Şili’de Neoliberalizmin Neden Olduğu Yoksulluk ve Yoksulluğun Görünümü

Öz

Neoliberal politikaların dünyadaki uygulama sahalarından olan Şili, günümüzde makroekonomik büyüme verilerine tezat oluşturan derin bir gelir adaletsizliği ve toplumsal kırılganlık barındırmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel sorunsalı, 1973 darbesiyle başlayan neoliberal inşanın, yoksulluğu sadece gelir yetersizliği olmaktan çıkarıp nasıl yapısal bir “görünmez kast sistemi”ne dönüştürdüğüdür. Araştırmanın amacı; başkent Santiago örneği üzerinden yoksulluğun mekânsal görünümünü, kronikleşen barınma krizini ve sınıfsal geçirgenliğin yok oluşunu değerlendirmektir. Çalışma, Şili’yi sadece Gini katsayılarıyla değil; “allegados” (gizli evsizlik) ve gündelik hayattaki ayrışma pratikleri üzerinden ele alarak literatürdeki sosyomekânsal boşluğu doldurması bakımından özgün değer taşımaktadır. Araştırmada karma yöntem deseni benimsenmiştir. OECD ve Dünya Bankası verileriyle oluşturulan ikincil veri seti, Eylül-Ekim 2023 tarihlerinde Santiago’da gerçekleştirilen saha gözlemleri ve kilit bilgi vericilerle gerçekleştirilen yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmelerden elde edilen nitel verilerle harmanlanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, eğitimin ve sosyal güvenliğin piyasalaşmasının toplumsal mobiliteyi durdurduğunu ve yoksulluğun nesilden nesile aktarıldığını göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, barınma ve gıda arasında seçim yapmaya zorlanan bireylerin yaşadığı bu sarmal, neoliberalizmin bir başarısızlığı olarak değil; sistemin ürettiği yapısal bir gerçeklik olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kast Sistemi
• Latin Amerika
• Neoliberalizm
• Şili
• Yoksulluk

The Poverty Created by Neoliberalism in Chile and the Appearance of Poverty

Öz

Chile, one of the global application sites of neoliberal policies, currently suffers from deep income inequality and social fragility that contradict its macroeconomic growth data. The main problem addressed in this study is how the neoliberal construction that began with the 1973 coup transformed poverty from a mere lack of income into a structural “invisible caste system.” The aim of the research is to evaluate the spatial appearance of poverty, the chronic housing crisis, and the disappearance of class mobility using the example of the capital city, Santiago. The study is unique in that it addresses Chile not only through Gini coefficients but also through “allegados” (hidden homelessness) and practices of segregation in everyday life, thereby filling a socio-spatial gap in the literature. A mixed-methods design was adopted for the research. A secondary dataset created using OECD and World Bank data was combined with qualitative data obtained from field observations conducted in Santiago in September-October 2023 and semi-structured interviews with key informants. The findings reveal that the marketization of education and social security has halted social mobility and perpetuated intergenerational poverty. Consequently, the vicious cycle experienced by individuals forced to choose between housing and food is assessed not as a failure of neoliberalism but as a structural reality produced by the system.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Caste System
• Neoliberalism
• Poverty
• Chile
• Latin America

Kaynakça

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