Application, Impermeability Performance and Protection of Slurry Concrete Wall in Underground Dams

Yıl 2022, , 619 - 633, 15.12.2022

Ahmet Apaydın

https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1085292

Öz

The slurry wall method, which is applied in various fields, especially in surface dams in the world and in our country, is rarely applied in underground dams in the world, but the first applications have started in Turkey in 2019 within the scope of the Underground Dams Action Plan, which was launched with the slogan "100 Underground Dams in the 100th Anniversary of the Republic". The application of this method in underground dams is the construction of an impermeable plastic concrete wall (slurry wall) that completely cover the aquifer section and thus prevents groundwater flow. Testing the impermeability performance of the curtain is based on a series of research, tests, measurements and observations in the field and in the laboratory. In structures where water is obtained by gravity, necessary precautions should be taken to prevent damage to the wall during drainage excavations and water flow downstream. In addition, in case of damage to the upper part of the wall as a result of the base carving, support should be made with concrete or rock blocks on the wall, and if necessary, energy-breaking structures should be constructed on the upstream side to reduce the energy of the water in the event of a flood. It is suggested in this paper that such protective measures should be considered in current and future applications.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Underground dam, slurry trench, slurry concrete wall, impermeability performance

Yeraltı Barajlarında Plastik Beton Perdenin Uygulaması, Geçirimsizlik Performansı ve Korunması

Öz

Dünyada ve ülkemizde yer üstü barajları başta olmak üzere çeşitli alanlarda uygulanan plastik beton (slurry wall) yöntemi yeraltı barajlarında bugüne kadar dünyada çok az uygulanmakla birlikte, Türkiye’de 2019 yılında “Cumhuriyetin 100. Yılında 100 Yeraltı Barajı” sloganıyla başlatılan Yeraltı Barajları Eylem Planı kapsamında ilk uygulamalar başlamıştır. Bu yöntemin yeraltı barajlarındaki uygulaması, akifer kesitini tamamen keserek kapatan ve böylece yeraltısuyu akışına engel olan geçirimsiz bir plastik beton perdenin inşasıdır. Yerüstü barajlarındaki gibi özel makinelerle yüzeyden yapılan bu işlem sonucunda, perde gerisinde yeraltısuyu seviyesi yükseltilerek depolanan su kuyularla veya cazibeyle kullanıma sunulmaktadır. Perdenin geçirimsizlik performansının test edilmesi sahada ve laboratuvarda bir dizi araştırma, test, ölçüm ve gözleme dayanır.. Cazibeli projelerde yapılan drenaj kazıları ve suyun mansaba geçirilmesinde perdeye zarar vermemek için gerekli önlemler alınmalıdır. Ayrıca, taşkınlarda taban oyulması sonucu perdenin üst kısmının hasar görme ihtimaline karşı perde üzerinde beton veya kaya bloklarıyla destek yapılması, gerekiyorsa menba tarafta enerji kırıcı yapılar inşa edilerek taşkın anında suyun enerjisinin düşürülmesi sağlanmalıdır. Bu makalede bu tür koruyucu önlemlerin mevcut ve gelecekteki uygulamalarda dikkate alınması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yeraltı barajı, bulamaç hendeği, plastik beton perde, geçirimsizlik performansı, Underground dam, slurry trench, slurry concrete wall, impermeability performance

Kaynakça

• Akman, SB. (2001). Aşağı Çekerek Projesi Süreyyabey Barajı slurry trench uygulaması, 50 s, DSİ
• Genel Müd (yayımlanmamış rapor) Ankara.
• Alp, ÖK., Büyükçoban, H., Pelen, GM. (2014). Bulamaç hendeği yöntemi ile geçirimsizlik perdesi imalatı, Aslancık barajı ve HES örneği. 2. Barajlar Kongresi, 13-15 Şubat, İstanbul, 7-11.
• Apaydin, A. (2022). Multi-parameter analysis for impermeability performance of slurry wall under dams: Two case studies in central Turkey; Arabian Journal of Geosciences (2022) 15:11.
• Apaydın, A., Zengin E. (2016). A combined surface and groundwater storage project: the Elmadag dam, Turkey, Quarterly Journal of Eng. Geology and Hydrogeology, (Technical Note) doi:10.1144/qjegh2015-096, Vol. 49, pp. 237–243.
• Apaydın, A. (2014). Yer seçiminden işletmeye yeraltı barajları, DSİ Genel Müdürlüğü Destek Hiz. Daire Başkanlığı Basım ve Foto-Film İşletme Müdürlüğü ISBN:978-605-64763-0-3, web:http://www.dsi.gov.tr/docs/yayinlarimiz.
• Balian, S. (2007). Cut-off wall construction (Peribonka Dam). International Water Power and Dam Construction, 59(2): 42–44.
• Boyes, RGH. (1975). Structural and cut-off diaphragm walls. John Wiley and Sons, New York- Toronto, p. 181.
• Bureau of Reclamation (2014). Design Standards No. 13 Embankment Dams Chapter 16: Cutoff Walls Phase 4 Final, U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation, 122 p.
• Çakır, EN., Ünsever, YS. (2019). Büyükkumla barajı’nda bulamaç hendeği yöntemi ile geçirimsizlik perdesi uygulaması ve sızma analizi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi Cilt 23, Sayı 3, 974-980.
• D'Appolonia DJ., Ryan , CR. (1979). Soil-bentonite slurry trench cutoff walls. Proceedings, Geotechnical Exhibition and Technical Conference, Chicago, Illinois, March 26, www.geo-solutions.com/tech-papers/pdf/slurrywallpdf04.pdf.
• D’Appolonia, DJ. (1980). Soil bentonite slurry trench cutoffs, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Vol. 1, 106, No. 614.
• Davidson, RR., Levallois, J and Graybeal, K. (1992). Seepage cutoff walls for mud mountain dam. In Slurry walls: design, construction, and quality control. ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 1129. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa. pp. 309–323.
• Davidson, RR., Denise, G., Findlay, B., Robertson, RB. (1992). Design and Construction of a Plastic Concrete Cutoff Wall for the Island Copper Mine, Slurry Walls: Design, Construction and Quality Control, STP 1129, David B. Paul, Richard R. Davidson and Nicholas, J. Cavalli, Eds., ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 271-288.
• DOD ETC (1994). Remediation Technologies Screaning Matrix and Refernece Guide-Second Edition, DOD Environmental Technology Transfer Committee, www.frtr.gov, http://207.86.51.66/download/remed/remtech.exe.
• Evans, JC., Costa, M., Cooley, B. (1995). The State of Stress is Soil-Bentonite slurry trench cutoff walls, ASCE Specialty Conference on Characterization, Containment, Remediation and Performance in Environmental Geotechnics, The Geoenvironment 2000, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 46.
• Evans, JC., Huang, H. (2016). Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil-Bentonite slurry walls, Conference: Geo-Chicago 2016, August 14–18, 2016, Chicago, Illinois, DOI: 10.1061/9780784480144.054, 10 p.
• Fell, R., MacGregor, P., Stopledon D. (1992). Geotechnical Engineering of Embankment Dams, Balkema, Roterrdam, 675 p.
• Filz, GM., Mitchell, JK. (1995). Design, construction, and performance of soil- and cement-based vertical barriers, International Containment Technology Conference, Ralph R. Rumer and James K. Mitchell, Eds., US DoE, US EPA, and Dupont Company, Baltimore, MD, pp 63.
• Foster, F., Tuinhof, A.(2004). Brazil, Kenya: Subsurface dams to augment groundwater storage in basement terrain for human subsistence, World Bank Sustainable Groundwater Management Lessons from Practice, 1–8.
• Furman, CA., Spooner, CE., Spooner, PA., Tokarski, EF., Wetzel, RS. (1985). Slurry trench construction for pollution migration control, Pollution Technology Review, No. 118, U.S.
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ.
• Hanson, G. and Nilsson, A. (1986). Groundwater dams for rural-water supplies in developing countries. Ground Water, vol 24, no:4, 497-506.
• Ishida, S., Tsuchihara, T., Yoshimoto, S. and Imaizumi , M. (2011). Sustainable use of groundwater with underground dams, Japan Agricultural Research Quartely, 45 (1): 51-61.
• Ishida, S., Kotoku, M., Abe, E., Fazal, M.A., Tsuchihara, T., Imaizumi, M. (2003). Construction of subsurface dams and their impact on the environment, RMZ - Materials and Geoenvironment, 50, 149–152.
• JGRA (2004). Technical Reference for Effective Groundwater Development, Japan Green Resources Agency (J-Green), http://www.green.go.jp.
• JGRC (2003). History of underground dam construction in Miyakojima, Japan Green Resources Corporation, Tokyo, 609p, (in Japanese).
• JGRC (2001). Underground dams for agricultural use in subtropical region, Report on an Agricultural Land Conservation Project in the Miyako Region, Japan Green Resources Corporation, Tokyo, 24 p.
• Karaoğullarından, T., Özügüzel, N., Akcanbaş, N. (1977). Alüvyonda bulamaç hendeği (slurry trench) yönetimiyle sızdırmazlık perdesi yapımı ve Aslantaş barajındaki uygulaması, Jeoloji Mühendisliği, Cilt 1, Sayı 3, 28 – 35.
• Millet, RA., Perez, J. (1981). Current USA Practice: Slurry wall specifications, Journal of the Geotechnical En gineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 107,, Issue 8, 1041-1056.
• Millet, RA., Perez, JY., Davidson, RR. (1992). USA practice slurry wall specifications 10 years later. Slurry walls: Design, construction, and quality control, ASTM STP 1129, Paul, Davidson and Cavalli, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 42-68.
• Nagata, S., Enami, N., Nagata, J., Katho, T. (1993). Design and construction of cutoff walls for subsurface dams on Amami and Ryukyu islands in the most southwesternpart of Japan, IAH Selected Papers on Environmental Hydrogeology, 4, 229–245
• Nagata, S., Azuma, K., Asano, M., Nishijima, T., Shiiba, H., Yang, DS., Nakata, R. (1994). Nakajima subsurface dam. Proceedings of 21st Annual Conference, Sponsored by the Resources Planning and Management Div./ASCE May 23-26, Denver, Colorado.
• Nilsson, A. (1988). Groundwater dams for small-scale water supply, Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. London, pp. 69.
• Nohut, FM. (2010). Yedigöze barajı ve hidroelektrik santrali inşaatında geçirimsiz perde duvar (slurry-trench) uygulamaları, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, jeoloji Mühendisliği ABD, 155 s.
• Opdyke, SM., Evans, JC. (2005). Slag-Cement-Bentonite Slurry Walls, Journal of Geotechnical And Geoenvıronmental Engıneering, 131:6, 673-681.
• Önal, FC. (2018). Geçirimsizlik perdesi yapım yöntemleri ve Sulakyurt barajı slurry trench (bulamaç hendeği) uygulaması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü İnşaat Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, 128 s.
• PCA (1984). Cement-Bentonite slurry trench cutoff walls, Portland Cement Association, 12 p. www.cement.org.tr
• Raju, NJ., Reddy, TVK., Munirathnam, P. (2006). Subsurface dams to harvest rainwater - a case study of the Swarnamukhi River basin, Southern India, Hydrogeology Journal, 14(4), 526–531.
• Ryan, CR. (1984). Slurry cutoff walls: Applications in the control of hazardous wastes, Hydraulic Barriers in Soil and Rock, STP 874, A.I. Johnson, R.K. Frobel, N.J. Cavalli, C.B. Pettersson, Eds., ASTM, Denver, CO, pp. 9-23. Ryan, CR., Day, SR. (2003). Soil-bentonite slurry wall specifications, Pan American Conference on Soils Mechanics & Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE Geo-Institute and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 8 p.
• Tosun, H., Ünal, SM., Türköz, M. (2002). Dolgu barajlarda bulamaç hendeği yöntemi ile plastik beton perde inşası ve bir uygulama, Zemin Mekaniği ve Temel Mühendisliği Dokuzuncu Ulusal Kongresi, Bildiriler Kitabı, 21-22 Ekim 2002, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir, 484-497.
• Tsai, J.-S., Jou, L-D., Hsieh, H-S. (2000). A full-scale stability experiment on a diaphragm wall trench, Geotechnical Journal, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 379–392.
• URL-1: Youtube, 3D Suludere Yeraltı Barajı ve Sulaması / Kiraz / İzmir, www.Youtube.Com: (Erişim tarihi: 14.02.2022)
• URL-2: www.trthaber.com. Kuraklık yer altı barajlarını artırıyor, (Erişim tarihi, 14.02.2022
• Ünsever, YS. (2007). An analysis of deformation behaviour of Muratlı asphalt faced rockfill dam, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İnşaat Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, 112 p.
• Washbourne, J. (1984). The three-dimensional stability analysis of diaphragm wall excavations,
• Ground Engineering, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 24–29.
• Wong, GCY. (1984). Stability analysis of slurry trenches, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 110, no. 11, pp. 1577–1590.
• Xanthakos, PP. (1979). Slurry Walls, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY.