Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Affetmemenin Yordayıcıları Olarak Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları ve Bilişsel Duygu Düzenlemenin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 4, 134 - 148, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.789814

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı çocukluk çağı travmaları ve bilişsel duygu düzenlemenin, affetmeme üzerindeki yordama güçlerini belirlemektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2019-2020 eğitim öğretim yılında Pamukkale Üniversitesi’nde yedi farklı fakülte ve yüksekokulda öğrenim görmekte olan 351 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin toplanmasında Çocukluk Çağı Travma Ölçeği Kısa Versiyonu, Affetmeme Ölçeği, Bilişsel Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeği ve araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde; SPSS 25.0 paket programından yararlanılmış ve verilerin analizinde korelasyon analizi, t-tesi analizi ve çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre affetmeme cinsiyete, algılanan travma yaşantısına ve algılanan travmanın kaynağına göre farklılaşmamakta, çocukluk çağı travmaları ve uyumlu duygu düzenleme stratejileri algılanan travmanın kaynağına göre farklılaşmaktadır. Affetmeme ile çocukluk çağı travmaları ve uyumsuz duygu düzenleme stratejileri arasında olumlu yönde anlamlı bir ilişki varken, çocukluk çağı travmaları ile uyumlu duygu düzenleme stratejileri arasında olumsuz yönde anlamlı bir ilişki, uyumsuz duygu düzenleme stratejileri arasında ise olumlu yönde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Affetmeme ile uyumlu duygu düzenleme stratejileri arasında, uyumlu duygu düzenleme stratejileri ile uyumsuz duygu düzenleme stratejileri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Çocukluk çağı travmaları ve uyumsuz duygu düzenleme stratejileri alt boyutları ile beraber affetmemeye ilişkin varyansın yaklaşık %13’ünü açıklamaktadır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu araştırma, Doç. Dr. Ahu Arıcıoğlu danışmanlığında Uğur Yiğit Karataş tarafından PAÜ Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışma Yüksek Lisans Programında hazırlanan yüksek lisans tezinin özetidir

Kaynakça

  • Adler, A. (2011). Psikolojik aktivite (çev. B. Çorakçı). İstanbul: Say Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 1964)
  • Akyıl, A. (2019). Çocukluk çağı travmaları, bilişsel duygu düzenleme ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Diyarbakır ve Mardin örneği. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Audergon, A. (2004). Collective trauma: The nightmare of history. Psychotherapy and Politics International, 2(1), 16-31.
  • Bernstein, D. P., Fink L., Handelsman L. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am J Psychiatry , 151(8), 1132-1136.
  • Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., Parrott, L., III., O’Connor, L. E., & Wade, N. G. (2001). Dispositional forgivingness: Development and construct validity of the transgression narrative test of forgivingness (TNTF). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1277–1290.
  • Bonn-Miller, M. O., Vujanovic, A. A., Boden, M. T., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Posttraumatic stress, difficulties in emotion regulation, and coping-oriented marijuana use. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 40(1), 34-44.
  • Bridgett, D. J., Gartstein, M. A., Putnam, S. P., Lance, K. O., Iddins, E., Waits, R., et al. (2011). Emerging effortful control in toddlerhood: The role of infant orienting/regulation, maternal effortful control, and maternal time spent in caregiving activities. Infant Behavior & Development, 34, 189–199.
  • Burns, E.E., Jackson, J.L. & Harding, H.G. (2010). Child maltreatment, emotion regulation and posttraumatic stress: The impact of emotional abuse. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19, 801-819.
  • Butler, L. D., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1994). Gender differences in responses to depressed mood in a college sample. Sex Roles, 30, 331–346.
  • Chul Han, B. (2017). Yorgunluk toplumu (çev. S. Yalçın). İstanbul: Açılım Kitap. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 2010)
  • Cicchetti, D. (2004). An odyssey of discovery: Lessons learned through three decades of research on child maltreatment. American Psychologist, 59, 731–741.
  • Conger, R. D., Wallace, L. E., Sun, Y., Simons, R. L., McLoyd, V. C., & Bordy, G. H. (2002). Economic pressure in African American families: A replication and extension of the family stress model. Developmental Psychology, 38, 179–193.
  • Cross, D., Fani, N., Powers, A., & Bradley, B. (2017). Neurobiological development in the context of childhood trauma. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 24(2), 111-124.
  • Çöpür, M., Üneri, Ö. Ş., Aydın, E., Bahalı, M. K., Tanıdır, C., Güneş, H., & Erdoğan, A. (2012). Characteristic features of sexually abused children and adolescents in İstanbul sample. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 13(1), 46-50.
  • Demirkapı, E. Ş. (2013). Çocukluk çağı travmalarının duygu düzenleme ve kimlik gelişimine etkisi ve bunların psikopatolojiler ile ilişkisi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Aydın.
  • Domes, G., Schulze, L., Böttger, M., Grossmann, A., Hauenstein, K., Wirtz, P. H., Heinrichs, M. & Herpertz, S. C. (2010). The neural correlates of sex differences in emotional reactivity and emotion regulation. Human Brain Mapping, 31(5), 758-769.
  • Ehring, T., & Quack, D. (2010). Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: The role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. Behavior therapy, 41(4), 587-598.
  • Fassler, I. R., Amodeo, M., Griffin, M. L., Clay, C. M., & Ellis, M. A. (2005). Predicting long-term outcomes for women sexually abused in childhood: Contribution of abuse severity versus family environment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(3), 269-284.
  • Fernando, S., Beblo, T., Schlosser, N., Terfehr, K., Otte, C., Löwe, B., Wolf, O. T., Spitzer, C., Driessen, M. & Wingenfeld, K. (2014). The impact of self-reported childhood trauma on emotion regulation in Borderline Personality Disorder and Major Depression. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 15(4), 384-401.
  • Fincham, F. D. (2000). The kiss of the porcupines: From attributing responsibility to forgiving. Personal Relationships, 7, 1–23. Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Ormrod, R., & Hamby, S. L. (2009). Violence, abuse, and crime exposure in a national sample of children and youth. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1–13.
  • Frank, P. (2017). Bilim felsefesi (çev. D. Kadıoğlu). İstanbul: Say Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 1962)
  • Freud, S. (2018). Savaş ve ölüm üzerine. (çev. E. Yıldırım). İstanbul: Oda Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 1915)
  • Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V. & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events. cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 1311–1327.
  • Gardener, E. K., Carr, A. R., MacGregor, A., & Felmingham, K. L. (2013). Sex differences and emotion regulation: an event-related potential study. PloS One, 8(10), 1-9.
  • Greenberg, L., Warwar, S., & Malcolm, W. (2010) Emotion-focused couples therapy and thefacilitation of forgiveness. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 36(1), 28-42.
  • Gross, J. J. & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Handbook of emotion regulation, Ed. J.J. Thompson, New York, Guilford Press. Güloğlu, B., Karaırmak, Ö., & Emiral, E. (2016). Çocukluk çağı travmalarının tinsellik ve affetme üzerindeki rolü. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17(4), 309-316.
  • Hagan, C. (2015). Emotion regulation and adherence to display rules after experiencing childhood trauma (Master's thesis, Duquesne University). https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/612 sayfasından erişilmiştir.
  • Harris, A. H. S., & Thoresen, C. E. (2005). Forgiveness, unforgiveness, health, and disease. In E. L.Worthington, Jr. (Ed.). Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 321-333). New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
  • Ho, M. Y., & Fung, H. H. (2011). A dynamic process model of forgiveness: A cross-cultural perspective. Review of General Psychology, 15(1), 77-84.
  • Honeycutt, J. A., Demaestri, C., Peterzell, S., Silveri, M. M., Cai, X., Kulkarni, P., Cunningham, M. G., Ferris, C. F. & Brenhouse, H. C. (2020). Altered corticolimbic connectivity reveals sex-specific adolescent outcomes in a rat model of early life adversity. eLife, 9:e52651. doi: 10.7554/eLife.52651
  • James, R., & Gilliland, B. (2012). Crisis intervention strategies. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Nelson Education. Jones Ross, R. (2013). Putting the pieces Together: A proposed model of unforgiveness. Doctoral dissertation, University of Calgary, Alberta.
  • Karasar, N. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi (30. baskı, ilk basım yılı: 1982). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Küçüker, D. & Duru, E. (2016). Affetmeme ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları, Sözlü bildiri, EJER 3rd International Eurasian Educational Research Congress, Muğla, Türkiye.
  • Küçüker, D. (2016). Affetme, affetmeme, bilişsel esneklik, duygu düzenleme ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisan Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Denizli.
  • Lengua, L. J., Thompson, S. F., Moran, L. R., Zalewski, M., Ruberry, E. J., Klein, M. R., & Kiff, C. J. (2019). Pathways from early adversity to later adjustment: Tests of the additive and bidirectional effects of executive control and diurnal cortisol in early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419000373
  • Levers, L. L. (Ed.). (2012). Trauma counseling: Theories and interventions. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Lincoln, T. M., Marin, N., & Jaya, E. S. (2017). Childhood trauma and psychotic experiences in a general population sample: a prospective study on the mediating role of emotion regulation. European Psychiatry, 42, 111-119.
  • Lozano, H. (2018). Unforgiveness: An alternative space for people who cannot forgive. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of British Columbia, Canada.
  • Maikovich-Fong, A. K., & Jaffee, S. R. (2010). Sex differences in childhood sexual abuse characteristics and victims’ emotional and behavioral problems: Findings from a national sample of youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(6), 429-437.
  • McCloskey, L. A., & Walker, M. (2000). Posttraumatic stress in children exposed to family violence and single-event trauma. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(1), 108-115.
  • McCullough, M. E., Root, L. M., & Cohen, A. D. (2006). Writing about the personal benefits of a transgression facilitates forgiveness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 887-897.
  • McNulty, J. K. (2011). The dark side of forgiveness: The tendency to forgive predicts continued psychological and physical aggression in marriage. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(6), 770-783.
  • Mitrofan, N., & Ciuluvică, C. (2012). Anger and hostility as indicators of emotion regulation and of the life satisfaction at the beginning and the ending period of the adolescence. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 33, 65-69.
  • Murphy, J. G. (2003). Getting even: Forgiveness and its limits. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Nietzsche, F. (2017). Güç istenci. (çev. N. Epçeli). İstanbul: Say Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 1901)
  • Onat, O., Otrar, M. (2010). Bilişsel duygu düzenleme ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. M. Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 31, 123-143.
  • Pross, A. (2016). Yaşam nedir? (çev. R. Gürdilek). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 2012).
  • Roberts, J. L. (2013). Trauma, technology and the ontology of the modern subject. Subjectivity, 6(3), 298-319.
  • Jones Ross, R. (2013). Putting the pieces Together: A proposed model of unforgiveness. Doctoral dissertation, University of Calgary, Alberta.
  • Ruppert, F. (2014) Travma, bağlanma ve aile konstelasyonları (çev. F. Zengin). İstanbul: Kaknüs. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 2008).
  • Schrödinger, E. (2014) Yaşam nedir? (çev. M. Doğan). İstanbul: Pan Yayıncılık. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 1967)
  • Stackhouse, M. R. D., Ross, R. W. J., & Boon, S. D. (2018). Unforgiveness: Refining theory and measurement of an understudied construct. British Journal of Social Psychology, 57(1), 130-153.
  • Steiner, J. (2018). The trauma and disillusionment of Oedipus. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 99(3), 555-568. Szablowinski, Z. (2010). Between forgiveness and unforgiveness. The Heythrop Journal, 51(3), 471-482.
  • Şar, V., Öztürk, E. & İkikardeş, E. (2012). Çocukluk çağı ruhsal travma ölçeğinin türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Türkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci, 32(4), 1054-1063.
  • Taner, Y. ve Gökler, B. (2004). Çocuk İstismarı ve İhlali: Psikiyatrik Yönleri. Hacettepe Tıp Dergisi, 35, 82-86. Terr, L. C. (2003). Childhood traumas: An outline and overview. Focus, 1(3), 322-334.
  • The World Health Organization (2006). Preventing Child Maltreatment: a Guide to Taking Action and Generating Evidence, Geneva, 14-89. https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/violence/child_maltreatment/en/ sayfasından erişilmiştir.
  • Thomsen, D. K., Mehlson, M. Y., Viidik, A., Sommerland, B., & Zachariae, R. (2005). Age and gender differences in negative affect—Is there a role for emotion regulation? Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1935–1946.
  • Tinajero, R., Williams, P. G., Cribbet, M. R., Rau, H. K., Silver, M. A., Bride, D. L., & Suchy, Y. (2020). Reported history of childhood trauma and stress‐related vulnerability: Associations with emotion regulation, executive functioning, daily hassles, and pre‐sleep arousal. Stress and Health. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2938
  • Tolin, D. F. & Foa E. B. (2008). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: a quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, (1), 37–85. https://doi.org/10.1037/1942-9681.S.1.37
  • Toussaint, L., & Cheadle, A. C. (2009). Unforgiveness and the broken heart: Unforgiving tendencies, problems due to unforgiveness, and 12-month prevalence of cardiovascular health conditions. Walker (Eds.), Religion and psychology. New York, NY: Nova Publishers.
  • Van der Kolk, B. A. (2019). Beden kayıt tutar. (çev. N. C. Maral). Ankara: Nobel Yaşam. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 2014)
  • Wade, N. G., & Worthington Jr, E. L. (2003). Overcoming interpersonal offenses: Is forgiveness the only way to deal with unforgiveness? Journal of Counseling & Development, 81(3), 343-353.
  • Wenar, C., & Kerig, P. (2000). Developmental psychopathology: From infancy through adolescence. McGraw Hill Higher Education; 5th Revised edition.
  • Worthington, E. L., & Wade, N. G. (1999). The psychology of unforgiveness and forgiveness and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18(4), 385-418.
  • Worthington, E. L., & Scherer, M. (2004). Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: theory, review, and hypotheses. Psychology and Health, 19, 385-405.
  • Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2005). Initial questions about the art and science of forgiving. In E. L. Worthington, Jr. (Ed.) Handbook of forgiveness (s. 1-14). Brunner-Routledge: New York.
  • Worthington, E. L. (2006). Forgiveness and reconciliation. New York: Routledge.
  • Worthington, E. L., Witvliet, C. V. O., Pietrini, P., & Miller, A. J. (2007). Forgiveness, health, and well-being: A review of evidence for emotional versus decisional forgiveness, dispositional forgivingness, and reduced unforgiveness. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(4), 291-302.
  • Young, E., & Korszun, A. (2010). Sex, trauma, stress hormones and depression. Molecular psychiatry, 15(1), 23-28.
  • Zeren, C., Yengil, E., Çelikel, A., Arık, A., & Arslan, M. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinde çocukluk çağı istismarı sıklığı. Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 39(4), 536-541.

Investigation of Childhood Traumas and Cognitive Emotion Regulation as the Predictors of Unforgiveness

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 4, 134 - 148, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.789814

Öz

The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive powers of childhood trauma and cognitive emotion regulation on unforgiveness. The participants of the study consisted of 351 students studying at Pamukkale University at seven different faculties and colleges during the academic year of 2019-2020. Childhood Trauma Scale Short Version, Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM-18), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and Personal Information Form developed by the researcher were utilized for data collection. For analysis of the data; SPSS 25.0 package program were used and correlation analysis, t-test analysis and multiple linear regression were used. Results show that, unforgiveness does not differ according to gender, perceived trauma experience and source of perceived trauma, childhood traumas and adaptive emotion regulation strategies differ according to the source of perceived trauma. Positive correlations were found between unforgiveness and childhood traumas, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Similarly, a positive correlation was found between childhood traumas and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Negative correlation was found between childhood traumas and adaptive emotion regulation strategies. There was no significant relationship between unforgiveness and emotion regulation strategies, similarly adaptive emotion regulation strategies and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Sub-dimensions of childhood traumas and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies explained about 13% of the variance in unforgiveness.

Kaynakça

  • Adler, A. (2011). Psikolojik aktivite (çev. B. Çorakçı). İstanbul: Say Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 1964)
  • Akyıl, A. (2019). Çocukluk çağı travmaları, bilişsel duygu düzenleme ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Diyarbakır ve Mardin örneği. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Audergon, A. (2004). Collective trauma: The nightmare of history. Psychotherapy and Politics International, 2(1), 16-31.
  • Bernstein, D. P., Fink L., Handelsman L. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am J Psychiatry , 151(8), 1132-1136.
  • Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., Parrott, L., III., O’Connor, L. E., & Wade, N. G. (2001). Dispositional forgivingness: Development and construct validity of the transgression narrative test of forgivingness (TNTF). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1277–1290.
  • Bonn-Miller, M. O., Vujanovic, A. A., Boden, M. T., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Posttraumatic stress, difficulties in emotion regulation, and coping-oriented marijuana use. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 40(1), 34-44.
  • Bridgett, D. J., Gartstein, M. A., Putnam, S. P., Lance, K. O., Iddins, E., Waits, R., et al. (2011). Emerging effortful control in toddlerhood: The role of infant orienting/regulation, maternal effortful control, and maternal time spent in caregiving activities. Infant Behavior & Development, 34, 189–199.
  • Burns, E.E., Jackson, J.L. & Harding, H.G. (2010). Child maltreatment, emotion regulation and posttraumatic stress: The impact of emotional abuse. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19, 801-819.
  • Butler, L. D., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1994). Gender differences in responses to depressed mood in a college sample. Sex Roles, 30, 331–346.
  • Chul Han, B. (2017). Yorgunluk toplumu (çev. S. Yalçın). İstanbul: Açılım Kitap. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 2010)
  • Cicchetti, D. (2004). An odyssey of discovery: Lessons learned through three decades of research on child maltreatment. American Psychologist, 59, 731–741.
  • Conger, R. D., Wallace, L. E., Sun, Y., Simons, R. L., McLoyd, V. C., & Bordy, G. H. (2002). Economic pressure in African American families: A replication and extension of the family stress model. Developmental Psychology, 38, 179–193.
  • Cross, D., Fani, N., Powers, A., & Bradley, B. (2017). Neurobiological development in the context of childhood trauma. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 24(2), 111-124.
  • Çöpür, M., Üneri, Ö. Ş., Aydın, E., Bahalı, M. K., Tanıdır, C., Güneş, H., & Erdoğan, A. (2012). Characteristic features of sexually abused children and adolescents in İstanbul sample. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 13(1), 46-50.
  • Demirkapı, E. Ş. (2013). Çocukluk çağı travmalarının duygu düzenleme ve kimlik gelişimine etkisi ve bunların psikopatolojiler ile ilişkisi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Aydın.
  • Domes, G., Schulze, L., Böttger, M., Grossmann, A., Hauenstein, K., Wirtz, P. H., Heinrichs, M. & Herpertz, S. C. (2010). The neural correlates of sex differences in emotional reactivity and emotion regulation. Human Brain Mapping, 31(5), 758-769.
  • Ehring, T., & Quack, D. (2010). Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: The role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. Behavior therapy, 41(4), 587-598.
  • Fassler, I. R., Amodeo, M., Griffin, M. L., Clay, C. M., & Ellis, M. A. (2005). Predicting long-term outcomes for women sexually abused in childhood: Contribution of abuse severity versus family environment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(3), 269-284.
  • Fernando, S., Beblo, T., Schlosser, N., Terfehr, K., Otte, C., Löwe, B., Wolf, O. T., Spitzer, C., Driessen, M. & Wingenfeld, K. (2014). The impact of self-reported childhood trauma on emotion regulation in Borderline Personality Disorder and Major Depression. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 15(4), 384-401.
  • Fincham, F. D. (2000). The kiss of the porcupines: From attributing responsibility to forgiving. Personal Relationships, 7, 1–23. Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Ormrod, R., & Hamby, S. L. (2009). Violence, abuse, and crime exposure in a national sample of children and youth. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1–13.
  • Frank, P. (2017). Bilim felsefesi (çev. D. Kadıoğlu). İstanbul: Say Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 1962)
  • Freud, S. (2018). Savaş ve ölüm üzerine. (çev. E. Yıldırım). İstanbul: Oda Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 1915)
  • Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V. & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events. cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 1311–1327.
  • Gardener, E. K., Carr, A. R., MacGregor, A., & Felmingham, K. L. (2013). Sex differences and emotion regulation: an event-related potential study. PloS One, 8(10), 1-9.
  • Greenberg, L., Warwar, S., & Malcolm, W. (2010) Emotion-focused couples therapy and thefacilitation of forgiveness. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 36(1), 28-42.
  • Gross, J. J. & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Handbook of emotion regulation, Ed. J.J. Thompson, New York, Guilford Press. Güloğlu, B., Karaırmak, Ö., & Emiral, E. (2016). Çocukluk çağı travmalarının tinsellik ve affetme üzerindeki rolü. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17(4), 309-316.
  • Hagan, C. (2015). Emotion regulation and adherence to display rules after experiencing childhood trauma (Master's thesis, Duquesne University). https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/612 sayfasından erişilmiştir.
  • Harris, A. H. S., & Thoresen, C. E. (2005). Forgiveness, unforgiveness, health, and disease. In E. L.Worthington, Jr. (Ed.). Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 321-333). New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
  • Ho, M. Y., & Fung, H. H. (2011). A dynamic process model of forgiveness: A cross-cultural perspective. Review of General Psychology, 15(1), 77-84.
  • Honeycutt, J. A., Demaestri, C., Peterzell, S., Silveri, M. M., Cai, X., Kulkarni, P., Cunningham, M. G., Ferris, C. F. & Brenhouse, H. C. (2020). Altered corticolimbic connectivity reveals sex-specific adolescent outcomes in a rat model of early life adversity. eLife, 9:e52651. doi: 10.7554/eLife.52651
  • James, R., & Gilliland, B. (2012). Crisis intervention strategies. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Nelson Education. Jones Ross, R. (2013). Putting the pieces Together: A proposed model of unforgiveness. Doctoral dissertation, University of Calgary, Alberta.
  • Karasar, N. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi (30. baskı, ilk basım yılı: 1982). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Küçüker, D. & Duru, E. (2016). Affetmeme ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları, Sözlü bildiri, EJER 3rd International Eurasian Educational Research Congress, Muğla, Türkiye.
  • Küçüker, D. (2016). Affetme, affetmeme, bilişsel esneklik, duygu düzenleme ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisan Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Denizli.
  • Lengua, L. J., Thompson, S. F., Moran, L. R., Zalewski, M., Ruberry, E. J., Klein, M. R., & Kiff, C. J. (2019). Pathways from early adversity to later adjustment: Tests of the additive and bidirectional effects of executive control and diurnal cortisol in early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419000373
  • Levers, L. L. (Ed.). (2012). Trauma counseling: Theories and interventions. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Lincoln, T. M., Marin, N., & Jaya, E. S. (2017). Childhood trauma and psychotic experiences in a general population sample: a prospective study on the mediating role of emotion regulation. European Psychiatry, 42, 111-119.
  • Lozano, H. (2018). Unforgiveness: An alternative space for people who cannot forgive. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of British Columbia, Canada.
  • Maikovich-Fong, A. K., & Jaffee, S. R. (2010). Sex differences in childhood sexual abuse characteristics and victims’ emotional and behavioral problems: Findings from a national sample of youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(6), 429-437.
  • McCloskey, L. A., & Walker, M. (2000). Posttraumatic stress in children exposed to family violence and single-event trauma. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(1), 108-115.
  • McCullough, M. E., Root, L. M., & Cohen, A. D. (2006). Writing about the personal benefits of a transgression facilitates forgiveness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 887-897.
  • McNulty, J. K. (2011). The dark side of forgiveness: The tendency to forgive predicts continued psychological and physical aggression in marriage. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(6), 770-783.
  • Mitrofan, N., & Ciuluvică, C. (2012). Anger and hostility as indicators of emotion regulation and of the life satisfaction at the beginning and the ending period of the adolescence. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 33, 65-69.
  • Murphy, J. G. (2003). Getting even: Forgiveness and its limits. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Nietzsche, F. (2017). Güç istenci. (çev. N. Epçeli). İstanbul: Say Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 1901)
  • Onat, O., Otrar, M. (2010). Bilişsel duygu düzenleme ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. M. Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 31, 123-143.
  • Pross, A. (2016). Yaşam nedir? (çev. R. Gürdilek). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 2012).
  • Roberts, J. L. (2013). Trauma, technology and the ontology of the modern subject. Subjectivity, 6(3), 298-319.
  • Jones Ross, R. (2013). Putting the pieces Together: A proposed model of unforgiveness. Doctoral dissertation, University of Calgary, Alberta.
  • Ruppert, F. (2014) Travma, bağlanma ve aile konstelasyonları (çev. F. Zengin). İstanbul: Kaknüs. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 2008).
  • Schrödinger, E. (2014) Yaşam nedir? (çev. M. Doğan). İstanbul: Pan Yayıncılık. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 1967)
  • Stackhouse, M. R. D., Ross, R. W. J., & Boon, S. D. (2018). Unforgiveness: Refining theory and measurement of an understudied construct. British Journal of Social Psychology, 57(1), 130-153.
  • Steiner, J. (2018). The trauma and disillusionment of Oedipus. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 99(3), 555-568. Szablowinski, Z. (2010). Between forgiveness and unforgiveness. The Heythrop Journal, 51(3), 471-482.
  • Şar, V., Öztürk, E. & İkikardeş, E. (2012). Çocukluk çağı ruhsal travma ölçeğinin türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Türkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci, 32(4), 1054-1063.
  • Taner, Y. ve Gökler, B. (2004). Çocuk İstismarı ve İhlali: Psikiyatrik Yönleri. Hacettepe Tıp Dergisi, 35, 82-86. Terr, L. C. (2003). Childhood traumas: An outline and overview. Focus, 1(3), 322-334.
  • The World Health Organization (2006). Preventing Child Maltreatment: a Guide to Taking Action and Generating Evidence, Geneva, 14-89. https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/violence/child_maltreatment/en/ sayfasından erişilmiştir.
  • Thomsen, D. K., Mehlson, M. Y., Viidik, A., Sommerland, B., & Zachariae, R. (2005). Age and gender differences in negative affect—Is there a role for emotion regulation? Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1935–1946.
  • Tinajero, R., Williams, P. G., Cribbet, M. R., Rau, H. K., Silver, M. A., Bride, D. L., & Suchy, Y. (2020). Reported history of childhood trauma and stress‐related vulnerability: Associations with emotion regulation, executive functioning, daily hassles, and pre‐sleep arousal. Stress and Health. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2938
  • Tolin, D. F. & Foa E. B. (2008). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: a quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, (1), 37–85. https://doi.org/10.1037/1942-9681.S.1.37
  • Toussaint, L., & Cheadle, A. C. (2009). Unforgiveness and the broken heart: Unforgiving tendencies, problems due to unforgiveness, and 12-month prevalence of cardiovascular health conditions. Walker (Eds.), Religion and psychology. New York, NY: Nova Publishers.
  • Van der Kolk, B. A. (2019). Beden kayıt tutar. (çev. N. C. Maral). Ankara: Nobel Yaşam. (Orijinal çalışmanın basım tarihi 2014)
  • Wade, N. G., & Worthington Jr, E. L. (2003). Overcoming interpersonal offenses: Is forgiveness the only way to deal with unforgiveness? Journal of Counseling & Development, 81(3), 343-353.
  • Wenar, C., & Kerig, P. (2000). Developmental psychopathology: From infancy through adolescence. McGraw Hill Higher Education; 5th Revised edition.
  • Worthington, E. L., & Wade, N. G. (1999). The psychology of unforgiveness and forgiveness and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18(4), 385-418.
  • Worthington, E. L., & Scherer, M. (2004). Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: theory, review, and hypotheses. Psychology and Health, 19, 385-405.
  • Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2005). Initial questions about the art and science of forgiving. In E. L. Worthington, Jr. (Ed.) Handbook of forgiveness (s. 1-14). Brunner-Routledge: New York.
  • Worthington, E. L. (2006). Forgiveness and reconciliation. New York: Routledge.
  • Worthington, E. L., Witvliet, C. V. O., Pietrini, P., & Miller, A. J. (2007). Forgiveness, health, and well-being: A review of evidence for emotional versus decisional forgiveness, dispositional forgivingness, and reduced unforgiveness. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(4), 291-302.
  • Young, E., & Korszun, A. (2010). Sex, trauma, stress hormones and depression. Molecular psychiatry, 15(1), 23-28.
  • Zeren, C., Yengil, E., Çelikel, A., Arık, A., & Arslan, M. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinde çocukluk çağı istismarı sıklığı. Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 39(4), 536-541.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Uğur Yiğit Karataş 0000-0003-4182-0331

Doç.dr. Ahu Arıcıoğlu 0000-0002-1068-1175

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2021
Kabul Tarihi 16 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Karataş, U. Y., & Arıcıoğlu, D. A. (2021). Investigation of Childhood Traumas and Cognitive Emotion Regulation as the Predictors of Unforgiveness. Kastamonu Education Journal, 29(4), 134-148. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.789814

10037