Yerel Halkın Turizm Algısı: Metaforik Bir Yaklaşım

Öz

Turizm, destinasyonların ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel açıdan şekillenmesinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bununla birlikte, yerel topluluklar üzerindeki etkisi genellikle bir endişe konusu olmaya devam etmektedir. Sürdürülebilir turizm gelişimi için yerel halkın turizm algılarını anlamak çok önemlidir. Metaforlar insanların algılarını öğrenmede önemli işlevlere sahiptir. Ancak metaforlar turizm araştırmacıları tarafından veri kaynağı olarak yeterince ilgi görmemiştir. Bu makale, yerel halkın turizme ilişkin düşüncelerini ve duygularını ifade etmek için kullandıkları metaforik temsilleri incelemektedir. Bu metaforları analiz ederek, turizm ve ev sahibi topluluklar arasındaki karmaşık ve çok yönlü ilişkiye dair daha derin içgörüler elde etmek ve böylece sürdürülebilir turizm yönetimi için etkili stratejiler oluşturmak amaçlanmaktadır. Bu olguyu araştırmak için niteliksel metodoloji kullanıldı. Katılımcılar Giresun'un Dereli ilçesinde yaşayan yerel halktan oluşmuştur. Veriler, yarı yapılandırılmış bir görüşme formu kullanılarak toplanmış ve içerik analizi yoluyla işlenmiştir. Daha sonra cevaplarda bulunan metaforlar farklı gruplara ayrılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Turizm Algısı
• Metafor
• Metaforik Yaklaşım
• Sürdürülebilirlik

Local People’s Perception of Tourism: A Metaphor Approach

Öz

Tourism plays a crucial role in shaping the economic, social, and environmental landscapes of destinations. However, its impact on local communities often remains a subject of concern. Understanding local people's perceptions of tourism is essential for sustainable tourism development. Metaphors have important functions in learning people's perceptions. However, metaphors have not attracted sufficient attention from tourism researchers as data sources. This paper explores the metaphorical representations used by local residents to articulate their thoughts and emotions regarding tourism. By analyzing these metaphors, it is aimed to gain deeper insights into the complex and multifaceted relationship between tourism and host communities, thereby informing effective strategies for responsible and sustainable tourism management. Qualitative methodology was used to explore this phenomenon. The participants were local people in Dereli, Turkey. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and processed through content analysis. Next, the metaphors found in the answers were categorized into different groups.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Perception of Tourism
• Metaphor
• Metaphor Approach
• Sustainability

Kaynakça

1. Adu-Ampong, E. A. (2016). A metaphor analysis research agenda for tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 57, 248-250.
2. Atik, A. and Güneri, B. (2022). Destination construction in vlog videos as new destination image designs of the digital age. Revista Rosa dos Ventos-Turismo e Hospitalidade, 14(3), 892-911.
3. Ballantyne, R., Packer, J. and Axelsen, M. (2009). Trends in tourism research. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(1), 149-152.
4. Belhassen, Y. (2020). Metaphors and tourism paradoxes. Tourism Management, 79, 104095.
5. Butler, R. W. (1980). The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: Implications for management of resources. The Canadian Geographer/Le Geographe Canadien, 24(1), 5-12.
6. Cameron, L. and Deignan, A. (2006). The emergence of metaphor in discourse. Applied linguistics, 27(4), 671-690.
7. Cordero, J. C. M. (2008). Residents perception of tourism: a critical theoretical and methodological review. CIENCIA ergo-sum, 15(1), 35-44.
8. Cornelissen, J.P., Oswick, C., Thøger Christensen, L. and Phillips, N. (2008). Metaphor in organizational research: Context, modalities and implications for research introduction. Organization Studies, 29(1), 7-22.

9. Dann, G. M. S. (2002). The tourist as a metaphor of the social world. New York, NY: CABI.
10. Domínguez, M. (2015). On the origin of metaphors. Metaphor and Symbol, 30(3), 240-255.
11. Eyisi, A., Lee, D. and Trees, K. (2023) Local perceptions of tourism development and socio-cultural impacts in Nigeria. Tourism Planning & Development, 20(4), 499-521.
12. Franzidis, A. and Yau, M. (2018). Exploring the differences in a community’s perception of tourists and tourism development. Tourism Planning and Development, 15(4), 382-397.
13. García, F. A., Vázquez, A. B. and Macías, R. C. (2015). Resident's attitudes towards the impacts of tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 13, 33-40.
14. Ghazinoory, S. and Aghaei, P. (2023). Metaphor research as a research strategy in social sciences and humanities. Quality & Quantity, 1-22.
15. Grimwood, B. S. R. (2015). Advancing tourism’s moral morphology: Relational metaphors for just and sustainable Arctic tourism. Tourist Studies, 15(1), 3-26.
16. Gursoy, D., Jurowski, C. and Uysal, M. (2002). Resident attitudes: A structural modeling approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 79-105.
17. Huo, T., Yuan, F., Huo, M., Shao, Y., Li, S. and Li, Z. (2023). Residents' participation in rural tourism and interpersonal trust in tourists: The mediating role of residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 54, 457-471.
18. Husbands, W. (1989). Social status and perception of tourism in Zambia. Annals of Tourism Research, 16(2), 237-253.
19. Jaworska, S. (2017). Metaphors we travel by: A corpus-assisted study of metaphors in promotional tourism discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 32(3), 161-177.
20. Kanwal, S., Rasheed, M. I., Pitafi, A. H., Pitafi, A. and Ren, M. (2020). Road and transport infrastructure development and community support for tourism: The role of perceived benefits, and community satisfaction. Tourism Management, 77, 104014.
21. Kempster, S. and Parry, K. W. (2011). Grounded theory and leadership research: A critical realist perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(1), 106-120.
22. Laing, J.H. and Crouch, G.I. (2009). Myth, adventure and fantasy at the frontier: Metaphors and imagery behind an extraordinary travel experience. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11(2), 127-141.
23. Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980). The metaphorical structure of the human conceptual system. Cognitive science, 4(2), 195-208.
24. Morgan, G. (1980). Paradigms, metaphors, and puzzle solving in organization theory. Administrative science quarterly, 25(4), 605-622.
25. Nunkoo, R. and Ramkissoon, H. (2007). Residents' perceptions of the socio-cultural impact of tourism in Mauritius. Anatolia, 18(1), 138-145.
26. Pearce, P. L., Moscardo, G. and Ross, G. F. (1996). Tourism community relationships. Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd.
27. Petrzelka, P., Krannich, R. S., Brehm, J. and Koons, C. K. (2005). Rural tourism and gendered nuances. Annals of Tourism Research. 32(4), 1121-1137.
28. Ramkissoon, H. (2023). Perceived social impacts of tourism and quality-of-life: A new conceptual model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(2), 442-459.
29. Rasoolimanesh, S., Jaafar, M., Kock, N. and Ramayah, T. (2015). A revised framework of social exchange theory to investigate the factors influencing residents’ perceptions. Tourism Management Perspectives, 16, 335-345.
30. Saito, H. and Ruhanen, L. (2017). Power in tourism stakeholder collaborations: Power types and power holders. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 31, 189-196.
31. Schmitt, R. (2005). Systematic metaphor analysis as a method of qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 10(2), 358-394.
32. Seyitoğlu, F. and Çakar, K. (2017). Tourism education and internships: a metaphor analysis. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 17(4), 269-280.
33. Stinson, M. J., Grimwood, B. S. and Caton, K. (2021). Becoming common plantain: Metaphor, settler responsibility, and decolonizing tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(2-3), 234-252.
34. Uysal, M., Li, X. and Sirakaya-Turk, E. (2008). Handbook of hospitality management. H. Oh (Ed.). In Push-pull dynamics in travel decisions (p. 412-439). New York, NY: Elsevier.
35. Wang, L. (2013). Cultural functions in the translation of metaphor. Journal of Language Teaching & Research, 4(3), 530-535.
36. Xiao, H. and Smith, S. L. (2006). The making of tourism research: Insights from a social sciences journal. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(2), 490-507.
37. Yıldırım, A. and Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin.
38. Zhang, X. (2021). Development and critiques of conceptual metaphor theory. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 11(11), 1487-1491.