Sosyal Zayıflatma (Social Undermining) Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması

Öz

Bu araştırma, Sosyal karşılaştırma teorisine dayanan Sosyal Zayıflatma (Social Undermining) Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye çeviri ve uyarlamasını kapsamaktadır. Duffy, Ganster & Pagon, (2002) tarafından geliştirilen Sosyal Zayıflatma (Social Undermining) Ölçeği yöneticiler tarafından zayıflatma ve iş arkadaşları tarafından zayıflatma olmak üzere iki boyutla ölçülmektedir. Söz konusu ölçeğin her bir boyutunda 13 madde olup toplam 26 maddede oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemi 650 çalışandan anket yöntemiyle toplanan verilerden oluşmaktadır. Ölçek varyans yapısı ve kovaryans ilişkileri dikkate alınarak yapı geçerliliği ve eş zaman geçerliliği ile test edilmiştir. Güvenilirlik için soruların iç tutarlılık testleri yapılmış ayrıca ölçeğin cinsiyet açısından farksızlığı hesaplanmıştır. Yapılan tüm analizler sonucunda ölçeğin geçerli ve güvenilir olduğuna ilişkin yeterli kanıtlara ulaşılmıştır. Bu çerçevede özenle ve uluslararası çeviri aşamaları dikkate alınarak yapılmış bu çalışmanın Türkçe dilinde yapılan çalışmalar için kullanılması uygundur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sosyal Zayıflatma
• Ölçek Uyarlama
• Geçerlilik
• Güvenilirlik
• Social Undermining
• Scale Adaptation
• Validity
• Reliability

Adaptation of the Social Undermining Scale into Turkish

Öz

This research covers the translation and adaptation of the Social Undermining Scale, which is based on the social comparison theory, into Turkish. The Social Undermining Scale, developed by Duffy, Ganster & Pagon, (2002), is measured by two dimensions: undermining by Supervisor and undermining by Coworker. There are 13 items in each dimension of the said scale and it consists of 26 items in total. The research sample consists of data collected from 650 employees by survey method. The scale was tested with construct and concurrent validity considering the variance structure and covariance relationships. For reliability, internal consistency tests of the questions were made and the gender difference of the scale was calculated. As a result of all analyzes, sufficient evidence has been obtained that the scale is valid and reliable. In this context, it is appropriate to use this study, which was made with care and taking into account the international translation stages, for studies conducted in Turkish.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Social Undermining
• Scale Adaptation
• Validity
• Reliability

Kaynakça

1. ABBEY, Antonia, ANDREWS, Frank M. ve HALMAN, L. Jill (1995) “Provision and Receipt of Social Support and Disregard: What is Their Impact on the Marital Life Quality of Infertile and Fertile Couples?”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, S.68, ss.455-469.
2. AHMAD, Bashir, SHAFIQUE, Imran ve KALYAR, Masood Nawaz (2021), “A Moderated Mediation Model of the Association between Coworker Social Undermining and Knowledge Hiding”, VINE Journal of Informationand Knowledge Management Systems, S.52(5), ss.763-778.
3. ANDERSSON, Lynne M. ve PEARSON, Christine M. (1999), “Tit for Tat? The Spiraling Effect of Incivility in the Workplace”, Academy of Management Review, S.24(3), ss.452-471.
4. BABIN, Barry J. ve BOLES, James S. (1996), “The Effects of Perceived Co-Worker Involvement and Supervisor Support on Service Provider Role Stress, Performance and Job Satisfaction”, Journal of Retailing, S.72(1), ss.57–75.
5. BANDURA, Albert ve MCCLELLAND, David Clarence (1977), Social Learning Theory, Prentice Hall Publisher, Englewood Cliffs.
6. BARON, Robert A. (1988), “Negative Effects of Destructive Criticism: Impact on Conflict, Self-Efficacy, and Task Performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, S.73(2), ss.199-207.
7. BASIM, H. Nejat ve ŞEŞEN, Harun (2009), “Örgütsel Adalet Algısı-Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı İlişkisinde İş Tatmininin Aracılık Rolü”, 17’nci Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 21-23 Mayıs 2009 - Eskişehir, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Yayını, Eskişehir, ss.808-814.
8. BOWLING, Nathan A. ve BEEHR, Terry A. (2006), “Workplace Harassment from the Victim's Perspective: A Theoretical Model and Meta-Analysis”, Journal of Applied Psychology, S.91(5), ss.998-1012.

9. BRISLIN, Richard W., LONNER, Walter J. ve THORDIKE, Rober M. (1973), Cross-Cultural Research Methods, John Wiley ve Sons Publisher, New York.
10. CASTILLE, Christopher M., KUYUMCU, Daniel ve BENNETT, Rebecca J. (2017), “Prevailing to the Peers' Detriment: Organizational Constraints Motivate Machiavellians to Undermine Their Peers”, Personality and Individual Differences, S.104, ss.29–36.
11. CROSSLEY, Craig D. (2009), “Emotional and Behavioral Reactions to Social Undermining: A Closer Look at Perceived Offender Motives”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, S.108(1), ss.14-24.
12. DEERY, Stephen, WALSH, Janet ve GUEST, David (2011), “Workplace Aggression: The Effects of Harassment on Job Burnout and Turnover Intentions”, Work, Employment and society, S.25(4), ss.742-759.
13. DIJKSTRA, Theo K. ve HENSELER, Jörg (2015) “Consistent and Asymptotically Normal PLS Estimators for Linear Structural Equations”, Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, S.81(1), ss.10-23.
14. DUFFY, Michelle K., GANSTER, Daniel C. ve PAGON, Milan (2002), “Social Undermining in the Workplace”, Academy of Management Journal, S.45(2), ss.331-351.
15. DUFFY, Michelle K., GANSTER, Daniel C., SHAW, Jason D., JOHNSON, Jonathan L. ve PAGON, Milan (2006), “The Social Context of Undermining Behavior at Work”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, S.101(1), ss.105-126.
16. DUFFY, Michelle K, SCOTT, Kristin L., SHAW, Jason D., TEPPER, Bennett J. ve AQUINO, Karl (2012), “A Social Context Model of Envy and Social Undermining”, Academy of Management Journal, S.55(3), ss.643-666.
17. DUNN, Jennifer ve SCHWEITZER, Maurice E. (2006), “Green and Mean: Envy and Social Undermining in Organizations”, Research on Managing Groups and Teams (A. E. Tenbrunsel), Emerald Group Publishing, Bingley, ss.177-197.
18. EISENBERGER, Robert, STINGLHAMBER, Florence, VANDENBERGHE, Christian, SUCHARSKI, Ivan L. ve RHOADES, Linda (2002), “Perceived Supervisor Support: Contributions to Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Retention”, Journal of Applied Psychology, S.87(3), ss.565–573.
19. EISSA, Gabi ve WYLAND, Rebecca (2018), “Work-Family Conflict and Hindrance Stress as Antecedents of Social Undermining: Does Ethical Leadership Matter?”, Applied Psychology, S.67(4), ss.645–654.
20. FATIMA, Tasneem, MAJEED, Mehwish ve JAHANZEB, Sadia (2020), “Supervisor Undermining and Submissive Behavior: Shame Resilience Theory Perspective”, European Management Journal, S.38(1), ss.191–203.
21. FESTINGER, Leon (1954), “A Theory of Social Comparison Processes”, Human Relations, S.7(2), ss.117-140.
22. FORNELL, Claes ve LARCKER, David F. (1981), “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error”, Journal of Marketing Research, S.18(1), ss.39-50.
23. GREENBAUM, Rebecca L., HILL, Aaron, MAWRITZ, Mary B. ve QUADE, Matthew J. (2017), “Employee Machiavellianism to Uneth-Ical Behavior: The Role of Abusive Supervision as a Trait Activator”, Journal of Management, S.43(2), ss.585-609.
24. HACKMAN, J. Richard ve OLDHAM, Greg R. (1976), “Motivation Through the Design of Work: Test of a Theory”, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, S.16(2), ss.250-279.
25. HAIR, Joseph F., HULT, G. Tomas M., RINGLE, Christian M. ve SARSTEDT, Marko (2017), Primer on Partial Least Square Structural Equations Modeling (PLS-SEM), Sage Publisher, Thousand Oaks, 2nd Edition.
26. HENSELER, Jörg, RINGLE, Christian M. ve SARSTEDT, Marko (2015) “A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Varience-Based Structural Equation Modelling”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, S.43(1), ss.115-135.
27. HEPBURN, C. Gail ve ENNS, Janelle R. (2013), "Social Undermining and Well‐Being: The Role of Communal Orientation" Journal of Managerial Psychology, S.28(4), ss.354-366.
28. HERSHCOVIS, M. Sandy (2011), “Incivility, Social Undermining, Bullying... Oh My!”: A Call to Reconcile Con-Structs within Workplace Aggression Research”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, S.32(3), ss.499–519.
29. HIRSCH, Barton J. ve RAPKIN, Bruce D. (1986), “Multiple Roles, Social Networks, and Women's Well-Being”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, S.51, ss.1237-124.
30. HOBFOLL, Stevan E. (1989), “Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress”, American Psychologist, S.44(3), ss.513-524.
31. HUILIAN, Zhou, WAQAS, Muhammad, YAHYA, Farzan, QADRI, Ahmad Usman ve ZAHID, Fatima (2022), “I Have Had Enough: When and How Customer Mistreatment Leads to Coworker Undermining”, Frontiers in Psychology, S.13, ss.(629901).
32. JUNG, Hyo Sun ve YOON, Hye Hyun (2019), “The Effects of Social Undermining on Employee Voice and Silence and on Organizational Deviant Behaviors in the Hotel Industry”, Journal of Service Theory and Practice, S.29(2), ss.213–231.
33. KANTEN, Pelin ve AYDIN, Deniz (2019), “İşyeri Kıskançlığının Sosyal Zayıflatma Üzerindeki Etkisinde Makyavelist Kişilik Özelliğinin ve Öz Saygının Rolü”, 27. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 17-20 Nisan 2019 - Antalya, ss.658-673.
34. KHAN, Muhammad Arslan, MALIK, Omer Farooq ve SHAHZAD, Asif (2022), "Social Undermining and Employee Creativity: The Mediating Role of Interpersonal Distrust and Knowledge Hiding", Behavioral Sciences, S.12(2), ss.1-10.
35. LAKEY, Brian, TARDIFF, Tracey Anne ve DREW, Jana Brittain (1994) “Negative Social Interactions: Assessment and Relations to Social Support, Cognition, and Psychological Distress”, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, S.13, ss.42-62.
36. LEE, Ki Young, KIM, Eugene, BHAVE, Devasheesh P. ve DUFFY, Michelle K. (2016), “Why Victims of Undermining at Work Become Perpetrators of Undermining: An Integrative Model”, Journal of Applied Psychology, S.101(6), ss.915-924.
37. MORITA, June G., LEE, Thomas W. ve MOWDAY, Richard T. (1993), “The Regression-Analog to Survival Analysis: A Selected Application to Turnover Research”, Academy of Management Journal, S.36(6), ss.1430–1464.
38. MULAPHONG, Dhanakorn (2022), “Social Undermining in Public Sector Organizations: Examining its Effects on Employees’ Work Attitudes, Behaviors, and Performance”, Public Organization Review, S.22, ss.1-10.
39. NAHUM-SHANI, Inbal, HENDERSON, Melanie M., LIM, Sandy ve VINOKUR, Amiram D. (2014), “Supervisor Support: Does Supervisor Support Buffer or Exacerbate the Adverse Effects of Supervisor Undermining?” Journal of Applied Psychology, S.99(3), ss.484-503.
40. ÖZDAMAR, Kazım (2003), Modern Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Kaan Kitapevi, Eskişehir.
41. ÖZTÜRK, Engin Bağış ve KARAGONLAR, Gökhan (2017) “İlk Yönetici Baltalaması ile Desteği Arasındaki Etkileşim: Önleme Odağının Biçimlendirici Rolü”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, S.46(1), ss.34-46.
42. QUADE, Matthew J., GREENBAUM, Rebecca L. ve MAWRITZ, Mary Bardes (2018), “If Only My Coworker Was More Ethical: When Ethical and Performance Comparisons Lead to Negative Emotions, Social Undermining, and Ostracism”, Journal of Business Ethics, S.159(6), ss.567-586.
43. REH, Susan, TROSTER, Christian, VAN QUAQUEBEKE, Niels (2018), “Keeping (Future) Rivals Down: Temporal Social Comparison Predicts Coworker Social Undermining Via Future Status Threat and Envy”, Journal of Applied Psychology, S.103(4), ss.399-415.
44. RUEHLMAN, Linda S. ve KAROLY, Paul (1991) “With a Little Flak from My Friends: Development and Validation of the Test of Negative Social Exchange (TENSE)”, Psychological Assessment, S.3, ss.97-104.
45. RUEHLMAN, Linda S. ve WOLCHIK, Sharlene A. (1988) “Personal Goals and Interpersonal Support and Hindrance as Factors in Psychological Distress and Well-Being”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, S.55, ss.293-301.
46. SABEEN, Zara and ARSHAD, Faria (2019), "Social Undermining in Academia: Experiences and Effects", Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, S.11(4), ss.1-12(653-663).
47. SARBESCU, Paul, SULEA, Coralia ve MOZA, Daniela (2017), “Supervisor Undermining and Driving Errors in Truckdrivers: A Moderated Mediation Model”, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, S.45, ss.122-130.
48. SCHERMELLEH-ENGEL, Karin, MOOSBRUGGER, Helfried ve MÜLLER, Hans (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, S.8(2), ss. 23-74.
49. SCHWEPKER, Charles H. ve DIMITROU, Christina K. (2022), “Reducing Service Sabotage: The Influence of Supervisor Social Undermining, Job Stress, Turnover Intention and Ethical Conflict”, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, ss.1–20.
50. SHANOCK, Linda Rhoades ve EISENBERGER, Robert (2006), “When Supervisors Feel Supported: Relationships with Subordinates' Perceived Supervisor Support, Perceived Organizational Support, and Performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, S.91(3), ss.689–695.
51. SMITH, Mickey B. ve WEBSTER, Brian D. (2017), “A Moderated Mediation Model of Machiavellianism, Social Under-Mining, Political Skill, and Supervisor-Rated Job Performance”, Personality and Individual Differences, S.104, ss.453-459.
52. SONG, Ying ve ZHAO, Zhenzhi (2022), “Social Undermining and Interpersonal Rumination among Employees: The Mediating Role of Being the Subject of Envy and the Moderating Role of Social Support”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, S.19(14), ss.1-20.
53. TABACHNICK, Barbara. G. ve FIDELL Linda. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (Sixth Edition). Boston.
54. TAYLOR, Ronald D., CASTEN, Robin ve FLICKINGER, Susanne M. (1993) “The Influence Kinship Social Support on the Parenting Experiences and Psychological Adjustment of African-American Adolescents”, Developmental Psychology, S.29, ss.382–388.
55. ÜLBEĞİ, İlksun Didem, MİMAROĞLU ÖZGEN, Hande ve ÖZGEN, Hüseyin (2014) “Türkiye’de İstismarcı Yönetim Ölçeğinin Uyarlaması: Güvenirlik ve Geçerlik Analizi”, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, S.23(1), ss.1-112.
56. VINOKUR, Amiram D. ve VAN RYN, Michelle (1993), “Social Support and Undermining in Close Relationships: Their Independent Effects on the Mental Health of Unemployed Persons”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, S.65(2), ss.350–359.
57. VINOKUR, Amiram D., PRICE, Richard H. ve CAPLAN, Robert D. (1996), “Hard Times and Hurtful Partners: How Financial Strain Affects Depression and Relationship Satisfaction of Unemployed Persons and Their Spouses”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, S.71(1), ss.166–179.
58. XU, Aidi, AYUB, Arslan ve IQBAL, Shahid (2022), “When” and “Why” Employees Resort to Remain Silent at Work? A Moderated Mediation Model of Social Undermining”, Journal of Organizational Change Management, S.35(3), ss.580-602(23)
59. YOO, Jaewon (Jay) and FRANKWICK, Gary L. (2013), “Exploring the Impact of Social Undermining on Salesper-Son Deviance: An Integrated Model”, Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, S.33(1), ss.79–90.
60. YU, Wei, LI, Zhuyi Angelina, FOO, Maw-Der ve SUN, Shuhua (2022), “Perceived Social Undermining Keeps Entrepreneurs up at Night and Disengaged the Next Day: The Mediating Role of Sleep Quality and the Buffering Role of Trait Resilience”, Journal of Business Venturing, S.37(2), ss.106-186.