Effect of Indigo Dye Powder on Employee Health of Denim Factory

Öz

Indigo is a dyestuff used to color denim. Although natural indigo has been used as a textile dye for over 6,000 years and synthetic indigo for more than 150 years, there are few research reports on the side effects and toxicity of indigo. In this review, it has been investigated what negative health problems can be caused by indigo dyestuff powders in dyehouses on employee health. Because 20 percent of the world's approximately 25 million tons of cotton is used in the production of denim fabrics and indigo dyestuff is required for coloring them, those who work with tons of dye powder will be confronted during the production process. The consequences of this situation are thought to be of critical importance in terms of public health. It is hoped that the awareness of employers, employees, occupational health and safety specialists and workplace physicians will be increased by gathering the research and findings stated in the literature about the health problems that employees may encounter due to this dust spreading into the workplace.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Denim
• Jean
• Indigo
• Occupational Health

Proje Numarası

yok

İndigo Boya Tozunun Denim Fabrikası Çalışan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkisi

Öz

İndigo denim kumaşların renklendirilmesinde kullanılan bir boyarmaddedir. Doğal indigo 6.000 yıldan, sentetik indigo ise 150 yıldan fazla bir süredir tekstil boyası olarak kullanılmasına rağmen indigo'nun yan etkileri ve toksisitesi hakkında çok az araştırma raporu bulunmaktadır. Bu derlemede boyahanelerdeki indigo boyarmadde tozlarının çalışan sağlığı üzerine yapacağı olumsuz sağlık sorunlarının neler olabileceği araştırılmıştır. Dünyada üretilen yaklaşık 25 milyon ton pamuğun yüzde 20’si denim kumaşların üretiminde kullanılıyor olması ve bunların renklendirilmesinde indigo boyarmaddesine ihtiyaç duyulması nedeniyle tonlarca indigo boyarmadde tozları ile çalışanlar üretin sürecinde karşı karşıya kalacak demektir. Bu durumun sonuçlarının halk sağlığı açısından kritik bir öneme sahip olduğu düşünülmektedir. İndigo boyarmadde tozlarının işyeri ortam havasına yayılması sonucu çalışanların karşılaşabileceği sağlık sorunları hakkında literatürde belirtilmiş olan araştırma ve bulguları bir çatı altında toplayarak işverenin, çalışanların, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği uzmanlarının ve işyeri hekimi ve diğer sağlık personellerinin farkındalıklarının artırılması beklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Denim
• Jean
• İndigo
• İş Sağlığı

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Proje Numarası

yok

Teşekkür

yok

Kaynakça

1. World N. E. Schachter, “Respiratory effects and other disease patterns in the textile industry,” Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-xiv-42166/textile-goods-industry/item/891-respiratory-effects-and-other-disease-patterns-in-the-textile-industry (Accessed: May 25, 2022)
2. N. Chaari, C. Amri, I. Allagui, L. Bouzgarrou, M. A. Henchi, N. Bchir, M. Akrout and T. Khalfallah, “Work related asthma in the textile industry,” Recent Pat. Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 37-44, 2011, doi.org/10.2174/187221311794474838
3. R. Kammoolkon, N. Taneepanichskul and S. Taneepanichskul, “Respiratory symptoms and their association with exposure to respiratory dust among indigo-dyed cotton workers,” Arch. Environ. Occupat. Health, vol. 77, no. 5, pp. 356-361, 2022, doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2021.1893633
4. S. D. Wami, D. H. Chercos, A. Dessie, et al., “Cotton dust exposure and self-reported respiratory symptoms among textile factory workers in North west Ethiopia: A comparative cross-sectionalstudy,” J.Occup. Med. Toxicol., vol. 13, no. 13, 2018, doi.org/10.1186/s12995-018-0194-9
5. Y. Tefera, V. Schlünssen, A. Kumie, W. Deressa, B. E. Moen and M. Bråtveit, “Personal inhalable dust and endotoxin exposure among workers in an integrated textile factory,” Arch. Environ. Occupat. Health, vol. 75, no. 7, pp. 415-421, 2020, doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2020.1743958
6. A. P. Periyasamy and J. Militky, “Denim processing and health hazards,” Sustainability in Denim, S. S. Muthu, Ed., In The Textile Institute Book Series, Woodhead Publishing, 2017, pp. 161-196, doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102043-2.00007-1.
7. K. Amutha, “2-Environmental impacts of denim,” Sustainability in Denim, S. S. Muthu, Ed., In The Textile Institute Book Series, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 27-48, 2017, doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102043-2.00002-2.
8. Denim Book. Barcelona: Clariant; 2012. https://www.clariant.com/-/media/Files/Corporate/Investors/Annual-Report/Clariant-Annual-Report-2012-EN.pdf (Accessed: May 20, 2022)

9. Türkiye Denim Sektörü, Dış Ticaret Raporu, Uludağ İhracatçı Birlikleri Genel Sekreterliği, 2019. http://uib.org.tr/tr/kbfile/turkiye-denim-ihracat-raporu-mays-2019 (Accessed: May 10, 2022)
10. J. C. Splitstoser, T. D. Dillehay, J. Woutersand and A. Claro, “Earlypre-hispanicuse of indigoblue in Peru,” Sci. Adv., 2:e1501623, 2016
11. S. Saxena and A. Raja, “Natural dyes: Sources, chemistry, application and sustainability issues”, Road map to Sustainable Textiles and Clothing. S. Muthu, Ed., Textile Science and Clothing Technology, Springer, Singapore, pp. 37-80, 2014, doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-065-0_2
12. R. B. Chavan, “3-Indigo dye and reduction techniques,” Denim, R. Paul, Ed., Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 37-67, 2015, doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-85709-843-6.00003-2.
13. C. J. Trew and G. D. Ehret, “Plantaeselectae,” 6: t. 53 [G.D. Ehret],1760
14. N. Chanayath, S. Lhieochaiphant and S. Phutrakul, “Pigment extraction techniques from the leaves of Indigofera tinctoria Linn. and Baphicacanthuscusia Brem. and chemical structure analysis of their major components,” Chiang Mai University Journal, vol. 1, pp. 149-160, 2002
15. R. Paul, “1-Denim and jeans: An overview,” R. Paul, Denim, Ed., Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 1-11, 2015, doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-85709-843-6.00001-9
16. E. Rahayuningsih, W. S. Fatimah, M. S. Pamungkas and T. Marfitania, “Effect of physicochemical process variables on natural indigo dye production from Strobilanthescusia leaves by response surface methodology,” Indones. J.Chem., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 342-351, 2022, doi.org/10.22146/ijc.68335
17. Etextile magazine, https://www.etextilemagazine.com/turkiye-dunyaya-denim-giydiren-dort-ulkeden-biri.html, (Erişim: 28.04.2022)
18. M. E. Miller, Z. L. Lummus and D. I. Bernstein, “Occupational Asthma Caused by FD&C Blue Dye No. 2,” Allergy. Asthma. Proc., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 31-34, 1996, doi.org/10.2500/108854196778662309
19. R. R. Sayers, “Harmful industrial dusts,” Public. Health Rep. (1896-1970), vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 217-228, 1938
20. ISO 4225-Airquality-General aspects-Vocabulary, 1994
21. A. Hesbert, M. C. Bottin, J. De Ceaurriz, J. C. Protois and C. Cavelier, “Testing natural indigo for genotoxicity,” Toxicol. Lett., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 119-125, 1984, doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(84)90232-7
22. L. Molhave, B. Bach and O. F. Pedersen, “Human reactions to low concentrations of volatile organic compounds,” Environ. Int., vol. 12, no. 1-4, pp. 167-175, 1986, doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(86)90027-9
23. U. Rannug, H. Bramstedt and U. Nilsson, “The presence of genotoxic and bioactive components in indigo dyed fabrics - a possible heatlh risk?,” Mutat. Res., vol. 282, no. 3, pp. 219-225, 1992, doi.org/10.1016/0165-7992(92)90099-4
24. E. Zuskin, J. Mustajbegovic, E. N. Schachter and J. Doko-Jelinic, “Respiratory function of textile workers employed in dyeing cotton and wool fibers,” Am. J. Ind. Med., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 344-352, 1997, doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199703)31:3<344::AID-AJIM11>3.0.CO;2-0
25. M. S. Nodoushan, A. H. Mehrparvar, Z. Loukzadeh, M. Rahimian, M. A. G. Nodoushan and R. J. Nodoushan, “Evaluation of respiratorysystem in textile-dyeingworkers,” Med. J. Islam. Repub. Iran, vol. 28:88, 2014
26. T. Haltia, S. Jungewelter, L. Airaksinen, S. Suomela, I. Lindström and H. Suojalehto, “Occupational asthma, rhinitis, and contact urticaria from indigo (Indigofera tinctoria) hairdye”, The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 3500-3502, 2021, doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2021.04.047
27. Sigma, https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/TR/tr/sds/aldrich/229296, (Erişim tarihi: 14/05/2022)
28. Tekstil, Hazır giyim ve Deri Ürünleri Sektörleri Raporu, Sanayi ve Verimlilik Genel Müdürlüğü, Sektörel Raporlar ve Analizler Serisi. https://www.sanayi.gov.tr/assets/pdf/plan-program/TekstilHaz%C4%B1rgiyimveDeri%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleriSekt%C3%B6rleriRaporu(2019).pdf (Erişim: 28.04.2022)