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Göreli Özdeşlik Tezi Bağlamında Aristoteles’te Özdeşliğin Yeniden İncelenmesi

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1 , 192 - 223 , 29.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1816145
https://izlik.org/JA56DZ92KD

Öz

Bu makale, Aristoteles’in özdeşlik kavramına yaklaşımını yeniden değerlendirerek onun düşüncesinde çağdaş “göreli özdeşlik” anlayışının örtük biçimde bulunabileceğini ileri sürmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, Aristoteles’in özdeşlik konusundaki yorumlarının yalnızca tarihsel bir inceleme olarak değil, aynı zamanda çağdaş özdeşlik tartışmalarına felsefi bir katkı olarak yeniden okunabileceğini göstermektir. Bu açıdan çalışmanın temel iddiası, Aristoteles’in özdeşliği mutlak değil, belirli bakımlara göre değerlendirmesi nedeniyle göreli şekilde kavradığı yönündedir. Bu iddia, Aristoteles’in özdeşliği mantıksal bir ilke olarak değil, ontolojik bir ilişki olarak ele alış biçimiyle de desteklenmektedir. Bunun temel gerekçesi Aristoteles’in nesne düzeyinde ele aldığı sayısal özdeşliği bile “hangi bakımdan” sorusuna bağlı olarak tanımlamasıdır. Başka bir deyişle, Aristoteles için özdeşlik, tüm yönleriyle tam bir örtüşme değil, belirli bir bağlam veya kategoriye göre belirlenen bir bağıntıdır. Dolayısıyla, mevcut makale aracılığıyla 20. yüzyılda Peter Geach tarafından dil düzeyinde geliştirilerek sistemleştirilen göreli özdeşlik tezinin nüvelerinin Aristoteles’in özdeşlik anlayışında dolaylı ve örtük biçimde yer aldığı ileri sürülmektedir. Bu karşılaştırmalı okuma, özdeşlik tartışmalarının tarihsel sürekliliğini göstermeyi ve Aristotelesçi düşüncenin çağdaş metafizik için potansiyel katkılarını görünür kılmayı amaçlamaktadır. Dolayısıyla, Aristoteles’in özdeşlik anlayışını mutlak özdeşlik anlayışına uygun bir çerçevede yorumlamak hatalı bir okuma olacaktır. Özdeşliğin tüm özellikleri bakımından ayırt edilemez bir bağıntı biçimi olarak tanımlanarak mutlak bir biçimde formüle edilmesi ise, aslında Leibniz’in özdeşlik anlayışına özgü bir yaklaşımdır.

Kaynakça

  • Aristoteles. (2014). Fizik (çev. Saffet Babür). İstanbul: YKY.
  • Aristoteles. (2011). İkinci Çözümlemeler (çev. Ali Houshliary). İstanbul: YKY.
  • Aristoteles. (1996). Metafizik (çev. Ahmet Arslan). İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınlar.
  • Aristotle. (1991). “Topics”, in The Complete Works of Aristotle, ed. Jonathan Barnes, trans. W. A. Pickard. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Aristotle. (1933/1989). Metaphysics, Aristotle in 23 Volumes (Vols. 17–18), trans. Hugh Tredennick. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd.
  • Aristotle, Metaphysics. Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2025 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0051%3Abook%3D3%3Asection%3D999a).
  • Audi, Robert. (1999). “Identity”, in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bowin, John. (2008). “Aristotle on Identity and Persistence”, Apeiron, 63–88.
  • Broad, C. D. (1975). Leibniz, ed. C. Lewy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Charles, David. (2010). “Definition and Explanation in the Posterior Analytics and Metaphysics”, in Definition in Greek Philosophy, 286–328.
  • Geach, Peter. (1967). “Identity”, Review of Metaphysics, 21, 3–12.
  • Geach, Peter. (1972). Logic Matters. California: University of California Press; Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Geach, Peter. (1973). “Ontological Relativity and Relative Identity”, in Logic and Ontology, ed. M. K. Munitz. New York: New York University Press, 287–302.
  • Geach, Peter. (1980). Reference and Generality. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Hawthorne, John. (2005). “Identity”, in Metaphysics, eds. Michael J. Loux & Dean W. Zimmerman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 99–130.
  • Leibniz, G. W. (1989). “From the Letters to Clarke (1715–16)”, in Philosophical Essays, ed. & trans. Roger Ariew & Daniel Garber. Indianapolis & Cambridge: Hackett.
  • Leibniz, G. W. (1916). New Essays Concerning Human Understanding. La Salle: The Open Court Publishing Company.
  • Leibniz, G. W. (1973). “On the Principle of Indiscernibles (1696)”, in Philosophical Writings, ed. & trans. M. Morris. London: Dent.
  • Leibniz, G. W. (1902). Discourse on Metaphysics, Correspondence with Arnauld and Monadology, trans. George R. Montgomery. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Company.
  • Miller, Fred D. (1973). “Did Aristotle Have the Concept of Identity?”, The Philosophical Review, 82(4), 483–490.
  • Noonan, Harold & Ben Curtis. (2022). “Identity”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition), eds. Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman. Date of Access: 05.09.2025.
  • Pelletier, Francis Jeffry. (1979). “Sameness and Referential Opacity in Aristotle”, Noûs, 13(3), 283–311.
  • Ross, David. (2014). Aristoteles (çev. Ahmet Arslan). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları.
  • Quine, Willard Van Orman. (1963). “On What There Is”, in From a Logical Point of View. New York: Harper Torchbook.
  • Quine, Willard Van Orman. (1969). “Speaking of Objects”, in Ontological Relativity and Other Essays. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • White, Nicholas. (1971). “Aristotle on Sameness and Oneness”, The Philosophical Review, 80(2), 177–197.
  • White, Nicholas. (1986). “Identity, Modal Individuation, and Matter in Aristotle”, Midwest Studies in Philosophy, XI, 475–494.
  • Wiggins, David. (2001). Sameness and Substance Renewed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wiggins, David. (2012). “Identity, Individuation and Substance”, European Journal of Philosophy, 20:1, ss. 1-25.

Reconsidering Identity in Aristotle in the Context of the Theory of Relative Identity

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1 , 192 - 223 , 29.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1816145
https://izlik.org/JA56DZ92KD

Öz

This paper re-evaluates Aristotle’s conception of identity and argues that an implicit form of the contemporary notion of “relative identity” can be discerned in his thought. The aim of the study is to demonstrate that Aristotle’s reflections on identity can be read not merely as a historical inquiry but also as a philosophical contribution to current debates on identity. In this regard, the central claim of the paper is that Aristotle conceives identity as relative rather than absolute, insofar as he evaluates it with respect to certain aspects or respects. This claim is further supported by Aristotle’s treatment of identity not as a purely logical principle but as an ontological relation. The main justification for this lies in the fact that even numerical identity, as discussed by Aristotle at the level of objects, is defined in relation to the question “in what respect.” In other words, for Aristotle, identity is not a complete coincidence in all respects but a relation determined according to a specific context or category. Accordingly, this paper contends that the rudiments of the theory of relative identity—systematized in the twentieth century by Peter Geach at the linguistic level—are indirectly and implicitly present in Aristotle’s conception of identity. This comparative reading aims to reveal the historical continuity of debates on identity and to make visible the potential contributions of Aristotelian thought to contemporary metaphysics. Therefore, interpreting Aristotle’s conception of identity within the framework of absolute identity would be a mistaken reading. The definition of identity as an indistinguishable relation in all respects and its formulation as an absolute notion, in fact, belongs to Leibniz’s understanding of identity.

Kaynakça

  • Aristoteles. (2014). Fizik (çev. Saffet Babür). İstanbul: YKY.
  • Aristoteles. (2011). İkinci Çözümlemeler (çev. Ali Houshliary). İstanbul: YKY.
  • Aristoteles. (1996). Metafizik (çev. Ahmet Arslan). İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınlar.
  • Aristotle. (1991). “Topics”, in The Complete Works of Aristotle, ed. Jonathan Barnes, trans. W. A. Pickard. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Aristotle. (1933/1989). Metaphysics, Aristotle in 23 Volumes (Vols. 17–18), trans. Hugh Tredennick. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd.
  • Aristotle, Metaphysics. Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2025 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0051%3Abook%3D3%3Asection%3D999a).
  • Audi, Robert. (1999). “Identity”, in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bowin, John. (2008). “Aristotle on Identity and Persistence”, Apeiron, 63–88.
  • Broad, C. D. (1975). Leibniz, ed. C. Lewy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Charles, David. (2010). “Definition and Explanation in the Posterior Analytics and Metaphysics”, in Definition in Greek Philosophy, 286–328.
  • Geach, Peter. (1967). “Identity”, Review of Metaphysics, 21, 3–12.
  • Geach, Peter. (1972). Logic Matters. California: University of California Press; Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Geach, Peter. (1973). “Ontological Relativity and Relative Identity”, in Logic and Ontology, ed. M. K. Munitz. New York: New York University Press, 287–302.
  • Geach, Peter. (1980). Reference and Generality. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Hawthorne, John. (2005). “Identity”, in Metaphysics, eds. Michael J. Loux & Dean W. Zimmerman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 99–130.
  • Leibniz, G. W. (1989). “From the Letters to Clarke (1715–16)”, in Philosophical Essays, ed. & trans. Roger Ariew & Daniel Garber. Indianapolis & Cambridge: Hackett.
  • Leibniz, G. W. (1916). New Essays Concerning Human Understanding. La Salle: The Open Court Publishing Company.
  • Leibniz, G. W. (1973). “On the Principle of Indiscernibles (1696)”, in Philosophical Writings, ed. & trans. M. Morris. London: Dent.
  • Leibniz, G. W. (1902). Discourse on Metaphysics, Correspondence with Arnauld and Monadology, trans. George R. Montgomery. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Company.
  • Miller, Fred D. (1973). “Did Aristotle Have the Concept of Identity?”, The Philosophical Review, 82(4), 483–490.
  • Noonan, Harold & Ben Curtis. (2022). “Identity”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition), eds. Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman. Date of Access: 05.09.2025.
  • Pelletier, Francis Jeffry. (1979). “Sameness and Referential Opacity in Aristotle”, Noûs, 13(3), 283–311.
  • Ross, David. (2014). Aristoteles (çev. Ahmet Arslan). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları.
  • Quine, Willard Van Orman. (1963). “On What There Is”, in From a Logical Point of View. New York: Harper Torchbook.
  • Quine, Willard Van Orman. (1969). “Speaking of Objects”, in Ontological Relativity and Other Essays. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • White, Nicholas. (1971). “Aristotle on Sameness and Oneness”, The Philosophical Review, 80(2), 177–197.
  • White, Nicholas. (1986). “Identity, Modal Individuation, and Matter in Aristotle”, Midwest Studies in Philosophy, XI, 475–494.
  • Wiggins, David. (2001). Sameness and Substance Renewed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wiggins, David. (2012). “Identity, Individuation and Substance”, European Journal of Philosophy, 20:1, ss. 1-25.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1 , 192 - 223 , 29.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1816145
https://izlik.org/JA56DZ92KD

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aristoteles. (2014). Fizik (çev. Saffet Babür). İstanbul: YKY.
  • Aristoteles. (2011). İkinci Çözümlemeler (çev. Ali Houshliary). İstanbul: YKY.
  • Aristoteles. (1996). Metafizik (çev. Ahmet Arslan). İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınlar.
  • Aristotle. (1991). “Topics”, in The Complete Works of Aristotle, ed. Jonathan Barnes, trans. W. A. Pickard. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Aristotle. (1933/1989). Metaphysics, Aristotle in 23 Volumes (Vols. 17–18), trans. Hugh Tredennick. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd.
  • Aristotle, Metaphysics. Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2025 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0051%3Abook%3D3%3Asection%3D999a).
  • Audi, Robert. (1999). “Identity”, in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bowin, John. (2008). “Aristotle on Identity and Persistence”, Apeiron, 63–88.
  • Broad, C. D. (1975). Leibniz, ed. C. Lewy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Charles, David. (2010). “Definition and Explanation in the Posterior Analytics and Metaphysics”, in Definition in Greek Philosophy, 286–328.
  • Geach, Peter. (1967). “Identity”, Review of Metaphysics, 21, 3–12.
  • Geach, Peter. (1972). Logic Matters. California: University of California Press; Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Geach, Peter. (1973). “Ontological Relativity and Relative Identity”, in Logic and Ontology, ed. M. K. Munitz. New York: New York University Press, 287–302.
  • Geach, Peter. (1980). Reference and Generality. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Hawthorne, John. (2005). “Identity”, in Metaphysics, eds. Michael J. Loux & Dean W. Zimmerman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 99–130.
  • Leibniz, G. W. (1989). “From the Letters to Clarke (1715–16)”, in Philosophical Essays, ed. & trans. Roger Ariew & Daniel Garber. Indianapolis & Cambridge: Hackett.
  • Leibniz, G. W. (1916). New Essays Concerning Human Understanding. La Salle: The Open Court Publishing Company.
  • Leibniz, G. W. (1973). “On the Principle of Indiscernibles (1696)”, in Philosophical Writings, ed. & trans. M. Morris. London: Dent.
  • Leibniz, G. W. (1902). Discourse on Metaphysics, Correspondence with Arnauld and Monadology, trans. George R. Montgomery. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Company.
  • Miller, Fred D. (1973). “Did Aristotle Have the Concept of Identity?”, The Philosophical Review, 82(4), 483–490.
  • Noonan, Harold & Ben Curtis. (2022). “Identity”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition), eds. Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman. Date of Access: 05.09.2025.
  • Pelletier, Francis Jeffry. (1979). “Sameness and Referential Opacity in Aristotle”, Noûs, 13(3), 283–311.
  • Ross, David. (2014). Aristoteles (çev. Ahmet Arslan). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları.
  • Quine, Willard Van Orman. (1963). “On What There Is”, in From a Logical Point of View. New York: Harper Torchbook.
  • Quine, Willard Van Orman. (1969). “Speaking of Objects”, in Ontological Relativity and Other Essays. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • White, Nicholas. (1971). “Aristotle on Sameness and Oneness”, The Philosophical Review, 80(2), 177–197.
  • White, Nicholas. (1986). “Identity, Modal Individuation, and Matter in Aristotle”, Midwest Studies in Philosophy, XI, 475–494.
  • Wiggins, David. (2001). Sameness and Substance Renewed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wiggins, David. (2012). “Identity, Individuation and Substance”, European Journal of Philosophy, 20:1, ss. 1-25.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1 , 192 - 223 , 29.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1816145
https://izlik.org/JA56DZ92KD

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aristoteles. (2014). Fizik (çev. Saffet Babür). İstanbul: YKY.
  • Aristoteles. (2011). İkinci Çözümlemeler (çev. Ali Houshliary). İstanbul: YKY.
  • Aristoteles. (1996). Metafizik (çev. Ahmet Arslan). İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınlar.
  • Aristotle. (1991). “Topics”, in The Complete Works of Aristotle, ed. Jonathan Barnes, trans. W. A. Pickard. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Aristotle. (1933/1989). Metaphysics, Aristotle in 23 Volumes (Vols. 17–18), trans. Hugh Tredennick. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd.
  • Aristotle, Metaphysics. Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2025 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0051%3Abook%3D3%3Asection%3D999a).
  • Audi, Robert. (1999). “Identity”, in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bowin, John. (2008). “Aristotle on Identity and Persistence”, Apeiron, 63–88.
  • Broad, C. D. (1975). Leibniz, ed. C. Lewy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Charles, David. (2010). “Definition and Explanation in the Posterior Analytics and Metaphysics”, in Definition in Greek Philosophy, 286–328.
  • Geach, Peter. (1967). “Identity”, Review of Metaphysics, 21, 3–12.
  • Geach, Peter. (1972). Logic Matters. California: University of California Press; Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Geach, Peter. (1973). “Ontological Relativity and Relative Identity”, in Logic and Ontology, ed. M. K. Munitz. New York: New York University Press, 287–302.
  • Geach, Peter. (1980). Reference and Generality. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Hawthorne, John. (2005). “Identity”, in Metaphysics, eds. Michael J. Loux & Dean W. Zimmerman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 99–130.
  • Leibniz, G. W. (1989). “From the Letters to Clarke (1715–16)”, in Philosophical Essays, ed. & trans. Roger Ariew & Daniel Garber. Indianapolis & Cambridge: Hackett.
  • Leibniz, G. W. (1916). New Essays Concerning Human Understanding. La Salle: The Open Court Publishing Company.
  • Leibniz, G. W. (1973). “On the Principle of Indiscernibles (1696)”, in Philosophical Writings, ed. & trans. M. Morris. London: Dent.
  • Leibniz, G. W. (1902). Discourse on Metaphysics, Correspondence with Arnauld and Monadology, trans. George R. Montgomery. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Company.
  • Miller, Fred D. (1973). “Did Aristotle Have the Concept of Identity?”, The Philosophical Review, 82(4), 483–490.
  • Noonan, Harold & Ben Curtis. (2022). “Identity”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition), eds. Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman. Date of Access: 05.09.2025.
  • Pelletier, Francis Jeffry. (1979). “Sameness and Referential Opacity in Aristotle”, Noûs, 13(3), 283–311.
  • Ross, David. (2014). Aristoteles (çev. Ahmet Arslan). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları.
  • Quine, Willard Van Orman. (1963). “On What There Is”, in From a Logical Point of View. New York: Harper Torchbook.
  • Quine, Willard Van Orman. (1969). “Speaking of Objects”, in Ontological Relativity and Other Essays. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • White, Nicholas. (1971). “Aristotle on Sameness and Oneness”, The Philosophical Review, 80(2), 177–197.
  • White, Nicholas. (1986). “Identity, Modal Individuation, and Matter in Aristotle”, Midwest Studies in Philosophy, XI, 475–494.
  • Wiggins, David. (2001). Sameness and Substance Renewed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wiggins, David. (2012). “Identity, Individuation and Substance”, European Journal of Philosophy, 20:1, ss. 1-25.
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mantık, 20. Yüzyıl Felsefesi, Mantık Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Halise Avşar 0000-0002-7370-4303

Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Kasım 2025
Kabul Tarihi 13 Mart 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1816145
IZ https://izlik.org/JA56DZ92KD
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Avşar, H. (2026). Göreli Özdeşlik Tezi Bağlamında Aristoteles’te Özdeşliğin Yeniden İncelenmesi. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 25(1), 192-223. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1816145

e-ISSN: 2645-8950