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Three Pre-Eminent Surgeons of the Medieval Europe and Their Innovative Techniques: Henri de Mondeville, Guy de Chauliac ve John of Arderne

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 25, 815 - 828, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.38155/ksbd.971562

Öz

When we look at the medical culture of Medieval Europe, it is understood that the church had a dominant place. However, a wide variety of circles from the side of the church have also seriously influenced medicine and its practitioners. To put it more clearly, the medieval mentality was directly reflected in the field of medicine and superstitions became an integral part of medicine. An important part of medical knowledge is more useless than scientific and often harmful to human health. Therefore, medicine in Medieval Europe was tried to be practiced in such an environment. It is known that only physicians receive trained at the university level according to the conditions of the period, and that the majority of surgeons and pharmacists undergo master-apprentice training. In this order, surgeons are divided into two: master surgeons and barber surgeons. While master surgeons equated themselves with physicians and served to the pre-eminent, barbers also carried out surgical operations of the public in addition to shaving. With the education they received among the master surgeons of Medieval Europe and the innovative treatment methods they developed, three names managed to leave their mark on their period and the following centuries. At this point, the research is about the work of three pre-eminent surgeons, Henri de Mondeville, Guy de Chauliac and John of Arderne, who succeeded in getting ahead of their contemporaries with the innovative surgical techniques they developed in Medieval European medicine.

Kaynakça

  • Barr J. Schalick O. W. ve Shortell K. S. (2000). Surgeons in the time of plague: Guy de Chauliac in fourteenth-century France. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech, 6(4): 657–658.
  • Beynon J, ve Carr N. (1988). Master John of Arderne-surgeon of Newark. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 81: 43-44.
  • Bullough L. V. (1959). Training of the Nonuniversity-Educated Medical Practitioners in the Later Middle Ages. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 14 (4): 446-458.
  • Campbell S, (1992). Hall B, Klausner D. Health, Disease and Healing in Medieval Culture. Londra: Macmillan.
  • Citrome J. J. (2006). The Surgeon in Medieval English Literature. Londra: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Clarke C. C. (1931). Henri De Mondeville. Yale Journal Of Biology And Medicine, 3(6): 458–481.
  • David A ve Watters K. (2013), Guy de Chauliac: pre-eminent surgeon of the Middle Ages. ANZ J Surg. 83: 730-734.
  • Fourth Lateran Council: 1215, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum12-2.htm#18 (2021).
  • Geoffrey Chaucer (2018). Canterbury Hikâyeleri. (Nazmi Ağıl Çev.) İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Ghosh K. S. (2015). Henri de Mondeville (1260-1320): Medieval French Anatomist and Surgeon. European Journal of Anatomy. 19 (3): 1-6.
  • Guy de Chauliac (1890). La Grande Chirurgie de Guy de Chavliac. Felic Alcan edit. Paris: Ancienne Librairie Germer Bailliere.
  • Güleç E. (1955). Eski Anadolu Toplumlarında Beyin Ameliyatı. Popüler Bilim. (17): 44-47.
  • Haller J. D. (1964). Guy de Chauliac and his Chirurgia Magna. Surgery. 55: 337-343.
  • https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/medicine-biographies/guy-de-chauliac (2021).
  • Jones P. M. (1994). John Arderne and Surgery. Luis Garcia-Ballester editör. Practical Medicine from Salerno to the Black Death: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Karaimamoğlu T. (2017). Ortaçağ Avrupası’nda Tıp Kültürü ve Gelişmeleri. Tarih ve Gelecek Dergisi, 3(2):44-61.
  • Karaimamoğlu T. (2020). Kara Ölüm ve Büyük Britanya’ya Etkileri (1300-1400). Mersin: Mersin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Macdougall, S. C. (2000). The surgeon and the saints: Henri de Mondeville on divine healing. J. Mediev Hist, 26 (3); 253-267.
  • Maitre Henri de Mondeville (1897). La Chirurgie. Dr. A Bos, edit. Paris: Librairie De Firmin Didot et cie.
  • Mathews F. S. (1930). John of Arderne, medieval English surgeon. Bull. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 6 (7): 461-471.
  • Mellick S. A. (1999). The Montpellier school and the Guy de Chauliac. ANZ J. Surg. 69: 297–301.
  • Millar TMW. (1953). John of Arderne, the Father of British Proctology. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 47: 77.
  • Montandon D. (2014). Henri De Mondeville (1260-1320): A Precursor in Aesthetic Surgery. ISAPS News, 8 (2):42-45.
  • Murphy G. H. (1951). The surgery of Guy de Chauliac. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 65 (1): 68–71.
  • Nebiolo M. (2017). Surgery as a Science: The Intellectual and Practical Evolution of European Surgery from the 16th to the 18th century. Butler Journal Of Undergraduate Research, (3): 101-110.
  • Nikiforuk A. (2018). Mahşerin Dördüncü Atlısı: Salgın ve Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar Tarihi. ( S. Erkanlı Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Pearn, J. (2012). Master John of Arderne (1307–1380): a founder of modern surgery. ANZ J Surg. 82: 47. 46–51.
  • Pilcher J. (1895). Guy de Chauliac and Henri de Mondeville-A Surgical Retrospect. Ann. Surg. 21 (1): s. 84-102.
  • Power D. (1910). Arderne J. Treatise Of Fistula in Ana, Haemorrhoid And Clysters From An Early Fifteenth Century Manuscript Translation, Kegan Paul, Londra: Trench, Trubner and Co. Oxford Universıty Press.
  • Prioreschi P. A (2003). History of Medicine: Medieval Medicine, Omaha: Horatius Press.
  • Rawcliffe C. (1997). Medicine and Society In Later Medieval England. Londra: Sutton.
  • St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Journal (1902).
  • Strathern P. A (2005). Brief History of Medicine: From Hippocrates to Gene Therapy. Londra: Robinson Publishing.
  • Thevenet A. (1993). Guy de Chauliac (1300–1370): the Father of Surgery. Ann. Vasc. Surg. 7 (2): 208-212.
  • Thevenet A. (1998), Guy de Chauliac Père de la chirurgie. Academie des Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier, 28: 207-222.
  • Vrebos J. (2011). Thoughts on a neglected French medieval surgeon: Henri de Mondeville (ca. 1260–1320). Eur J Plast Surg. 34: 1–11.
  • Walsh J. (1911). Old-time makers of medicine: The story of the students and teachers of the sciences related to medicine during the Middle Ages. New York: Fordham University Press.
  • Widdess J. D. H. (1943). Practica magistri Johannis Arderne. Ir. J. Med. Aci. 18: 77-81.

Ortaçağ Avrupa’sının Üç Seçkin Cerrahı ve Yenilikçi Teknikleri: Henri de Mondeville, Guy de Chauliac ve John of Arderne

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 25, 815 - 828, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.38155/ksbd.971562

Öz

Ortaçağ Avrupa’sının tıp kültürüne bakıldığında kilisenin baskın bir yeri olduğu anlaşılıyor. Ancak kilisenin yanında çok çeşitli çevreler de tıp ve uygulayıcılarını ciddi şekilde etkilemiştir. Daha açık ifadeyle Ortaçağ zihniyeti tıp sahasına doğrudan yansımıştır ve hurafeler tıbbın ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Tıbbi bilgilerin önemli bir kısmı ise bilimsel olmaktan daha çok faydasız hatta çoğu zaman da insan sağlığına zararlıdır. Dolayısıyla Ortaçağ Avrupa’sında tıp böyle bir ortam içerisinde icra edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Sadece hekimlerin dönem şartlarına göre üniversite düzeyinde eğitim aldığı, cerrahlar ve eczacıların çoğunluğunun ise usta-çırak eğitiminden geçtiği bilinmektedir. Bu düzen içerisinde cerrahlar kendi aralarında ikiye ayrılmaktadırlar: Usta cerrahlar ve berber cerrahlar. Özellikle usta cerrahlar kendilerini hekimlerle denk tutarak seçkin kesime hizmet ederken, berberler tıraş yapmanın yanında halk kesiminin cerrahi operasyonlarını da yürütmüşlerdir. Ortaçağ Avrupa’sının usta cerrahları arasında aldıkları eğitimle, geliştirdikleri yenilikçi tedavi yöntemleriyle dönemlerine ve sonraki yüzyıllara ise üç isim damga vurmayı başarmıştır. Araştırma bu noktada, Ortaçağ Avrupa tıbbında geliştirdikleri yenilikçi cerrahi tekniklerle çağdaşlarının önüne geçmeyi başaran üç seçkin cerrah olan Henri de Mondeville, Guy de Chauliac ve John of Arderne’nin çalışmalarını konu almaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Barr J. Schalick O. W. ve Shortell K. S. (2000). Surgeons in the time of plague: Guy de Chauliac in fourteenth-century France. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech, 6(4): 657–658.
  • Beynon J, ve Carr N. (1988). Master John of Arderne-surgeon of Newark. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 81: 43-44.
  • Bullough L. V. (1959). Training of the Nonuniversity-Educated Medical Practitioners in the Later Middle Ages. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 14 (4): 446-458.
  • Campbell S, (1992). Hall B, Klausner D. Health, Disease and Healing in Medieval Culture. Londra: Macmillan.
  • Citrome J. J. (2006). The Surgeon in Medieval English Literature. Londra: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Clarke C. C. (1931). Henri De Mondeville. Yale Journal Of Biology And Medicine, 3(6): 458–481.
  • David A ve Watters K. (2013), Guy de Chauliac: pre-eminent surgeon of the Middle Ages. ANZ J Surg. 83: 730-734.
  • Fourth Lateran Council: 1215, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum12-2.htm#18 (2021).
  • Geoffrey Chaucer (2018). Canterbury Hikâyeleri. (Nazmi Ağıl Çev.) İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Ghosh K. S. (2015). Henri de Mondeville (1260-1320): Medieval French Anatomist and Surgeon. European Journal of Anatomy. 19 (3): 1-6.
  • Guy de Chauliac (1890). La Grande Chirurgie de Guy de Chavliac. Felic Alcan edit. Paris: Ancienne Librairie Germer Bailliere.
  • Güleç E. (1955). Eski Anadolu Toplumlarında Beyin Ameliyatı. Popüler Bilim. (17): 44-47.
  • Haller J. D. (1964). Guy de Chauliac and his Chirurgia Magna. Surgery. 55: 337-343.
  • https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/medicine-biographies/guy-de-chauliac (2021).
  • Jones P. M. (1994). John Arderne and Surgery. Luis Garcia-Ballester editör. Practical Medicine from Salerno to the Black Death: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Karaimamoğlu T. (2017). Ortaçağ Avrupası’nda Tıp Kültürü ve Gelişmeleri. Tarih ve Gelecek Dergisi, 3(2):44-61.
  • Karaimamoğlu T. (2020). Kara Ölüm ve Büyük Britanya’ya Etkileri (1300-1400). Mersin: Mersin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Macdougall, S. C. (2000). The surgeon and the saints: Henri de Mondeville on divine healing. J. Mediev Hist, 26 (3); 253-267.
  • Maitre Henri de Mondeville (1897). La Chirurgie. Dr. A Bos, edit. Paris: Librairie De Firmin Didot et cie.
  • Mathews F. S. (1930). John of Arderne, medieval English surgeon. Bull. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 6 (7): 461-471.
  • Mellick S. A. (1999). The Montpellier school and the Guy de Chauliac. ANZ J. Surg. 69: 297–301.
  • Millar TMW. (1953). John of Arderne, the Father of British Proctology. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 47: 77.
  • Montandon D. (2014). Henri De Mondeville (1260-1320): A Precursor in Aesthetic Surgery. ISAPS News, 8 (2):42-45.
  • Murphy G. H. (1951). The surgery of Guy de Chauliac. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 65 (1): 68–71.
  • Nebiolo M. (2017). Surgery as a Science: The Intellectual and Practical Evolution of European Surgery from the 16th to the 18th century. Butler Journal Of Undergraduate Research, (3): 101-110.
  • Nikiforuk A. (2018). Mahşerin Dördüncü Atlısı: Salgın ve Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar Tarihi. ( S. Erkanlı Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Pearn, J. (2012). Master John of Arderne (1307–1380): a founder of modern surgery. ANZ J Surg. 82: 47. 46–51.
  • Pilcher J. (1895). Guy de Chauliac and Henri de Mondeville-A Surgical Retrospect. Ann. Surg. 21 (1): s. 84-102.
  • Power D. (1910). Arderne J. Treatise Of Fistula in Ana, Haemorrhoid And Clysters From An Early Fifteenth Century Manuscript Translation, Kegan Paul, Londra: Trench, Trubner and Co. Oxford Universıty Press.
  • Prioreschi P. A (2003). History of Medicine: Medieval Medicine, Omaha: Horatius Press.
  • Rawcliffe C. (1997). Medicine and Society In Later Medieval England. Londra: Sutton.
  • St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Journal (1902).
  • Strathern P. A (2005). Brief History of Medicine: From Hippocrates to Gene Therapy. Londra: Robinson Publishing.
  • Thevenet A. (1993). Guy de Chauliac (1300–1370): the Father of Surgery. Ann. Vasc. Surg. 7 (2): 208-212.
  • Thevenet A. (1998), Guy de Chauliac Père de la chirurgie. Academie des Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier, 28: 207-222.
  • Vrebos J. (2011). Thoughts on a neglected French medieval surgeon: Henri de Mondeville (ca. 1260–1320). Eur J Plast Surg. 34: 1–11.
  • Walsh J. (1911). Old-time makers of medicine: The story of the students and teachers of the sciences related to medicine during the Middle Ages. New York: Fordham University Press.
  • Widdess J. D. H. (1943). Practica magistri Johannis Arderne. Ir. J. Med. Aci. 18: 77-81.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Tolgahan Karaimamoğlu 0000-0002-7614-4428

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 25

Kaynak Göster

APA Karaimamoğlu, T. (2021). Ortaçağ Avrupa’sının Üç Seçkin Cerrahı ve Yenilikçi Teknikleri: Henri de Mondeville, Guy de Chauliac ve John of Arderne. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(25), 815-828. https://doi.org/10.38155/ksbd.971562