The Effect of Digital Transformation on Employee Performance

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 47, 1 - 22, 13.08.2024

Ayhan Er , Ali Akpınar

https://doi.org/10.35343/kosbed.1477637

Öz

Digital transformation and employee performance are among the factors that should be given importance in firms. The digital transformation process not only causes a significant transformation in the business models, business methods and business processes of firms, but also enables employees to use their skills and abilities more effectively by using information and communication technologies. The main purpose of this study is to determine the effect of digital transformation on employee performance. Another aim of the study is to determine whether the digital transformation levels of firms differ depending on their size. Survey data obtained from 104 employees working in firms operating in Kocaeli province were analyzed in the SPSS program. According to research findings, the digital transformation level of firms has a significant and positive effect on employee performance. Digital transformation levels of firms show a statistically significant difference depending on their size. The digital transformation levels of large businesses are higher than small ones. Firms should prioritize digital transformation and increase their digital transformation levels to foster employee performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Digital Transformation, Digial Maturity, Employee Performance

Dijital Dönüşümün İşgören Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisi

Öz

İşletmelerde dijital dönüşüm ve işgören performansı önem verilmesi gereken unsurlardandır. Dijital dönüşüm süreci işletmelerin iş modelleri, iş yapma yöntemleri ve iş süreçlerinde önemli bir dönüşüme neden olduğu gibi işgörenlerin görev alanları içinde bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerini kullanarak beceri ve yeteneklerini daha etkin bir şekilde kullanmalarına olanak sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, dijital dönüşümün işgören performansı üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir. Çalışmanın diğer bir amacı da işletmelerin büyüklüklerine göre dijital dönüşüm düzeylerinin farklılık gösterip göstermediklerini tespit etmektir. Anket yöntemi kullanılan araştırmada Kocaeli ilinde faaliyet gösteren işletmelerdeki 104 çalışandan elde edilen veriler SPSS programında analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre işletmelerin dijital dönüşüm düzeylerinin işgören performansı üzerinde anlamlı ve pozitif bir etkisi vardır. İşletmelerin dijital dönüşüm düzeyleri işletme büyüklüklerine göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık göstermektedir. Büyük işletmelerin dijital dönüşüm düzeyleri küçük işletmelerin dijital dönüşüm düzeylerinden daha fazladır. Çalışanlarının performanslarını artırmak isteyen işletmelerin dijital dönüşüme önem vermeleri ve dijital dönüşüm düzeylerini yükseltmeleri gereklidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dijital Dönüşüm, Dijital Olgunluk, İşgören Performansı

Kaynakça

• Achi, A., Salinesi, C., & Viscusi, G. (2016). Information systems for innovation: A comparative analysis of maturity models’ characteristics. In Advanced Information Systems Engineering Workshops: CAiSE 2016 International Workshops, Ljubljana, Slovenia, June 13-17, 2016, Proceedings 28, 78-90.
• Akal, Z. (1992). İşletmelerde performans ölçüm ve denetimi: Çok yönlü performans göstergeleri. Milli Prodüktivite Merkezi Yayınları. https://verimlilikkutuphanesi.sanayi.gov.tr/Library/Detail/103
• Aly, H. (2022). Digital transformation, development and productivity in developing countries: is artificial intelligence a curse or a blessing? Review of Economics and Political Science, 7(4), 238-256. DOI: 10.1108/REPS-11-2019-0145
• Anderson, H. J., Baur, J. E., Griffith, J. A., & Buckley, M. R. (2017). What works for you may not work for (Gen) Me: Limitations of present leadership theories for the new generation. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(1), 245-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.08.001
• Armengaud, E., Sams, C., Von Falck, G., List, G., Kreiner, C., & Riel, A. (2017). Industry 4.0 as digitalization over the entire product lifecycle: Opportunities in the automotive domain. In Systems, Software and Services Process Improvement: 24th European Conference, EuroSPI 2017, Ostrava, Czech Republic, September 6–8, 2017, Proceedings 24, 334-351. Azhari, P., Faraby, N., Rossmann, A., Steimel, B., & Wichmann, K. (2014). Digital Transformation Report 2014. WirtschaftsWoche & Neuland GmbH.https://www.wiwo.de/downloads/10773004/1/DTA_Report_neu.pdf
• Bondarouk, T., Parry, E., & Furtmueller, E. (2017). Electronic HRM: four decades of research on adoption and consequences. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(1), 98-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1245672
• Berman, S., Marshall, A., (2014). The next digital transformation: from an individual-centered to an everyone-to-everyone economy. Strategy & Leadership, 42(5), 9–17.
• Bettoni, A., Matteri, D., Montini, E., Gładysz, B. & Carpanzano, E. (2021). An AI Adoption Model for SMEs: A Conceptual Framework. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 54, 702–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.08.082
• Bhadradwaj, A., El Sawy, O. A., Pavlou, P. A., & Venkatraman, N. (2013). Digital business strategy: Toward a next generation of ınsights. MIS Quarterly, 37(2), 471–482. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43825919
• Bondar, S., Hsu, J. C., Pfouga, A., & Stjepandić, J. (2017). Agile digital transformation of system-of-systems architecture models using Zachman framework. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 7, 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2017.03.001
• Borman, W.C. & Motowidlo, S.M. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. in Schmitt, N. and Borman, W.C. (Eds), Personnel Selection in Organizations, Jossey-Bass, 71-98. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/psy_facpub/1111
• Bounfour, A., (2016). Digital futures, digital transformation, progress in IS. Springer International Publishing.
• Bozkurt, A. (2024). Yönetim dönüşüm sürecinde dijital olgunluk düzeyinin işgören performansı üzerindeki etkisi üniversitelerde bir alan çalışması (Publication No. 847484) [Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi]. Yöktez. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/
• Campbell JP. (1990). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology. In: Dunnette MD, Hough LM, eds. Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Consulting Psychologists Press, 687–732. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993-97198-012
• Caputo, F., Cillo, V., Candelo, E., & Liu, Y. (2019). Innovating through digital revolution: The role of soft skills and Big Data in increasing firm performance. Management Decision, 57(8), 2032-2051. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-07-2018-0833
• Chan, S.C.H. & Mak, W. (2012). Benevolent leadership and follower performance: the mediating role of leader–member exchange (LMX). Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29(2), 285-301. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10490-011-9275-3
• Chanias, S., & Hess, T. (2016). How digital are we? Maturity models for the assessment of a company’s status in the digital transformation. Management Report, 2016(2), 1-14. https://www.wim.bwl.uni-muenchen.de/download/epub/mreport_2016_2.pdf
• Chew, E., Semmelrock-Picej, M. T., & Novak, A. (2013). Value co-creation in the organizations of the future. In Proceedings of the European conference on management, leadership & governance, 20, 16-23.
• Çöl, G. (2008). Algılanan güçlendirmenin işgören performansi üzerine etkileri. Doğuş üniversitesi dergisi, 9(1), 35-46. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/doujournal/issue/66658/1042932
• Darudiato, S. & Setiawan, K. (2013). Knowledge management: konsep dan metodologi. Ultima InfoSys: Jurnal Ilmu Sistem Informasi, 4(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.31937/si.v4i1.237
• Fitzgerald, M., Kruschwitz, N., Bonnet, D. & Welch, M. (2014). Embracing digital technology: A new strategic imperative. MIT Sloan Management Review, 55(2), 1. https://emergenceweb.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/embracing-digital-technology.pdf
• Giotopoulos, I., Kontolaimou, A., Korra, E., & Tsakanikas, A. (2017). What drives ICT adoption by SMEs? Evidence from a large-scale survey in Greece. Journal of Business Research, 81, 60-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.08.007
• Gardner, W.L., Avolio, B.J., Luthans, F., May, D.R., Walumbwa, F., (2005). “Can you see the real me?” A self-based model of authentic leader and follower development. The Leadership Quarterly. 16, 343–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.003
• George, D. & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 Update (10th ed.). Pearson.
• Gill, M., & VanBoskirk, S. (2016). The digital maturity model 4.0. Benchmarks: digital transformation playbook. https://dixital.cec.es/wpcontent/uploads/presentacions/presentacion06.pdf
• Guzmán-Ortiz, C., Navarro-Acosta, N., Florez-Garcia, W. & Vicente-Ramos, W. (2020). Impact of digital transformation on the individual job performance of insurance companies in Peru. International Journal of Data and Network Science, 4(4), 337–346. doi: 10.5267/j.ijdns.2020.9.005
• Hiekkanen, K. (2015). Strategic alignment and internal IT. in Transition, 44. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-6243-3
• Hein-Pensel, F., Winkler, H., Brückner, A., Wölke, M., Jabs, I., Mayan, I.J., Kirschenbaum, A., Friedrich, J. & Zinke-Wehlmann, C. (2023). Maturity Assessment for Industry 5.0: A Review of Existing Maturity Models. J. Manuf. Syst., 66, 200–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2022.12.009
• Hess, T., Benlian, A., Matt, C., & Wiesböck, F. (2016). Options for formulating a digital transformation strategy. MIS Quarterly Executive, 15(2), 123–139. misqe.org Joseph, J. E. (2012). Saussure. OUP Oxford.
• Hinings, B., Gegenhuber, T. & Greenwood, R. (2018). Digital innovation and transformation: An institutional perspective. Information and Organization, 28(1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2018.02.004
• Khan, S. (2016). Leadership in the Digital age: A Study on the Effects of Digitalisation on Top Management Leadership [Master's thesis, Stockholm Business School]. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?dswid=1820&pid=diva2%3A971518.
• Kakabadse, A., Omar Abdulla, M., Abouchakra, R., Jawad, A., (2011). Leading smart transformation. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Kandou, Y. L. (2016). Pengaruh knowledge management, skill dan attitude terhadap kinerja karyawan (studi pada PT. Bank Sulutgo Kantor Pusat di Manado). Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Efisiensi, 16(1). https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/jbie/article/view/10623
• Khalili, A. (2018). Creativity and innovation through LMX and personal initiative. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 31(2), 323-333. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-09-2016-0183
• Kılıçkaya, F. Y. (2023). Dijitalleşme döneminde örgütlerde psikolojik dayanıklılık. Y. Gülbahar içinde, Örgütsel davranış güncel konular. Özgür Yayın Dağıtım. https://www.ozguryayinlari.com/site/catalog/download/136/924/2163
• Kim, S., Choi, B., Lew, Y.K. (2021). Where is the age of digitalization heading? The meaning, characteristics, and implications of contemporary digital transformation. Sustainability 13(16), 8909. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168909
• Kirkman, B. L., & Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond self-management: Antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 42(1), 58-74. https://doi.org/10.5465/256874 Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C. M., Hildebrandt, V. H., Lerner, D., de Vet, H. C., & van der Beek, A. J. (2016). Cross-cultural adaptation of the individual work performance questionnaire. Work, 53(3), 609–619.
• KPMG (2014). Survival of the smartest 2.0: Wer zögert, verliert. Verschlafen deutsche Unternehmen die digitale Revolution? https://bauen-digital.ch/assets/Downloads/de/studie-survival- of-the-smartest-20.pdf
• Liu, D., Chen, S., & Chou, T. (2011). Resource fit in digital transformation: Lessons learned from the CBC Bank global e-banking project. Management Decision, 49(10), 1728–1742. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/00251741111183852/full/html
• Lee, Jin, & Bagheri. (2017). Cyber physical systems for predictive production systems. Production Engineering, 11(2), 155-165. DOI: 10.1007/s11740-017-0729-4
• Lee, J., Bagheri, B., & Kao, H.-A. (2015). A Cyber-Physical systems architecture for Industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems. Manufacturing Letters, 3, 18-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2014.12.001
• Lumunon, D. F., Massie, D. & Trang I. (2021). The effect of training, digital transformation, and work motivation on employee performance during the covid-19 period: A study on culinary umkm employees in manado city. Central Asian Journal Of Literature, Philosophy And Culture, 2(8), 22-37. https://doi.org/10.47494/cajlpc.v2i8.190
• Majchrzak, A., Markus, L. M. ve Wareham, J. (2016). Desiging for DigitalTransformation. MIS Quarterly, 40(2), 1187–1200. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26628906
• Marler, J. H., & Boudreau, J. W. (2017). An evidence-based review of HR Analytics. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(1), 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1244699 Martin, A. (2008). Digital literacy and the “digital society”. Digital Literacies Concepts Policies Practices, 30, 151–176. https://www.academia.edu/download/30956324/DigitalLiteracies.pdf#page=153
• Matzler, K., von den Eichen, S. F., Anschober, M., & Kohler, T. (2018). The crusade of digital disruption. Journal of Business Strategy, 39(6), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBS-12-2017-0187
• Mayakova, A., 2019. Digital transformation of modern quality management. Econ. Ann.ХXI 180 (11–12), 138–145. https://doi.org/10.21003/ea.v180-15
• Moeuf, A., Pellerin, R., Lamouri, S., Tamayo-Giraldo, S., & Barbaray, R. (2018). The industrial management of SMEs in the era of Industry 4.0. International Journal Of Production Research, 56(3), 1118-1136. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1372647
• Nachira, F., Nicolai, A., Dini, P., Le Louarn, M., & Leon, L. R. (2007). Digital Business Ecosystems. European Commission. Information Society and Media. Retrieved from www. dogital-ecosystems.
• Nguyen, T. H., & Le, A. N. H. (2019). Promoting creativity and innovation: Expected and unexpected consequences. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-03-2019-0008
• Niculescu, D. C. (2014, November). Trends and new realities in the perspective of generation change. In Proceedings of the International Management Conference, Bucharest, Romania, 6-7.
• Olsson, A., Paredes, K. M., Johansson, U., Roese, M. O., & Ritzén, S. (2019). Organizational climate for innovation and creativity-a study in Swedish retail organizations. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 3, 243-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593969.2019.1598470
• Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
• Osman, S., Shariff, S. H., and Lajin, M. N. A. 2016. Does innovation contribute to employee performance?.Proc Soc and Behav Science. 219 (2016): 571-579. Doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.036.
• Parvari, A., Anvari, R., Mansor, N. N. B. A., Jafarpoor, M., & Parvari, M. (2015). Technology Acceptance Model, Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intention: A Conceptual Framework. Rev. Eur. Stud., 7, 146-152. https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v7n12p146
• Raza, Z., Woxenius, J., Altuntas Vural, C., & Lind, M. (2023). Digital transformation of maritime logistics: Exploring trends in the liner shipping segment. Computers in Industry, 145 (103811). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2022.103811
• Ratna, R., & Kaur, T. (2016). The İmpact Of İnformation Technology On Job Related Factors Like Health And Safety, Job Satisfaction, Performance, Productivity And Work Life Balance. Journal Of Business & Financial Affairs, 5(1), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0234.1000171
• Ready, D. A., Cohen, C., Kiron, D., & Pring, B. (2020). The new leadership playbook for the digital age. MIT Sloan Management Review, 0_1-18. https://m.rcma-rubber.com/whitepapers/the-new-leadership-playbook-for-the-digital-age-codex5350.pdf
• Reichstein, C. (2019). Strategic IT management: How companies can benefit from an increasing IT influence. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 32(2), 251-273. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-08-2018-0172 Rogers, D., (2016). The Digital Transformation Playbook: Rethink Your Business for the Digital Age. Columbia University Press.
• Rotundo, M., & Sackett, P. R. (2002). The relative importance of task, citizenship, and counterproductive performance to global ratings of performance: A policy capturing approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 66–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.66
• Salju, S., Junaidi, J. & Goso, G. (2023). The effect of digitalization, work-family conflict, and organizational factors on employee performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 21(1), 107-119. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(1).2023.10
• Savić, D. (2020). From Digitization and Digitalization to Digital Transformation: A Case for Grey Literature Management. The Grey Journal, 16(1), 28-33. http://www.greynet.org/
• Schumacher, A. (2014). Development of a maturity model for assessing the ındustry 4.0 maturity of ındustrial enterprises [Ph.D. Thesis, Vienna University of Technology]. https://scholar.archive.org/work/fhoyirey6ndupmum4y7irielsi/access/wayback/https://repositum.tuwien.at/bitstream/20.500.12708/7072/2/Schumacher%20Andreas%20-%202015%20-%20Development%20of%20a%20maturity%20model%20for%20assessing%20the...pdf
• Sigler, T. H., & Pearson, C. M. (2000). Creating an empowering culture: examining the relationship between organizational culture and perceptions of empowerment. Journal of Quality Management, 5(1), 27-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1084-8568(00)00011-0
• Strohmeier, S. (2007). Research in e-HRM: Review and implications. Human Resource Management Review, 17(1), 19-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2006.11.002
• Şehitoğlu, Y. & Zehir, C. (2010). The analysis of employee performance in the context of employee silence and organizational citizenship behavior in Turkish public institutions. Today’s Review of Public Administration, 4(4) 95-120. https://avesis.yildiz.edu.tr/yayin/8112e2a0-340b-41e8-ba79-a73cc6d1ef19/the-analysis-of-employee-performance-in-the-context-of-employee-silence-and-organizational-citizenship-behavior-in-turkish-public-institutions
• Singh, A., & Hess, T. (2017). How chief digital officers promote the digital transformation of their companies. MIS Quarterly Executive, 16(1), 1–17. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429286797-9/chief-digital-officers-promote-digital-transformation-companies-anna-singh-thomas-hess
• Sobral, F.; Furtado, L. (2019) Post-heroic leadership: Current trends and challenges in leadership education. Rev. Adm. Empresas, 59, 209–214. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020190306
• Solis, B., Lieb, R., & Szymanski, J. (2014). The 2014 state of digital transformation of the guest experience. Altimeter Group.
• Stolterman, E., Fors, A.C. (2004). Information Technology and the Good Life. In: Kaplan, B., Truex, D.P., Wastell, D., Wood-Harper, A.T., DeGross, J.I. (eds) Information Systems Research. IFIP International Federation for Information Processing, vol 143. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8095-6_45
• Tabrizi, B., Lam, E., Girard, K., & Irvin, V. (2019). Digital transformation is not about technology. Harvard Business Review, 13(March), 1-6.
• Tapscott, D., (1996). The digital economy: promise and peril in the age of networked intelligence. McGraw-Hill.
• Tilson, D., Lyytinen, K., & Sørensen, C. (2010). Research commentary–digital infrastructures: the missing IS research agenda. Information Systems Research, 21(4), 748-759. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1100.0318
• Torabi, S. A., Giahi, R., & Sahebjamnia, N. (2016). An enhanced risk assessment framework for business continuity management systems. Safety Science, 89, 201-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.06.015
• Ulas, D., 2019. Digital transformation process and SMEs. Procedia Comput. Sci. 158, 662–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.101
• Uhlemann, T.-J., Schock, C., Lehmann, C., Freiberger, S., & Steinhilper, R. (2017). The Digital Twin: Demonstrating the Potential of Real Time Data Acquisition in Production Systems. Procedia Manufacturing, 9, 113 - 120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.04.043
• Vielmetter, G., & Sell, Y. (2014). Leadership 2030: The six megatrends you need to understand to lead your company into the future. Amacom.
• Viswesvaran C. & Ones DS. (2000). Perspectives on models of job performance. Int J Select Assessm., 8(4), 216–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2389.00151
• Watanabe, C., Naveed, N., & Neittaanmäki, P. (2018). Digital solutions transform the forest-based bioeconomy into a digital platform industry - A suggestion for a disruptive business model in the digital economy. Technology in Society, 54, 168-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.05.002
• Westerman, G., Calméjane, C., Bonnet, D., Ferraris, P., & McAfee, A. (2011). Digital transformation: A roadmap for billion-dollar organizations. MIT Sloan Management, 1-68. https://www.capgemini.com/resources/digital-transformation-a-roadmap-for-billiondollar-organizations
• Westerman, G., Bonnet, D. & McAfee, A. (2014). Leading digital: Turning technology into business transformation. Harvard Business Review Press.
• Wu, M., Kozanoglu, D.C., Min, C., Zhang, Y. (2021). Unraveling the capabilities that enable digital transformation: a data-driven methodology and the case of artificial intelligence. Adv. Eng. Inf. 50, 101368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2021. 101368