, Arnold B., and Evangelia Demerouti. 2017. “Job Demands-Resources Theory: Taking Stock and Looking Forward.” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 22 (3): 273–85.
4. Bakker, Arnold B., Maria Tims, and Daantje Derks. 2012. “Proactive Personality and Job Performance: The Role of Job Crafting and Work Engagement.” Human Relations 65 (10): 1359–78.
5. Beer, Leon T de, Maria Tims, and Arnold B Bakker. 2016. “Job Crafting and Its Impact on Work Engagement and Job Satisfaction in Mining and Manufacturing.” South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 19 (3): 400–412.
6. Berg, Justin M., Amy Wrzesniewski, and Jane E. Dutton. 2010. “Perceiving and Responding to Challenges in Job Crafting at Different Ranks: When Proactivity Requires Adaptivity.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 30 (31, 2010): 158–86.
7. Bipp, Tanja, and Evangelia Demerouti. 2015. “Which Employees Craft Their Jobs and How? Basic Dimensions of Personality and Employees’ Job Crafting Behaviour.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 88 (4): 631–55.
8. Bruning, Patrick F., and Michael A. Campion. 2018. “A Role-Resource Approach-Avoidance Model of Job Crafting: A Multimethod Integration and Extension of Job Crafting Theory.” Academy of Management Journal 61 (2): 499–522.

9. Conger, J. A., and R. N. Kanungo. 1988. “The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice.” Academy of Management Review 13 (3): 471–82.
10. Cotton, John L, and Jeffrey M Tuttle. 1986. “Employee Turnover : A Meta-Analysis and Review with Implications for Research.” Academy of Management 11 (1): 55–70.
11. Demerouti, Evangelia. 2014. “Design Your Own Job through Job Crafting.” European Psychologist 19 (4): 237–43.
12. Demerouti, Evangelia, Arnold B. Bakker, and Josette M.P. Gevers. 2015. “Job Crafting and Extra-Role Behavior: The Role of Work Engagement and Flourishing.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 91: 87–96.
13. Demerouti, Evangelia, Friedhelm Nachreiner, Arnold B. Bakker, and Wilmar B. Schaufeli. 2001. “The Job Demands-Resources Model of Burnout.” Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (3): 499–512.
14. Dominguez, Luis Carlos, Laurents Stassen, Willem de Grave, Alvaro Sanabria, Edgar Alfonso, and Diana Dolmans. 2018. “Taking Control: Is Job Crafting Related to the Intention to Leave Surgical Training?” PloS One 13 (6): e0197276.
15. Esteves, Tiago, and Miguel Pereira Lopes. 2017. “Crafting a Calling: The Mediating Role of Calling Between Challenging Job Demands and Turnover Intention.” Journal of Career Development 44 (1): 34–48.
16. Fornell, Claes, and David F. Larcker. 1981. “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error.” Journal of Marketing Research 18 (1): 39.
17. Gagné, Marylène, and Edward L Deci. 2005. “Self‐determination Theory and Work Motivation.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 26 (4): 331–62.
18. Grant, Adam M., and Susan J. Ashford. 2008. “The Dynamics of Proactivity at Work.” Research in Organizational Behavior 28: 3–34.
19. Griffeth, Rodger W., Peter W. Hom, and Stefan Gaertner. 2000. “A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents and Correlates of Employee Turnover: Update, Moderator Tests, and Research Implications for the next Millennium.” Journal of Management 26 (3): 463–88.
20. Hackman, J Richard, and Greg R Oldham. 1976. “Motivation through the Design of Work: Test of a Theory.” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 16 (2): 250–79.
21. Islam, Talat, Munawar M. Khan, and Hussain F. Bukhari. 2015. “The Role of Organizational Learning Culture and Psychological Empowerment in Reducing Turnover Intention and Enhancing Citizenship Behavior.” The Learning Organization 23 (2/3): 156–69.
22. Kanten, Pelin. 2014. “The Antecedents of Job Crafting: Perceived Organizational Support, Job Characteristics and Self Efficacy.” European Journal of Business and Social Sciences 3 (5): 113–28.
23. Kim, Haemi, Jinyoung Im, and Hailin Qu. 2018. “Exploring Antecedents and Consequences of Job Crafting.” International Journal of Hospitality Management 75 (February): 18–26.
24. Kim, Minseo, and Terry A. Beehr. 2018. “Can Empowering Leaders Affect Subordinates’ Well-Being and Careers Because They Encourage Subordinates’ Job Crafting Behaviors?” Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 25 (2): 184–96.
25. Kim, Sun Young, and Sergio Fernandez. 2017. “Employee Empowerment and Turnover Intention in the U.S. Federal Bureaucracy.” American Review of Public Administration 47 (1): 4–22.
26. Klerk, Sonja de, and Marius W. Stander. 2014. “Leadership Empowerment Behaviour, Work Engagement and Turnover Intention: The Role of Psychological Empowerment.” Journal of Positive Management 5 (3): 28.
27. Kraimer, Maria L., Scott E. Seibert, and Robert C. Liden. 1999. “Psychological Empowerment as a Multidimensional Construct: A Test of Construct Validity.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 59 (1): 127–42.
28. Leana, Carrie, Eileen Appelbaum, and Iryna Shevchuk. 2009. “Work Process and Quality of Care in Early Childhood Education: The Role of Job Crafting.” Academy of Management Journal 52 (6): 1169–92.
29. Meyer, John P., and Robert P. Tett. 1993. “Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Turnover Intention, and Turnover: Path Analyses Based on Meta-Analytical Findings.” Personnel Psychology 46: 259–93.
30. Niessen, Cornelia, Daniela Weseler, and Petya Kostova. 2016. “When and Why Do Individuals Craft Their Jobs? The Role of Individual Motivation and Work Characteristics for Job Crafting.” Human Relations 69 (6): 1287–1313.
31. Oldham, Greg R., and Richard J. Hackman. 2010. “Not What It Was and Not What It Will Be: The Future of Job Design Research.” Journal of Organizational Behavior.
32. Parker, Sharon K., Uta K. Bindl, and Karoline Strauss. 2010. “Making Things Happen: A Model of Proactive Motivation.” Journal of Management 36 (4): 827–56.
33. Petrou, Paraskevas, Evangelia Demerouti, and Wilmar B Schaufeli. 2015. “Job Crafting in Changing Organizations: Antecedents and Implications for Exhaustion and Performance.” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 20 (4): 470.
34. Rofcanin, Yasin, Aykut Berber, Stefan Koch, and Levent Sevinc. 2016. “Job Crafting and I-Deals: A Study Testing the Nomological Network of Proactive Behaviors.” International Journal of Human Resource Management 27 (22): 2695–2726.
35. Rudolph, Cort W., Ian M. Katz, Kristi N. Lavigne, and Hannes Zacher. 2017. “Job Crafting: A Meta-Analysis of Relationships with Individual Differences, Job Characteristics, and Work Outcomes.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 102 (314): 112–38.
36. Seibert, Scott E., Gang Wang, and Stephen H. Courtright. 2011. “Antecedents and Consequences of Psychological and Team Empowerment in Organizations: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Journal of Applied Psychology 96 (5): 981–1003.
37. Seibert, Scott E, Seth R Silver, and W Alan Randolph. 2004. “Taking Empowerment to the next Level: A Multiple-Level Model of Empowerment, Performance, and Satisfaction.” The Academy of Management Journal 47 (3): 332–49.
38. Sekiguchi, Tomoki, Jie Li, and Masaki Hosomi. 2017. “Predicting Job Crafting From the Socially Embedded Perspective: The Interactive Effect of Job Autonomy, Social Skill, and Employee Status.” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 53 (4): 470–97.
39. Slemp, Gavin R., Margaret L. Kern, and Dianne A. Vella-Brodrick. 2015. “Workplace Well-Being: The Role of Job Crafting and Autonomy Support.” Psychology of Well-Being 5 (1).
40. Slemp, Gavin R., and D A Vella-Brodrick. 2013. “The Job Crafting Questionnaire: A New Scale to Measure the Extent to Which Employees Engage in Job Crafting.” International Journal of Wellbeing 3 (2): 126–46.
41. Slemp, Gavin R., and Dianne A. Vella-Brodrick. 2014. “Optimising Employee Mental Health: The Relationship Between Intrinsic Need Satisfaction, Job Crafting, and Employee Well-Being.” Journal of Happiness Studies 15 (4): 957–77.
42. Spreitzer, Gretchen M. 1995. “Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation.” Academy of Management Journal 38 (5): 1442–65.
43. Thomas, K., and B. Velthouse. 1990. “Cognitive Elements of Empowerment : An Interpretive Model of Intrinsic Task Motivation.” Academy of Management Journal 15 (4): 666–81.
44. Thun, Sylvi, and Arnold B. Bakker. 2018. “Empowering Leadership and Job Crafting: The Role of Employee Optimism.” Stress and Health 34 (4): 573–81.
45. Tims, Maria, and Arnold B. Bakker. 2010. “Job Crafting: Towards a New Model of Individual Job Redesign.” SA Journal of Industrial Psychology 36 (2): 1–9.
46. Tims, Maria, Arnold B. Bakker, and Daantje Derks. 2014. “Daily Job Crafting and the Self-Efficacy – Performance Relationship.” Journal of Managerial Psychology 29 (5): 490–507.
47. Tims, Maria, Daantje Derks, and Arnold B. Bakker. 2016. “Job Crafting and Its Relationships with Person-Job Fit and Meaningfulness: A Three-Wave Study.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 92: 44–53.
48. Vermooten, Nicola, Billy Boonzaier, and Martin Kidd. 2019. “Job Crafting, Proactive Personality and Meaningful Work: Implications for Employee Engagement and Turnover Intention.” SA Journal of Industrial Psychology 45: 1–13.
49. Wayne, Sandy J., Lynn M. Shore, and Robert C. Liden. 1997. “Perceived Organizational Support and Leader-Member Exchange: A Social Exchange Perspective.” Academy of Management Journal 40 (1): 82–111.
50. Wrzesniewski, Amy, and Jane E. Dutton. 2001. “Crafting a Job : Revisioning Employees as Active Crafters of Their Work Author.” Academy of Management 26 (2): 179–201.
51. Wrzesniewski, Amy, Nicholas Lobuglio, Jane E. Dutton, and Justin M. Berg. 2013. Job Crafting and Cultivating Positive Meaning and Identity in Work. Advances in Positive Organizational Psychology. Vol. 1. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.