Araştırma Makalesi
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YUKARI DİCLE HAVZASI NEOLİTİK DÖNEM İNSAN-HAYVAN-ÇEVRE İLİŞKİSİ: ANTROZOOLOJİK BİR BAKIŞ

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 56, 84 - 107, 27.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1179004

Öz

Yukarı Dicle Havzası’nın Neolitik yerleşimleri, tarihöncesi insan-hayvan ve çevre ilişkileri hakkında oldukça önemli veriler sunmaktadır. Havzada, günümüze kadar 10 farklı yerleşim merkezinin bazılarında tespit edilen zooarkeolojik veriler sonucunda, yaklaşık 55.046 küsur hayvan kemiği kalıntısı açığa çıkartılarak incelenmiştir. Hayvan kemiklerinin yanı sıra, dönemin çevresel koşullarının anlaşılmasını sağlayan botanik kalıntılar, sosyal organizasyonlarını gösteren konut yapıları, avcılık faktörlerine ilişkin taş alet endüstrileri ve inanç biçimlerini gösteren sembolik ürünler de bulunmaktadır. Bütün bu bulgular, Yukarı Dicle Havzası’nın Neolitik kültürü başta olmak üzere, Batı Asya’nın tarihöncesi insan-hayvan ve çevre ilişkilerinin anlaşılmasında önemli katkılar sağlayabilecek nitelikte veriler sunmaktadır. Ayrıca antrozoolojik veriler, günümüzün pastoral ve agro-pastoral toplulukların insan-hayvan ilişkilerinin gelişimi doğrultusunda, Yukarı Dicle Havzası Neolitik topluluklarının hayvanlarla olan ilişkilerine ışık tutarak, etno-zooarkeolojik bir değerlendirme yapabilmemize imkân sağlamaktadır.

Destekleyen Kurum

T.C. Iğdır Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi (BAP)

Proje Numarası

UBY0621Y20

Teşekkür

Doç. Dr. Abu B. Siddiq ve Dr. Hatice Tosyagülü Çelik’e teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Çalışmamın süresi boyunca sürekli olarak destek veren Zekeriya Akkurt, Baran İrim, Züleyha Şen arkadaşlarımı teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca tez çalışmamda beni destekleyen Iğdır Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri (BAP) Birimi’ne teşekkür ederim.

Kaynakça

  • Arbuckle, B. S., & Özkaya, V. (2006). Animal exploitation at Körtik Tepe: An early Aceramic Neolithic site in southeastern Turkey. Paléorient, 32(2), 113-136. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2006.5193
  • Arbuckle, B. S., Price, M. D., Hongo, H., & Öksüz, B. (2016). Documenting the initial appearance of domestic cattle in the Eastern Fertile Crescent (northern Iraq and western Iran). Journal of Archaeological Science, 72, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.05.008
  • Aydın, D. (2019). Boncuklu Tarla Kurtarma Kazısından Çıkarılan Hayvan Kemiklerinin Zooarkeolojik Analizi [Y.Lisans Tezi]. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Antropoloji Bilim Dalı.
  • Barbara,Lawrence. (1980). Evidences Of Animal Domestication At Çayönü. İçinde Güneydoğu Tarihöncesi Araştırmaları (s. 285). İstanbul ve Chicago Üniversiteleri Karma Proje.
  • Brochier, J.-E. (1993). Cayönü Tepesi. Domestication, Rythmes Et environnement Au PPNB. Paléorient, 19(2), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1993.4595
  • Clutton-Brock, J. (1979). The Mammalian Remains from the Jericho Tell. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 45, 135-157. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00009713
  • Çelebi, D. Z. (2014). Bismil İlçe Gelişme Raporu (s. 60) [İlçe Durum Raporları]. Karacadağ Kalkınma Ajansı.
  • Çelik, B. (2011). Karahan Tepe: A new cultural centre in the Urfa Area in Turkey. Documenta Praehistorica, 38, 241-254. https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.38.19
  • Çeli̇k, B., & Tolon, K. (2018). Şanlıurfa’dan Neolitik Dönem Tuzak Alanları. Dergi Karadeniz, 37(37), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.401311
  • Delibaş, D. (2016). Körtik Tepe İnsanlarında Gündelik Yaşam, İskelet Kas Tutunma Bölgelerinin Analizleriyle Hareket Biçiminin Belirlenmesi [Y.Lisans Tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Antropoloji Anabilim Dalı.
  • Emra, S., Benz, M., Siddiq, A. B., & Özkaya, V. (2022). Adaptions in subsistence strategy to environment changes across the Younger Dryas—Early Holocene boundary at Körtiktepe, Southeastern Turkey. The Holocene, 32(5), 390-413. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221074030
  • Erdal, Y. S. (2015). Bone or Flesh: Defleshing and Post-Depositional Treatments at Körtik Tepe (Southeastern Anatolia, PPNA Period). European Journal of Archaeology, 18(1), 4-32. https://doi.org/10.1179/1461957114Y.0000000072
  • Erim-Özdoğan, A., & Sarıaltun, S. (2018). Sumaki Höyük Batman. İçinde Batman Müzesi Ilısu Barajı Kurtarma Kazıları (ss. 55-58). Batman Müzesi Yayınları.
  • Goudarzi, V. (2015). The Functional Analysis of Clay Figurines of the Neolithic Period. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s6p172 Harem, O., & Smail, H. (2020). Evolution of human diseases. 4, 52-67. https://doi.org/10.20956/ijab.v4i1.9914
  • Helmer, D. (2017). The fauna of Tell Aswad (Damascus, Syria), early Neolithic levels. Comparison with northern and southern Levant sites. İçinde M. Mashkour, M. Beech, H.-P. Uerpmann, & F. Poplin (Ed.), Archaeozoology of the Near East 9: İn honour of Hans-Peter Uerpmann and François Poplin (ss. 23-41). Oxbow Books.
  • Helmer, D., Gourichon, L., & Stordeur, D. (2004). À l’aube de la domestication animale. Imaginaire et symbolisme animal dans les premières sociétés néolithiques du nord du Proche-Orient. Anthropozoologica, 39, 143-163.
  • Hongo, H., & Meadow, R. H. (2000). Faunal Remaıns From Prepottery Neolıthıc Levels At Çayonu, Southeastern Turkey: A Prelımınary Report Focusıng On Pıgs (Sus Sp.). Içinde Archaeozoology of the Near East IV: proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Archaeozoology of Southwestern Asia and Adjacent Areas (ss. 121-140). ARC. Hongo, H., Meadow, R. H., Öksüz, B., & İlgezdi, G. (2005). Sheep and goat remains from Çayönü Tepesi, Southeastern anatolia. Içinde H. Buitenhuis (Ed.), Archaeozoology of Southwest Asia: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on the Archaeozoology of Southwestern Asia and Adjacent Areas; ASWA VI; August 30—September 1, 2002, London (ss. 112-124). ARC.
  • Hongo, H., Pearson, J., Öksüz, B., & Ilgezdi, G. (2009). The Process of Ungulate Domestication at Çayönü, Southeastern Turkey: A Multidisciplinary Approach focusing on Bos sp. and Cervus elaphus. Anthropozoologica, 44(1), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.5252/az2009n1a3
  • İlgezdi Bertram, G. (1999). Çayönü çanak çömleksiz neolitik yerleşmesinde kızıl geyik (cervus elaphus) kemiklerinin incelenmesi [Y.Lisans Tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Prehistorya Ana Bilim Dalı.
  • Itahashi, Y., Erdal, Y. S., Tekin, H., Omar, L., Miyake, Y., Chikaraishi, Y., Ohkouchi, N., & Yoneda, M. (2019). Amino acid 15N analysis reveals change in the importance of freshwater resources between the hunter-gatherer and farmer in the Neolithic upper Tigris. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 168(4), 676-686. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23783
  • Itahashi, Y., Miyake, Y., Maeda, O., Kondo, O., Hongo, H., Van Neer, W., Chikaraishi, Y., Ohkouchi, N., & Yoneda, M. (2017). Preference for fish in a Neolithic hunter-gatherer community of the upper Tigris, elucidated by amino acid δ15N analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science, 82, 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2017.05.001 Kabukcu, C., Asouti, E., Pöllath, N., Peters, J., & Karul, N. (2021). Pathways to plant domestication in Southeast Anatolia based on new data from aceramic Neolithic Gusir Höyük. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 2112.
  • Kartal, M., Kartal, G., Coşkun, A., Carter, T., Şahin, F., & Özkaya, V. (2018). Chipped stone assemblages of Körtik Tepe (Turkey). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 19, 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.02.017
  • Karul, N. (2011). Gusir Höyük. İçinde N. Başgelen, M. Ozdoğan, & P. I. Kuniholm (Ed.), The Neolithic in Turkey: New excavations & new research (3rd ed., ss. 1-17). Archaeology & Art Publications.
  • Kodaş, E., Erdoğan, N., & Çiftçi, Y. (2019). Boncuklu Tarla’da Tespit Edilen Orta PPNN Dönem Yongalama Atölyesi Üzerine İlk Gözlemler. 21.
  • Kodaş, E., Yelözer, S., Çiftçi, Y., & Baysal, E. L. (2022). Symbolism in action: Techno-typology, function, and human-artefact dynamics in figured/non-figured bone plaques from Pre-Pottery Neolithic Boncuklu Tarla, Turkey. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 65, 101393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2022.101393
  • Lang, C., Peters, J., Pöllath, N., Schmidt, K., & Grupe, G. (2013). Gazelle behaviour and human presence at early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, south-east Anatolia. World Archaeology, 45(3), 410-429. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2013.820648
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  • Özkaya, V., & Siddiq, A. B. (2021). Scorpion imagery at early Pre-Pottery Neolithic Körtiktepe. Academia Letters. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL686
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  • Peters, J., & Schmidt, K. (2004). Animals in the symbolic world of Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey: A preliminary assessment. Anthropozoologica. 1(39), 179-218.
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UPPER TIGRIS BASIN NEOLITHIC PERIOD HUMAN-ANIMAL-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIP: AN ANTROZOOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE.

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 56, 84 - 107, 27.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1179004

Öz

The Neolithic settlements of the Upper Tigris Basin provide very important data on prehistoric human-animal and environmental relations. As a result of the zooarchaeological data determined in some of 10 different settlements in the basin, approximately 55.046 animal bone remains were unearthed and investigated. In addition to animal bones, there are also botanical remains that provide an understanding of the environmental conditions of the period, housing structures showing their social organizations, stone tool industries related to the hunting factors and symbolic products showing the forms of belief. All findings provide data that can contribute significantly to the understanding of the prehistoric human-animal and environmental relations of Western Asia, especially the Neolithic Culture of the Upper Tigris Basin. In addition, Anthrozoological data enable us to make an ethno-zooarchaeological assessment by shedding light on the relations of Neolithic communities with animals in the Upper Tigris Basin, in line with the development of human-animal relations of today's pastoral and agro-pastoral communities.

Proje Numarası

UBY0621Y20

Kaynakça

  • Arbuckle, B. S., & Özkaya, V. (2006). Animal exploitation at Körtik Tepe: An early Aceramic Neolithic site in southeastern Turkey. Paléorient, 32(2), 113-136. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2006.5193
  • Arbuckle, B. S., Price, M. D., Hongo, H., & Öksüz, B. (2016). Documenting the initial appearance of domestic cattle in the Eastern Fertile Crescent (northern Iraq and western Iran). Journal of Archaeological Science, 72, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.05.008
  • Aydın, D. (2019). Boncuklu Tarla Kurtarma Kazısından Çıkarılan Hayvan Kemiklerinin Zooarkeolojik Analizi [Y.Lisans Tezi]. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Antropoloji Bilim Dalı.
  • Barbara,Lawrence. (1980). Evidences Of Animal Domestication At Çayönü. İçinde Güneydoğu Tarihöncesi Araştırmaları (s. 285). İstanbul ve Chicago Üniversiteleri Karma Proje.
  • Brochier, J.-E. (1993). Cayönü Tepesi. Domestication, Rythmes Et environnement Au PPNB. Paléorient, 19(2), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1993.4595
  • Clutton-Brock, J. (1979). The Mammalian Remains from the Jericho Tell. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 45, 135-157. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00009713
  • Çelebi, D. Z. (2014). Bismil İlçe Gelişme Raporu (s. 60) [İlçe Durum Raporları]. Karacadağ Kalkınma Ajansı.
  • Çelik, B. (2011). Karahan Tepe: A new cultural centre in the Urfa Area in Turkey. Documenta Praehistorica, 38, 241-254. https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.38.19
  • Çeli̇k, B., & Tolon, K. (2018). Şanlıurfa’dan Neolitik Dönem Tuzak Alanları. Dergi Karadeniz, 37(37), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.401311
  • Delibaş, D. (2016). Körtik Tepe İnsanlarında Gündelik Yaşam, İskelet Kas Tutunma Bölgelerinin Analizleriyle Hareket Biçiminin Belirlenmesi [Y.Lisans Tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Antropoloji Anabilim Dalı.
  • Emra, S., Benz, M., Siddiq, A. B., & Özkaya, V. (2022). Adaptions in subsistence strategy to environment changes across the Younger Dryas—Early Holocene boundary at Körtiktepe, Southeastern Turkey. The Holocene, 32(5), 390-413. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221074030
  • Erdal, Y. S. (2015). Bone or Flesh: Defleshing and Post-Depositional Treatments at Körtik Tepe (Southeastern Anatolia, PPNA Period). European Journal of Archaeology, 18(1), 4-32. https://doi.org/10.1179/1461957114Y.0000000072
  • Erim-Özdoğan, A., & Sarıaltun, S. (2018). Sumaki Höyük Batman. İçinde Batman Müzesi Ilısu Barajı Kurtarma Kazıları (ss. 55-58). Batman Müzesi Yayınları.
  • Goudarzi, V. (2015). The Functional Analysis of Clay Figurines of the Neolithic Period. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s6p172 Harem, O., & Smail, H. (2020). Evolution of human diseases. 4, 52-67. https://doi.org/10.20956/ijab.v4i1.9914
  • Helmer, D. (2017). The fauna of Tell Aswad (Damascus, Syria), early Neolithic levels. Comparison with northern and southern Levant sites. İçinde M. Mashkour, M. Beech, H.-P. Uerpmann, & F. Poplin (Ed.), Archaeozoology of the Near East 9: İn honour of Hans-Peter Uerpmann and François Poplin (ss. 23-41). Oxbow Books.
  • Helmer, D., Gourichon, L., & Stordeur, D. (2004). À l’aube de la domestication animale. Imaginaire et symbolisme animal dans les premières sociétés néolithiques du nord du Proche-Orient. Anthropozoologica, 39, 143-163.
  • Hongo, H., & Meadow, R. H. (2000). Faunal Remaıns From Prepottery Neolıthıc Levels At Çayonu, Southeastern Turkey: A Prelımınary Report Focusıng On Pıgs (Sus Sp.). Içinde Archaeozoology of the Near East IV: proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Archaeozoology of Southwestern Asia and Adjacent Areas (ss. 121-140). ARC. Hongo, H., Meadow, R. H., Öksüz, B., & İlgezdi, G. (2005). Sheep and goat remains from Çayönü Tepesi, Southeastern anatolia. Içinde H. Buitenhuis (Ed.), Archaeozoology of Southwest Asia: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on the Archaeozoology of Southwestern Asia and Adjacent Areas; ASWA VI; August 30—September 1, 2002, London (ss. 112-124). ARC.
  • Hongo, H., Pearson, J., Öksüz, B., & Ilgezdi, G. (2009). The Process of Ungulate Domestication at Çayönü, Southeastern Turkey: A Multidisciplinary Approach focusing on Bos sp. and Cervus elaphus. Anthropozoologica, 44(1), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.5252/az2009n1a3
  • İlgezdi Bertram, G. (1999). Çayönü çanak çömleksiz neolitik yerleşmesinde kızıl geyik (cervus elaphus) kemiklerinin incelenmesi [Y.Lisans Tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Prehistorya Ana Bilim Dalı.
  • Itahashi, Y., Erdal, Y. S., Tekin, H., Omar, L., Miyake, Y., Chikaraishi, Y., Ohkouchi, N., & Yoneda, M. (2019). Amino acid 15N analysis reveals change in the importance of freshwater resources between the hunter-gatherer and farmer in the Neolithic upper Tigris. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 168(4), 676-686. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23783
  • Itahashi, Y., Miyake, Y., Maeda, O., Kondo, O., Hongo, H., Van Neer, W., Chikaraishi, Y., Ohkouchi, N., & Yoneda, M. (2017). Preference for fish in a Neolithic hunter-gatherer community of the upper Tigris, elucidated by amino acid δ15N analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science, 82, 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2017.05.001 Kabukcu, C., Asouti, E., Pöllath, N., Peters, J., & Karul, N. (2021). Pathways to plant domestication in Southeast Anatolia based on new data from aceramic Neolithic Gusir Höyük. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 2112.
  • Kartal, M., Kartal, G., Coşkun, A., Carter, T., Şahin, F., & Özkaya, V. (2018). Chipped stone assemblages of Körtik Tepe (Turkey). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 19, 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.02.017
  • Karul, N. (2011). Gusir Höyük. İçinde N. Başgelen, M. Ozdoğan, & P. I. Kuniholm (Ed.), The Neolithic in Turkey: New excavations & new research (3rd ed., ss. 1-17). Archaeology & Art Publications.
  • Kodaş, E., Erdoğan, N., & Çiftçi, Y. (2019). Boncuklu Tarla’da Tespit Edilen Orta PPNN Dönem Yongalama Atölyesi Üzerine İlk Gözlemler. 21.
  • Kodaş, E., Yelözer, S., Çiftçi, Y., & Baysal, E. L. (2022). Symbolism in action: Techno-typology, function, and human-artefact dynamics in figured/non-figured bone plaques from Pre-Pottery Neolithic Boncuklu Tarla, Turkey. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 65, 101393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2022.101393
  • Lang, C., Peters, J., Pöllath, N., Schmidt, K., & Grupe, G. (2013). Gazelle behaviour and human presence at early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, south-east Anatolia. World Archaeology, 45(3), 410-429. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2013.820648
  • Miyake, Y. (2013). Hasankeyf Höyük/Batman. Atlas, Mart, 96-97.
  • Miyake, Y., Maeda, O., Tanno, K., Hongo, H., & Gündem, C. (2012). New excavations at Hasankeyf Höyük: A tenth millennium cal. BC site on the Upper Tigris, southeast Anatolia. Neo-Lithics, 12, 3-7.
  • Miyake, Y., Maeda, O., Tao, M., Hongo, H., Tanno, K., & Yoshida, K. (2009). Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Salat Camii Yanı in Southeast Anatolia: 2004-2008 Season. Tsukuba Archaeological Studies (in Japanese), 20, 75-112.
  • Morales, V. B. (1983). Jarmo Figurines And Clay Objects. İçinde L. S. Braidwood & University of Chicago (Ed.), Prehistoric archeology along the Zagros Flanks (ss. 369-427). Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Omar, L. (2013). Assessing the Patterns of Subsistence Strategies in Late Neolithic settlements in the Northern Mesopotamian region. Archaeological Review from Cambridge, 28, 14-31.
  • Özbek, M. (2003). Çayönü’nde İnsan. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Özdoğan, E. (2007). Çayönü. İçinde Türkiye’de Neolitik Dönem (ss. 57-97). Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Özkaya, V., Coşkun, A., & Soyukaya, N. (2013). Körtik tepe: Uygarlığın Diyarbakır’daki ilk adımları. Diyarbakır Valiliği.
  • Özkaya, V., & Çoşkun, A. (2011). Körtik Tepe. İçinde M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, & P. Kuniholm (Ed.), The Neolithic İn Turkey, New Excataions & New Research: The Tigris Basin (ss. 89-27). Archaeology & Art Publications.
  • Özkaya, V., Çoşkun, A., Benz, M., Erdal, Y. S., Atıcı, L., & Şahin, F. S. (2011). Körtik Tepe 2010 Yılı Kazısı. İçinde 33. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (C. 1, ss. 315-339). T.C. Kültür Turizm Bakanlığı Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Özkaya, V., & Siddiq, A. B. (2021). Scorpion imagery at early Pre-Pottery Neolithic Körtiktepe. Academia Letters. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL686
  • Pearson, J., Grove, M., Özbek, M., & Hongo, H. (2013). Food and social complexity at Çayönü Tepesi, southeastern Anatolia: Stable isotope evidence of differentiation in diet according to burial practice and sex in the early Neolithic. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 32(2), 180-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2013.01.002
  • Peters, J., & Schmidt, K. (2004). Animals in the symbolic world of Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey: A preliminary assessment. Anthropozoologica. 1(39), 179-218.
  • Pöllath, N., Dietrich, O., Notroff, J., Clare, L., Dietrich, L., Köksal-Schmidt, Ç., Schmidt, K., & Peters, J. (2018). Almost a chest hit: An aurochs humerus with hunting lesion from Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey, and its implications. Quaternary International, 495, 30-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.003
  • Rosenberg, M. (2011a). Demirköy. İçinde N. Başgelen, M. Ozdoğan, & P. I. Kuniholm (Ed.), The Neolithic in Turkey: New excavations & new research (3rd ed., ss. 79-87). Archaeology & Art Publications.
  • Rosenberg, M. (2011b). Hallan Çemi. İçinde N. Başgelen, M. Ozdoğan, & P. I. Kuniholm (Ed.), The Neolithic in Turkey: New excavations & new research (3rd ed., ss. 61-79). Archaeology & Art Publications.
  • Saña Seguí, M. (1999). Arqueología de la domesticación animal: La gestión de los recursos animales en Tell Halula (Valle del Éufrates-Siria) del 8.800 al 7.000 BP. Universidad Aut??noma de Barcelona.
  • Sanılan, Ö. (2019). Sumaki Höyük Neolitik Dönem Kemik Alet Topluluğu [Y.Lisans Tezi]. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı.
  • Siddiq, A. B., Şahin, F. D., & Özkaya, V. (2021). Local trend of symbolism at the dawn of the Neolithic: The painted bone plaquettes from PPNA Körtiktepe, Southeast Turkey. Archaeological Research in Asia, 26, 100280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2021.100280
  • Siddiq, A. B., & Şanlı, S. (2020). Animals and Pastoral Groups in the Mountainous Ömerli District of Southeast Anatolia. Anthrozoös, 33(2), 153-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2020.1719754
  • Starkovich, B. M., & Stiner, M. C. (2009). Hallan Çemi Tepesi: High-ranked Game Exploitation alongside Intensive Seed Processing at the Epipaleolithic-Neolithic Transition in Southeastern Turkey. Anthropozoologica, 44(1), 41-61. https://doi.org/10.5252/az2009n1a2
  • Şanlı, S., & Siddiq, A. B. (2018). Güneydoğu Anadolu’nun Kızıltepe’deki Agro-Pastoral Topluluklar Üzerine Bir Antrozoolojik İnceleme. İnsan ve İnsan Dergisi, 121-138. https://doi.org/10.29224/insanveinsan.378568
  • Twiss, K. C., & Rusell, N. (2009). Taking the Bull by the Horns: Ideology, Masculinity, and Cattle Horns at Çatalhöyük (Turkey). Paléorient, 35(2), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2009.5296
  • van Berg, P.-L., Vander Linden, M., Picalause, V., Lemaitre, S., & Cauwe, N. (2004). Desert-kites of the Hemma Plateau (Hassake, Syria). Paléorient, 30(1), 89-99.
  • Yartah, T. (2004). Tell ’Abr 3, un village du néolithique précéramique (PPNA) sur le Moyen Euphrate. Première approche. Paléorient, 30(2), 141-158. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2004.1017
  • Zeder, M., & Spitzer, M. (2016). New insights into broad spectrum communities of the Early Holocene Near East: The birds of Hallan Çemi. Quaternary Science Reviews, 151, 140-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.08.024
  • Zeist, W. van, & de Roller, G. J. (1992). The plant husbandry of aceramic Çayönü, SE Turkey.

ОТНОШЕНИЯ ЧЕЛОВЕКА, ЖИВОТНЫХ И ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ В БАССЕЙНЕ ВЕРХНЕГО ТИГРА В ПЕРИОД НЕОЛИТА: АНТРОЗООЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 56, 84 - 107, 27.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1179004

Öz

Неолитические поселения в бассейне Верхнего Тигра, доисторические отношения человека и животных и окружающей среды предоставляют очень важные данные из прошлого в настоящее. Зооархеологические исследования проводились в бассейне Верхнего Тигра с 1980-х годов по настоящее время, в разное время и с разными целями. Среди них поселения Кёртиктепе, Халлан Чеми, Гусир Хёюк, Хасанкейф Хёюк, Демиркёй, Чемка Хёюк и Бончуклу Тарла периода докерамического неолита (PPN), а поселения Чайёню периода гончарного неолита (PN), Салат Джамии Яны, Хакеми Усе, Сумак Хёюк и Керкушти Хёюк. Остатки фауны, зооархеологические исследования которые проводились в этих неолитических поселениях, составляют примерно 55 046 образцов. В дополнение к фаунистическим остаткам есть микро и макроботанические остатки, которые дают представление об условиях окружающей среды периода; жилищные постройки, показывающие их социальную организацию, индустрии каменных орудий, связанные с факторами охоты и символические продукты, показывающие формы верования и питания. Фауна, флора, архитектура, гробницы, символика и остатки каменных орудий, обнаруженные в поселениях докерамического неолита и гончарного неолита, позволили пересмотреть и изучить отношения человека, животных и окружающей среды в бассейне. В данном исследовании основное внимание уделяется пищевым привычкам первых обитателей бассейна Верхнего Тигра, а также развитию их отношений с животными при переходе от охоты к скотоводству. Кроме того, этнографические, этноархеологические, этнозооархеологические и антропозоологические данные использовались для обоснования отношений человека и животных в доисторических неолитических обществах. В целом, это исследование направлено на внесение своего вклада в доисторическую литературу, представляя новый подход на анатолийский, особенно на западноазиатский неолит.

Proje Numarası

UBY0621Y20

Kaynakça

  • Arbuckle, B. S., & Özkaya, V. (2006). Animal exploitation at Körtik Tepe: An early Aceramic Neolithic site in southeastern Turkey. Paléorient, 32(2), 113-136. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2006.5193
  • Arbuckle, B. S., Price, M. D., Hongo, H., & Öksüz, B. (2016). Documenting the initial appearance of domestic cattle in the Eastern Fertile Crescent (northern Iraq and western Iran). Journal of Archaeological Science, 72, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.05.008
  • Aydın, D. (2019). Boncuklu Tarla Kurtarma Kazısından Çıkarılan Hayvan Kemiklerinin Zooarkeolojik Analizi [Y.Lisans Tezi]. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Antropoloji Bilim Dalı.
  • Barbara,Lawrence. (1980). Evidences Of Animal Domestication At Çayönü. İçinde Güneydoğu Tarihöncesi Araştırmaları (s. 285). İstanbul ve Chicago Üniversiteleri Karma Proje.
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  • Clutton-Brock, J. (1979). The Mammalian Remains from the Jericho Tell. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 45, 135-157. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00009713
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  • Çelik, B. (2011). Karahan Tepe: A new cultural centre in the Urfa Area in Turkey. Documenta Praehistorica, 38, 241-254. https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.38.19
  • Çeli̇k, B., & Tolon, K. (2018). Şanlıurfa’dan Neolitik Dönem Tuzak Alanları. Dergi Karadeniz, 37(37), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.401311
  • Delibaş, D. (2016). Körtik Tepe İnsanlarında Gündelik Yaşam, İskelet Kas Tutunma Bölgelerinin Analizleriyle Hareket Biçiminin Belirlenmesi [Y.Lisans Tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Antropoloji Anabilim Dalı.
  • Emra, S., Benz, M., Siddiq, A. B., & Özkaya, V. (2022). Adaptions in subsistence strategy to environment changes across the Younger Dryas—Early Holocene boundary at Körtiktepe, Southeastern Turkey. The Holocene, 32(5), 390-413. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221074030
  • Erdal, Y. S. (2015). Bone or Flesh: Defleshing and Post-Depositional Treatments at Körtik Tepe (Southeastern Anatolia, PPNA Period). European Journal of Archaeology, 18(1), 4-32. https://doi.org/10.1179/1461957114Y.0000000072
  • Erim-Özdoğan, A., & Sarıaltun, S. (2018). Sumaki Höyük Batman. İçinde Batman Müzesi Ilısu Barajı Kurtarma Kazıları (ss. 55-58). Batman Müzesi Yayınları.
  • Goudarzi, V. (2015). The Functional Analysis of Clay Figurines of the Neolithic Period. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s6p172 Harem, O., & Smail, H. (2020). Evolution of human diseases. 4, 52-67. https://doi.org/10.20956/ijab.v4i1.9914
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  • Helmer, D., Gourichon, L., & Stordeur, D. (2004). À l’aube de la domestication animale. Imaginaire et symbolisme animal dans les premières sociétés néolithiques du nord du Proche-Orient. Anthropozoologica, 39, 143-163.
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  • Hongo, H., Pearson, J., Öksüz, B., & Ilgezdi, G. (2009). The Process of Ungulate Domestication at Çayönü, Southeastern Turkey: A Multidisciplinary Approach focusing on Bos sp. and Cervus elaphus. Anthropozoologica, 44(1), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.5252/az2009n1a3
  • İlgezdi Bertram, G. (1999). Çayönü çanak çömleksiz neolitik yerleşmesinde kızıl geyik (cervus elaphus) kemiklerinin incelenmesi [Y.Lisans Tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Prehistorya Ana Bilim Dalı.
  • Itahashi, Y., Erdal, Y. S., Tekin, H., Omar, L., Miyake, Y., Chikaraishi, Y., Ohkouchi, N., & Yoneda, M. (2019). Amino acid 15N analysis reveals change in the importance of freshwater resources between the hunter-gatherer and farmer in the Neolithic upper Tigris. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 168(4), 676-686. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23783
  • Itahashi, Y., Miyake, Y., Maeda, O., Kondo, O., Hongo, H., Van Neer, W., Chikaraishi, Y., Ohkouchi, N., & Yoneda, M. (2017). Preference for fish in a Neolithic hunter-gatherer community of the upper Tigris, elucidated by amino acid δ15N analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science, 82, 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2017.05.001 Kabukcu, C., Asouti, E., Pöllath, N., Peters, J., & Karul, N. (2021). Pathways to plant domestication in Southeast Anatolia based on new data from aceramic Neolithic Gusir Höyük. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 2112.
  • Kartal, M., Kartal, G., Coşkun, A., Carter, T., Şahin, F., & Özkaya, V. (2018). Chipped stone assemblages of Körtik Tepe (Turkey). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 19, 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.02.017
  • Karul, N. (2011). Gusir Höyük. İçinde N. Başgelen, M. Ozdoğan, & P. I. Kuniholm (Ed.), The Neolithic in Turkey: New excavations & new research (3rd ed., ss. 1-17). Archaeology & Art Publications.
  • Kodaş, E., Erdoğan, N., & Çiftçi, Y. (2019). Boncuklu Tarla’da Tespit Edilen Orta PPNN Dönem Yongalama Atölyesi Üzerine İlk Gözlemler. 21.
  • Kodaş, E., Yelözer, S., Çiftçi, Y., & Baysal, E. L. (2022). Symbolism in action: Techno-typology, function, and human-artefact dynamics in figured/non-figured bone plaques from Pre-Pottery Neolithic Boncuklu Tarla, Turkey. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 65, 101393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2022.101393
  • Lang, C., Peters, J., Pöllath, N., Schmidt, K., & Grupe, G. (2013). Gazelle behaviour and human presence at early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, south-east Anatolia. World Archaeology, 45(3), 410-429. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2013.820648
  • Miyake, Y. (2013). Hasankeyf Höyük/Batman. Atlas, Mart, 96-97.
  • Miyake, Y., Maeda, O., Tanno, K., Hongo, H., & Gündem, C. (2012). New excavations at Hasankeyf Höyük: A tenth millennium cal. BC site on the Upper Tigris, southeast Anatolia. Neo-Lithics, 12, 3-7.
  • Miyake, Y., Maeda, O., Tao, M., Hongo, H., Tanno, K., & Yoshida, K. (2009). Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Salat Camii Yanı in Southeast Anatolia: 2004-2008 Season. Tsukuba Archaeological Studies (in Japanese), 20, 75-112.
  • Morales, V. B. (1983). Jarmo Figurines And Clay Objects. İçinde L. S. Braidwood & University of Chicago (Ed.), Prehistoric archeology along the Zagros Flanks (ss. 369-427). Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Omar, L. (2013). Assessing the Patterns of Subsistence Strategies in Late Neolithic settlements in the Northern Mesopotamian region. Archaeological Review from Cambridge, 28, 14-31.
  • Özbek, M. (2003). Çayönü’nde İnsan. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Özdoğan, E. (2007). Çayönü. İçinde Türkiye’de Neolitik Dönem (ss. 57-97). Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Özkaya, V., Coşkun, A., & Soyukaya, N. (2013). Körtik tepe: Uygarlığın Diyarbakır’daki ilk adımları. Diyarbakır Valiliği.
  • Özkaya, V., & Çoşkun, A. (2011). Körtik Tepe. İçinde M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, & P. Kuniholm (Ed.), The Neolithic İn Turkey, New Excataions & New Research: The Tigris Basin (ss. 89-27). Archaeology & Art Publications.
  • Özkaya, V., Çoşkun, A., Benz, M., Erdal, Y. S., Atıcı, L., & Şahin, F. S. (2011). Körtik Tepe 2010 Yılı Kazısı. İçinde 33. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (C. 1, ss. 315-339). T.C. Kültür Turizm Bakanlığı Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Özkaya, V., & Siddiq, A. B. (2021). Scorpion imagery at early Pre-Pottery Neolithic Körtiktepe. Academia Letters. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL686
  • Pearson, J., Grove, M., Özbek, M., & Hongo, H. (2013). Food and social complexity at Çayönü Tepesi, southeastern Anatolia: Stable isotope evidence of differentiation in diet according to burial practice and sex in the early Neolithic. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 32(2), 180-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2013.01.002
  • Peters, J., & Schmidt, K. (2004). Animals in the symbolic world of Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey: A preliminary assessment. Anthropozoologica. 1(39), 179-218.
  • Pöllath, N., Dietrich, O., Notroff, J., Clare, L., Dietrich, L., Köksal-Schmidt, Ç., Schmidt, K., & Peters, J. (2018). Almost a chest hit: An aurochs humerus with hunting lesion from Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey, and its implications. Quaternary International, 495, 30-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.003
  • Rosenberg, M. (2011a). Demirköy. İçinde N. Başgelen, M. Ozdoğan, & P. I. Kuniholm (Ed.), The Neolithic in Turkey: New excavations & new research (3rd ed., ss. 79-87). Archaeology & Art Publications.
  • Rosenberg, M. (2011b). Hallan Çemi. İçinde N. Başgelen, M. Ozdoğan, & P. I. Kuniholm (Ed.), The Neolithic in Turkey: New excavations & new research (3rd ed., ss. 61-79). Archaeology & Art Publications.
  • Saña Seguí, M. (1999). Arqueología de la domesticación animal: La gestión de los recursos animales en Tell Halula (Valle del Éufrates-Siria) del 8.800 al 7.000 BP. Universidad Aut??noma de Barcelona.
  • Sanılan, Ö. (2019). Sumaki Höyük Neolitik Dönem Kemik Alet Topluluğu [Y.Lisans Tezi]. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı.
  • Siddiq, A. B., Şahin, F. D., & Özkaya, V. (2021). Local trend of symbolism at the dawn of the Neolithic: The painted bone plaquettes from PPNA Körtiktepe, Southeast Turkey. Archaeological Research in Asia, 26, 100280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2021.100280
  • Siddiq, A. B., & Şanlı, S. (2020). Animals and Pastoral Groups in the Mountainous Ömerli District of Southeast Anatolia. Anthrozoös, 33(2), 153-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2020.1719754
  • Starkovich, B. M., & Stiner, M. C. (2009). Hallan Çemi Tepesi: High-ranked Game Exploitation alongside Intensive Seed Processing at the Epipaleolithic-Neolithic Transition in Southeastern Turkey. Anthropozoologica, 44(1), 41-61. https://doi.org/10.5252/az2009n1a2
  • Şanlı, S., & Siddiq, A. B. (2018). Güneydoğu Anadolu’nun Kızıltepe’deki Agro-Pastoral Topluluklar Üzerine Bir Antrozoolojik İnceleme. İnsan ve İnsan Dergisi, 121-138. https://doi.org/10.29224/insanveinsan.378568
  • Twiss, K. C., & Rusell, N. (2009). Taking the Bull by the Horns: Ideology, Masculinity, and Cattle Horns at Çatalhöyük (Turkey). Paléorient, 35(2), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2009.5296
  • van Berg, P.-L., Vander Linden, M., Picalause, V., Lemaitre, S., & Cauwe, N. (2004). Desert-kites of the Hemma Plateau (Hassake, Syria). Paléorient, 30(1), 89-99.
  • Yartah, T. (2004). Tell ’Abr 3, un village du néolithique précéramique (PPNA) sur le Moyen Euphrate. Première approche. Paléorient, 30(2), 141-158. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2004.1017
  • Zeder, M., & Spitzer, M. (2016). New insights into broad spectrum communities of the Early Holocene Near East: The birds of Hallan Çemi. Quaternary Science Reviews, 151, 140-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.08.024
  • Zeist, W. van, & de Roller, G. J. (1992). The plant husbandry of aceramic Çayönü, SE Turkey.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Arkeoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Muhammed Eyyub Dalar 0000-0001-6870-6884

Hatice Tosyagülü Çelik 0000-0003-2739-7047

Proje Numarası UBY0621Y20
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 56

Kaynak Göster

APA Dalar, M. E., & Tosyagülü Çelik, H. (2022). YUKARI DİCLE HAVZASI NEOLİTİK DÖNEM İNSAN-HAYVAN-ÇEVRE İLİŞKİSİ: ANTROZOOLOJİK BİR BAKIŞ. Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi, 1(56), 84-107. https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1179004