"Küçülen Şehirler" de Kentsel Yenileme için Yapılan Çalışmalar: Liverpool Örneği

Öz

Kentlerin yüzyıllar boyunca fiziksel, ekonomik, sosyo-ekonomik, demografik, sosyal ve kültürel olarak büyüyüp gelişmeleri doğal bir süreç olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte kentsel büyümenin çeşitli etkenlerden kaynaklanan tersi bir olgunun var olduğunu da görmekteyiz. ‘Kentsel Küçülme’ terimiyle adlandırılan bu olgu aslında yeni olmayıp çok boyutlu bir süreç olması nedeniyle kentlerin tarih boyunca gelişimindeki deneyimler sonucu bu yüzyılda belirginlik kazanmıştır. Şikago Okulundan beri şehirlerin ve şehir merkezlerinin gelişmesi ve küçülmesi ile oluşan kentsel dönüşümün bir yaşam döngüsünden kaynaklandığı doğal bir süreç olarak kabul edilmektedir. Özellikle ABD’ de bunun nedenleri ve oluşumlarını analiz eden çalışmalar bazı kentlerin kaçınılmaz bir küçülme içinde olduğunu göstermektedir. Çok boyutlu bir süreç olan şehirlerin küçülmesinin nedenlerine yönelik farklı görüşler ortaya atılmakla birlikte görüşlerin hem fikir olduğu iki temel faktör, demografik yapıdaki değişim ve endüstriyel dönüşüm olarak belirmektedir. Nüfusun banliyölere yerleşmesi ile kent merkezlerinde yer alan konut yerleşimlerinin boşalması sonucu canlılığını yitirmiş alanlar boşluk olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Kent merkezlerinde boşluklar olarak beliren büyük alanların benzerleri, teknolojik gelişmeler ve çevresel faktörlerin etkileşimiyle gelişen endüstriyel dönüşüm sonucunda meydana gelmektedir. Avrupa kentleri dünyanın diğer kıtalarında yer alan kentlere oranla ‘küçülme’ süreçlerini önceden deneyimlemiş ve küçülmeye karşı çözüm önerilerini geliştirme çalışmalarına daha önce başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada küçülen şehirlerde etken olan önemli iki faktörün fiziksel ve mekânsal yansıması olan ‘banliyöleşme’ ve ‘endüstriyel dönüşüm’ Liverpool kenti üzerinden ele alınmıştır. Liverpool’un küçülen şehirler kapsamından çıkmasını sağlayan ekonomik gelişim ve kentsel dönüşüm süreci incelenmiş ve yeniden canlandırılmasında rol oynayan parametreler ayrıntılı biçimde ortaya konulmuş olup bu tür kentler için model olabileceği varsayılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• küçülen şehirler
• Liverpool
• kentsel yenileme
• banliyöleşme
• endüstriyel dönüşüm

Efforts for Urban Renewal in "Shrinking Cities" : The Case of Liverpool

Öz

The physical, economic, socio-economic, demographic, social and cultural growth and development of cities for centuries has been accepted as a natural process. However, we also see that there is a reverse phenomenon of urban growth, which is caused by various factors. This phenomenon, which is named as 'Urban Shrinkage', is not new and appears as a multidimensional process. The phenomenon called 'Shrinking Cities' has been experienced throughout history in the development process of cities but has gained prominence in this century. Since the Chicago School, it has been accepted as a natural process that the urban transformation that occurs with the development and shrinkage of cities and city centers stems from a life cycle. Studies analyzing the causes and occurrences of this, especially in the USA, show that some cities are in an inevitable shrinkage. Different views have been put forward regarding the reasons for the shrinking of cities, which is a multidimensional process. The two main factors with which the views are agreed are the change in the demographic structure and the industrial transformation. The settlement of the population in the suburbs has caused the emptying of the residential settlements in the city centers and thus the areas that have lost their vitality to appear as voids. Like large areas that appear as gaps in city centers, they occur because of industrial transformation due to reasons such as technological developments and environmental factors. European cities have already experienced the 'shrinkage' processes compared to the cities in the world and have already started working on developing solution proposals. In this study, 'suburbanization' and 'industrial transformation', which are the physical and spatial reflections of two factors that are effective in shrinking cities, are discussed over the city of Liverpool. The economic development and urban transformation process that enabled Liverpool to get out of the scope of shrinking cities were examined and the parameters that played a role in its renewal were presented in detail.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• shrinking cities
• Liverpool
• urban renewal
• suburbanisation
• industrial transformation

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