Psikolojik Yardım Aramaya İlişkin Damgalama Düzeylerinin Özyeterlik, Aile Bütünlük Duygusu Ve Sosyal Destek İle İlişkisi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 4, 233 - 245, 30.11.2021

Gözde Çamaş , İlhan Yalçın

https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.822044

Cited By: 2

Öz

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı; üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım aramaya ilişkin damgalama düzeylerinin özyeterlik, aile bütünlük duygusu ve sosyal destekle ilişkisinin incelenmesidir. Araştırma; 2016-2017 eğitim öğretim yılı bahar döneminde öğrenim görmekte olan 520 üniversite öğrencisinin (%63.5 kadın, %36.5 erkek) katılımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada veriler; Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Psikolojik Yardım Aramada Kendini Damgalama Ölçeği, Psikolojik Yardım Alma Nedeniyle Sosyal Damgalanma Ölçeği, Genel Özyeterlik Ölçeği, Aile Bütünlük Duygusu Ölçeği-Kısa Formu ve Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği ile elde edilmiştir. Özyeterlik, aile bütünlük duygusu ve sosyal desteğin üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım aramaya ilişkin kendini damgalama ve toplumsal damgalanma puanlarını yordama gücü hiyerarşik regresyon analizi ile incelenmiştir. Psikolojik yardım aramaya ilişkin kendini damgalama ve toplumsal damgalanma düzeylerinin özyeterlik algısı ve aile bütünlük duygusu tarafından anlamlı bir şekilde yordandığı, sosyal destek tarafından ise yordanmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Psikolojik yardım arama, Kendini damgalama, Toplumsal damgalanma, Özyeterlik, Aile bütünlük duygusu, Algılanan sosyal destek

The Relationships Between Stigma Toward Psychological Help Seeking, Self-Efficacy, Family Sense of Coherence and Social Support

Öz

Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships university students' stigma levels toward psychological help seeking with self-efficacy, family sense of coherence, and social support.
Design/Methodology/Approach: This study was carried out with 520 students in 2016-2017 academic year. The data used in this study was adopted from Demographic Information Form, Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale, Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Short Form of the Family Sense of Coherence Scale and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support.
Findings: Predictive power of self-efficacy, family sense of coherence, and perceived social support on self-stigma and public stigma were analyzed by hierarchical regression analysis. As a result of hierarchical regression analysis where the self-stigma and public stigma toward psychological help seeking was taken as predicted variable, it was found that self-efficacy and family sense of coherence were the significant predictors of self-stigma and public stigma toward psychological help seeking. On the other hand, it was found that sub-dimensions of social support were no significant predictors of self-stigma and public stigma toward psychological help seeking.
Highlights: When students have high self-efficacy, they may experience less self-stigma and public stigma. Support and psycho- educational groups can be arranged for students with low self-efficacy. Besides, family sense of coherence predicted university students' self-stigma and public stigma toward psychological help seeking levels. For individuals with a low family sense of coherence, psychological counselors can provide individual or group counseling.

Anahtar Kelimeler

psychological help seeking, self-stigma, public stigma, self-efficacy, family sense of coherence, social support

Kaynakça

• Acun-Kapıkıran, N., & Kapıkıran, Ş. (2013). Psikolojik yardım aramada kendini damgalama ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(40), 131-141.
• Antonovsky, A., & Sourani, T. (1988). Family sense of coherence and family adaptation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 50(1), 79-92.
• Atik, G., & Yalçın, İ. (2011). Help-seeking attitudes of university students: The role of personality traits and demographic factors. South African Journal of Psychology, 41(3), 328-338. doi.org/10.1177/008124631104100307
• Arora, P. G., Metz, K., & Carlson C. I. (2016). Attitudes toward professional psychological help seeking in South Asian students: Role of stigma and gender. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 44, 263-284. doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12053
• Bandura, A. (1977). Self efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
• Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. The American Psychologist, 44(9), 1175-1184.
• Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. V. S. Ramachaudran içinde, Encyclopedia of human behavior (s. 71-81). New York: Academic Press.
• Bandura, A. (1995). Self-efficacy in changing societies. UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy the exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
• Baumann, A. E., & Gaebel, W. (2008). Fighting stigma and discrimination because of schizophrenia-open the doors’: A collaborative review of the experience from the german project centres. J. A. Florez & N. Sartorius içinde, Understanding stigma of mental illness (s. 49-67). England: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
• Bilge, A., & Çam, O. (2010). Ruhsal hastalığa yönelik damgalama ile mücadele. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 9(1), 71-78.
• Birtel, M.D., Woodb, L., & Kempa, N.J. (2017). Stigma and social support in substance abuse: Implications for mental health and well-being. Psychiatry Research, 252, 1-8. doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.097
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (15. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Chalise, H. N., Saito, T., Takahashi, M., & Kai, I. (2007). Relationship specialization amongst sources and receivers of social support and its correlations with loneliness and subjective well-being: A cross sectional study of Nepalese older adults. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 44, 299-314. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2006.07.001
• Corrigan, P. W. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59(7), 614-625.
• Corrigan, P. W., Kerr, A., & Knudsen, L. (2005). The stigma of mental illness: Explanatory models and methods for change. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 11, 179-190. doi.org/10.1016/j.appsy.2005.07.001
• Corrigan, P. W., Larson, J. E., & Rüsch, N. (2009). Self-stigma and the “why try” effect: Impact on life goals and evidence-based practices. World Psychiatry, 8, 75-81. doi: 10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00218.x
• Corrigan, P. W., & Matthews, A. (2003). Stigma and disclosure: Implications for coming out of the closet. Journal of Mental Health, 12(3), 235-248. doi.org/10.1080/0963823031000118221
• Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). The paradox of self-stigma and mental illness. Clinical Psychology Science Practice, 9, 35-53.
• Corrigan, P. W., Watson, A. C., & Barr, L. (2006). The self-stigma of mental illness: Implications for self-esteem and self-efficacy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(9), 875-884.
• Cotterel, J. (2007). Social networks in youth and adolescence. New York: Routledge.
• Çeçen, R. (2007). Aile bütünlük (tutarlılık) duygusu ölçeği kısa formunun Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 7(3), 1199-1220.
• Çeçen, R. (2008). Üniversite öğrencilerinde yaşam doyumunu yordamada bireysel bütünlük (tutarlılık) duygusu, aile bütünlük duygusu ve benlik saygısı. Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama, 4(1), 19-30.
• Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (4. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Doğan, T. (2012). A long-term study of the counseling needs of Turkish university students. Journal of Counseling and Development, 90, 91-96.
• Eker, D., Arkar, H., & Yaldız, H. (2001). Çok boyutlu algılanan sosyal destek ölçeğinin gözden geçirilmiş formunun faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 12(1), 17-25.
• Florer, K. J. (2015). The impact of self-efficacy, stigma, subjective distress, and practical factors affecting clients' intent to "no-show" (Master's thesis). Iowa State University.
• Fung, K. M. T., Tsang, H. W. H., Corrigan, P. W., Lam, C. S., & Cheng, W. (2007). Measuring self-stigma of mental illness in China and its implications for recovery. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 53(5), 408-418.
• Gizir, A. C. (2005). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi son sınıf öğrencilerinin problemleri üzerine bir çalışma. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), 196-213. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma. London: Penguin.
• Goldberg, A. E., & Smith, J. Z. (2011). Stigma, social context and mental health: Lesbian and gay couples across the transition to adoptive parenthood. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(1), 139-150.
• Hill, K., & Startup, M. (2013). The relationship between internalized stigma, negative symptoms and social functioning in schizophrenia: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Psychiatry Research, 206, 151-157.
• Hsiao, C. Y., Lu, H. L., & Tsai, Y. F. (2017). Effect of family sense of coherence on internalized stigma and health-related quality of life among individuals with schizophrenia. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 1-9.
• Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi (23. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
• Kitzrow, M. A. (2003). The mental health needs of today's college students: Challenges and recommendations. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 1(41), 161-179.
• Komiya, N., Good, G. E., & Sherrod, N. B. (2000). Emotional openness as a predictor of college students' attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 138-143.
• Luszczynska, A., Schwarzer, R., Lippke, S., & Mazurkiewicz, M. (2011). Self-efficacy as a moderator of the planning-behaviour relationship in interventions designed to promote physical activity. Psychology and Health, 26(2), 151-166.
• Mak, W., Cheung, R., Law, R., Woo, J., Li, P., & Chung, R. (2007). Examining attribution model of self-stigma on social support and psychological well-being among people with HIV+/AIDS. Social Science and Medicine, 64, 1549-1559.
• Markiewicz, A., & Hintze, B. (2016). Stigma and social support-similarities and differences in group of women suffering from chronic diseases. Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology, 25, 147-158.
• Mcdonnell, R. (2014). Creativity and social support in mental health. England: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Meyers, S. L., Gamst, C. G., & Guarino, J. A. (2013). Performing data analysis using IBM SPSS. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.
• Mickelson, K. D. (2001). Perceived stigma, social support and depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1046-1056. doi.org/10.1177/0146167201278011
• Moen, Q. L., & Hall-Lord, M. L. (2016). Reliability and validity of the Norwegian family sense of coherence scale. Open Journal of Nursing, 6, 1075-1086. DOI: 10.4236/ojn.2016.612102
• Ngai, F. W., & Ngu, S. F. (2013). Family sense of coherence and quality of life. Quality of Life Research, 22, 2031-2039. DOI: 10.1007/s11136-012-0336-y
• Ngai, F. W., & Ngu, S. F. (2016). Family sense of coherence and family and marital functioning across the perinatal period. Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare, 7, 33-37.
• Okhakhume, A. S. (2012). Influence of psychological factors on self and perceived stigma and the efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy in symptoms reduction among mentally ill patients. Ife Psychologia, 20(2), 39-50.
• Özgüven, İ. (1992). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sorunları ve baş etme yolları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 7, 5-13.
• Phillips, M. R., Pearson, V. Li, F., Xu, M., & Yang, L. (2002). Stigma and expressed emotion: A study of people with schizophrenia and their family members in China. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 488-493.
• Rees, T., Hardy, L., & Evans, L. (2007). Construct validity of the social support survey in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(3), 355-368.
• Rosenthal, B. S., & Schreiner, A. C. (2000). Prevalence of psychological symptoms among undergraduate students in an ethnically diverse urban public college. Journal of American College Health, 49, 12-18.
• Salter, M. L., Go, V. F., Minh, N. L., Gregowski, A., Ha, T. V., Rudolph, A., Latkin, C., Celentano, D., & Quan, V. M. (2010). Influence of perceived secondary stigma and family on the response to HIV infection among injection drug users in Vietnam. AIDS Education and Prevention, 22(6), 558-570.
• Sherer, M., Maddux, J., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 51, 663-671.
• Sibitz, I., Amering, M., Unger, A., Seyringer, M. E., Bachmann, A., Schrank, B., & Woppmann, A. (2011). The impact of the social network, stigma and empowerment on the quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. European Psychiatry, 26, 28. 33. doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.08.010
• Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2010). Teacher self-efficacy and teacher burnout: A study of relations. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26, 1059-1069.
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: MA Pearson.
• Takada, S., Weiser, S. D., Kumbakumba, E., Muzoora, C., Martin, J., Hunt, P. W., Haberer, J. E., Kawuma, A., Bangsberg, D. R., & Tsai, A. C. (2014). The dynamic relationship between social support and HIV related stigma in rural Uganda. Annals Behavioral Medicine, 48(1), 26-37.
• Topkaya, N. (2011). Psikolojik yardım alma niyetinin sosyal damgalanma, tedavi korkusu, beklenen yarar, beklenen risk ve tutum faktörleriyle modellenmesi (Doktora tezi). Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
• Vauth, R., Kleim, B., Wirtz M., & Corrigan, P. W. (2007). Self-efficacy and empowerment as outcomes of self-stigmatizing and coping in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 150, 71-80. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.07.005
• Vogel, D. L., Bitman, R. L., Hammer, J. H., & Wade, N. G. (2013). Is stigma internalized? The longitudinal impact of public stigma on self-stigma. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(2), 311-316.
• Vogel, D. L., Shechtman, Z., & Wade, N. (2010). The role of public and self-stigma in predicting attitudes toward group counseling. The Counseling Psychologist, 38(7), 904-922.
• Vogel, D. L., & Wade, N. G. (2009). Stigma and help-seeking. The Psychologist, 22(1), 20-23. Ocak 2009, https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-22/edition-1/stigma-and-help-seeking.
• Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Ascheman, P. L. (2009). Measuring perceptions of stigmatization by others for seeking psychological help: Reliability and validity of a new stigma scale with college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(2), 301-308.
• Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Haake, S. (2006). Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(3), 325-337. doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.325
• Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G, & Hackler, A. H. (2007). Perceived public stigma and the willingness to seek counseling: The mediating roles of self-stigma and attitudes toward counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(1), 40-50.
• Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., Wester, S. R., Larson, L. M., & Hackler, A. H. (2007). Seeking help from a mental health professional: The influence of one’s social network. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(3), 233-245. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20345
• Vogel, D. L., & Wei, M. (2005). Adult attachment and help-seeking intent: The mediating roles of psychological distress and perceived social support. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(3), 347-357.
• Wahto, R. S., Swift, J. K., & Whipple, J. L. (2016). The role of stigma and referral source in predicting college student-athletes’ attitudes toward psychological help-seeking. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 10, 85-98. doi.org/10.1123/JCSP.2015-0025
• Walsh, F. (2002). A family resilience framework: Innovative practice applications. Family Relations, 51, 130-137.
• Wickens, L., & Greeff, A. P. (2006). Sense of family coherence and the utilization of resources by first-year students. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 33(5), 427-441.
• Wilson, C. J., Bushnell, A. J., & Caputi, P. (2011). Early access and help seeking: Practice implications and new initiatives. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 5(1), 34-39.
• Yıldırım, İ. (1997). Algılanan sosyal destek ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi güvenirliği ve geçerliği. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13, 81-87.
• Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41. doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2