Araştırma Makalesi
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A Bibliometric Analysis of Quiet Quitting Research: A Review of the Web of Science and Scopus Databases

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 1054 - 1067, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.1818770

Öz

This study aims to examine research on quiet quitting, a topic that has been frequently discussed in the literature in recent years, using bibliometric analysis. Within this scope, 125 academic articles published between 2000 and September 2025 were retrieved from the Web of Science and Scopus databases and analyzed using RStudio program. The results show a remarkable increase in the number of studies on quiet quitting following the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the journal with the highest number of articles on quiet quitting was found to be Human Resource Management. Greek researchers showed the most interest in quiet quitting studies, and the most cited studies generally belonged to these researchers. In recent years, it has been found that topics most frequently studied in conjunction with quiet quitting include burnout, turnover intention, and work–life balance, with research samples primarily focusing on healthcare workers and teachers.

Etik Beyan

This paper complies with Research and Publication Ethics, has no conflict of interest to declare, and has received no financial support. The article has been checked for spelling and plagiarism/similarity. The article was evaluated by "at least two external referees" and "double blinding" method. The author sent a signed "Copyright Transfer Form" to the journal. There is no need to obtain ethical permission for the current study as per the legislation. The "Declaration Form Regarding No Ethics Permission Required" was sent to the journal by the author on this subject. The author contributed to all sections and stages of the study alone.

Destekleyen Kurum

No financial support was received for the conduct of the research.

Kaynakça

  • AHMAD, Rehan, NAWAZ, Muhammad Rafay, ISHAQ, Muhammad Ishtiaq, KHAN, Mumtaz Muhammad ve ASHRAF, Hafiz Ahmad (2023), “Social Exchange Theory: Systematic Review and Future Directions”, Frontiers in Psychology, S.13(1015921), ss.1-13.
  • ARIA, Massimo ve CUCCURULLO, Corrado (2017), “Bibliometrix: An R Tool for Comprehensive Science Mapping Analysis”, Journal of Informetrics, S.11(4), ss.959-975.
  • ATALAY, Murat ve DAGISTAN, Umut (2024), “Quiet Quitting: A New Wine in an Old Bottle?”, Personnel Review, S.53(4), ss.1059-1974.
  • ANAND, Amitabh, DOLL, Jessica ve RAY, Prantika (2023), "Drowning in Silence: A Scale Development and Validation of Quiet Quitting and Quiet Firing", International Journal of Organizational Analysis, S.32(4), ss.721–743.
  • BARBALET, Jack (2017), “Social Exchange Theory”, The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Theory (Ed. Bryan Stanley Turner), John Wiley & Sons Publishing, New Jersey, ss.1-11.
  • BLAU, Peter Michael (1964), Exchange and Power in Social Life, John Wiley & Sons Publishing, New Jersey.
  • BOY, Yasemin ve SÜRMELİ, Mahmut (2023), “Quiet Quitting: A Significant Risk for Global Healthcare”, J Glob Health, S.13(03014), ss.1-4.
  • CROPANZANO, Russell ve MITCHELL, Marie (2005), “Social Exchange Theory: An Interdisciplinary Review”, Journal of Management, S.31(6), ss.874-900.
  • FORMICA, Sandro ve SFODERA, Fabiola (2022), “The Great Resignation and Quiet Quitting Paradigm Shifts: An Overview of Current Situation and Future Research Directions”, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, S.31(8), ss.899-907.
  • FULLER, Joseph ve KERR, William (2022), “The Great Resignation Didn’t Start with the Pandemic”, Harvard Business Review Kurumsal Web Sayfası (E-Makale), https://hbr.org/2022/03/the-great-resignation-didnt-start-with-the-pandemic (Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2025).
  • GALANIS, Petros, KATSIROUMPA, Aglaia, VRAKA, Irene, SISKOU, Olga, KONSTANTAKOPOULOU, Olympia, MOISOGLOU, Ioannis, GALLOS, Parisis ve KAITELIDOU, Daphne (2023), “The Quiet Quitting Scale: Development and Initial Validation”, AIMS Public Health, S.10(4), ss.828-848.
  • GALANIS, Petros, MOISOGLOU, Ioannis Malliarou, PAPATHANASIOU, Ioanna, KATSIROUMPA, Aglaia, VRAKA, Irene, SISKOU, Olga, KONSTANTAKOPOULOU, Olympia ve KAITELIDOU, Daphne (2023), “Quiet Quitting among Nurses Increases Their Turnover Intention: Evidence from Greece in the Post-COVID-19 Era”, Healthcare, S.12(1), ss.1-11.
  • GALANIS, Petros, MOISOGLOU, Ioannis, KATSIROUMPA, Aglaia, VRAKA, Irene, SISKOU, Olga, KONSTANTAKOPOULOU, Olympia ve KAITELIDOU, Daphne (2024), “Moral Resilience Reduces Levels of Quiet Quitting, Job Burnout, and Turnover Intention among Nurses: Evidence in the Post COVID-19 Era”, Nursing Reports, S.14(1), ss.254-266.
  • GALLUP (2022), “State of the Global Workplace: 2023 Report”, Gallup Kurumsal Web Sayfası (E-Haber), https://www.gallup.com/workplace/349484/state-of-the-global-workplace-2022-report.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 05.09.2025).
  • GREENER, Sue (2022). “Evaluating Literature with Bibliometrics”, Interactive Learning Environments, S.30(1), ss.1168-1169.
  • HAMOUCHE, Salima, KORITOS, Christos ve PAPASTATHOPOULOS, Avraam (2023), "Quiet Quitting: Relationship with Other Concepts and Implications for Tourism and Hospitality", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, S.35(12), ss.4297-4312.
  • HARTER, Jim (2023), “Is Quiet Quitting Real?”, Gallup Kurumsal Web Sayfası (E-Haber), https://www.gallup.com/workplace/ 398306/quiet-quitting-real.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2025).
  • KACHHAP, Vincy ve SINGH, Tripti (2024), “Quiet Quitting: A Comprehensive Exploration of Hidden Problems”, Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, S.38(5), ss.23-26.
  • KIM, Kwang Tae ve SOHN, Young Woo (2024), “The Impact of Quiet Quitting on Turnover Intentions in the Era of Digital Transformation: The Mediating Roles of Job Satisfaction and Affective Commitment, and the Moderating Role of Psychological Safety”, Systems, S.12(11), ss.1-17.
  • KLOTZ, Anthony C.ve BOLINO, Mark C. (2022), “When Quiet Quitting is Worse Than the Real Thing”, Harvard Business Review Kurumsal Web Sayfası (E-Makale), https://hbr.org/2022/09/when-quiet-quitting-is-worse-than-the-real-thing (Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2025).
  • LU, Mingxiao, AL MAMUN, Abdullah, CHEN, Xuelin, YANG, Qing ve MASUKUJJAMAN, Mohammad (2023), “Quiet Quitting During COVID-19: The Role of Psychological Empowerment”, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, S.10(1), ss.1-16.
  • MAHAND, Thalmus ve CALDWELL, Cam (2023), “Quiet Quitting – Causes and Opportunities”, Business and Management Researches, S.12(1), ss.9-18.
  • MASTERSON, Victoria (2022), “What Is Quiet Quitting?”, Dünya Ekonomik Forumu Kurumsal Web Sayfası (E-Makale), https://www.weforum.org/stories/2022/09/quiet-quitting-explained/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2025).
  • OĞAN, Ela ve ÇETİNER, Nurcan (2024), “Sessiz İstifa Kavramına Yönelik Bir Bibliyometrik Analiz”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, S.25(1), ss.203-221.
  • OLIVEIRA, Otávio José de, DA SILVA, Fabio Francisco da, JULIANI, Fernando, BARBOSA, Luis César Ferreira Motta ve NUNHES, Thaís Vieira (2019), “Bibliometric Method for Mapping the State-of-the-Art and Identifying Research Gaps and Trends in Literature: An Essential Instrument to Support the Development of Scientific Projects”, Scientometrics Recent Advances (Ed. Suad Kunosic, Enver Zerem), IntechOpen, United Kingdom, ss.1-20.
  • PASSAS, Ioannis (2024), “Bibliometric Analysis: The Main Steps”, Encyclopedia, S.4(2), ss.1014-1025.
  • PATEL, Pankaj C., GUEDES, Maria João, BACHRACH, Daniel G. ve CHO, Younsung (2025), “A Multidimensional Quiet Quitting Scale: Development and Test of a Measure of Quiet Quitting”, PLoS ONE, S.20(4), ss.1-47.
  • RAHMADARA, Belinda ve RACHMAWATI, Riani (2025), “Exploratory Study of the Phenomenon Quiet Quitting: Manager’s Perspective in a Digital Company”, Journal of Theory and Applied Management, S.18(1), ss.156-167.
  • SAFARIYANI, Eva ve FADILLAH, Alan Fajar (2025), “Identification of Factors Causing Quiet Quitting in Organizations Based on the Perspective of Literature Studies”, JENIUS (Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia), S.8(2), ss.272-278.
  • SARWAR, Abdullah, RAHMAN, Shaikh Fazlu, SHARIF, Suhaimi Bin Mhd ve SENG, Vincent Oh Kim (2024), “Quiet Quitting: A Millennial Perspective on Workplace Dissatisfaction and Retention Challenges”, Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance, S.20(1), ss.503-509.
  • SCHEYETT, Anna (2022), “Quiet Quitting”, Social Work, S.68(1), ss.5-7.
  • SERENKO, Alexander (2023), “The Human Capital Management Perspective on Quiet Quitting: Recommendations for Employees, Managers, and National Policymakers”, Journal of Knowledge Management, S.28(1), ss.27-43.
  • SRIVASTAVA, Ayushi, PANDEY, Agrata, SHARMA, Dheeraj ve GHOSH, Koustab (2024), “Apathy Under the Surface: Theorizing Quiet Quitting’s Impact on Organizational Learning”, Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, S.39(2), ss.15-17.
  • ŞAHİN, Yaşar (2024), “Örgütlerde Sessiz İstifanın Bibliyometrik Analizi”, İzmir Yönetim Dergisi, S.5(2), ss.153-165.
  • TALUKDER, Md Farid ve PRIETO, Leonel (2024), “A Quiet Quitting Scale: Development and Validation”, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, S.33(6), ss.1487-1510.
  • TOK, Hümeyra Hançer ve UZUN, Lütfiye Nur (2025), “Investigating Quiet Quitting Tendencies Among Nursing Students: A Descriptive Study”, BMC Nursing, S.24(902), ss.1-10.
  • XUEYUN, Zhong, AL MAMUN, Abdullah, MASUKUJJAMAN, Mohammad, RAHMAN, Muhammad Khalilur, GAO, Jingzu ve YANG, Qing (2023), “Modelling the Significance of Organizational Conditions on Quiet Quitting Intention Among Gen Z Workforce in an Emerging Economy”, Scientific Reports, S.13(1), ss.1-18.

Sessiz İstifa Araştırmalarının Bibliyometrik Analizi: Web of Science ve Scopus Veri Tabanları Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 1054 - 1067, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.1818770

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı son yıllarda literatüre sıkça konu olan sessiz istifayla ilgili yapılan araştırmaları bibliyometrik olarak incelemektir. Bu kapsamda Web of Science ve Scopus veri tabanlarından 2000 yılı ile 2025 yılı eylül ayı arasında gerçekleştirilen 125 akademik makaleye ulaşılmış ve RStüdyo programı ile analizler yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar Covid-19 pandemisi sonrası sessiz istifayı konu alan çalışmaların sayısında dikkat çekici bir artışın olduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte sessiz istifa çalışmalarını konu alan makalelerin en çok yayınlandığı derginin “Human Resource Management” olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Sessiz istifa çalışmalarına en çok ilgi gösterenlerin Yunanlı araştırmacılar olduğu, en çok atıf alan çalışmaların da genellikle bu araştırmacılara ait olduğu görülmüştür. Son yıllarda sessiz istifa kavramıyla birlikte çalışılan güncel konuların genellikle tükenmişlik, işten ayrılma niyeti ve iş yaşam dengesi olduğu ve örneklemlerin sağlık çalışanları ve öğretmenler üzerinde yoğunlaştığı ortaya çıkmıştır.

Etik Beyan

Bu makale Araştırma ve Yayın Etiğine uygundur. Beyan edilecek herhangi bir çıkar çatışması yoktur. Araştırmanın ortaya konulmasında herhangi bir mali destek alınmamıştır. Makale yazım ve intihal/benzerlik açısından kontrol edilmiştir. Makale, “en az iki dış hakem” ve “çift taraflı körleme” yöntemi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Yazar, dergiye imzalı “Telif Devir Formu” belgesi göndermiştir. Mevcut çalışma için mevzuat gereği etik izni alınmaya ihtiyaç yoktur. Bu konuda yazar tarafından dergiye “Etik İznine Gerek Olmadığına Dair Beyan Formu” gönderilmiştir. Yazar, çalışmanın tüm bölümlerine ve aşamalarına tek başına katkıda bulunmuştur.

Destekleyen Kurum

Araştırmanın ortaya konulmasında herhangi bir mali destek alınmamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • AHMAD, Rehan, NAWAZ, Muhammad Rafay, ISHAQ, Muhammad Ishtiaq, KHAN, Mumtaz Muhammad ve ASHRAF, Hafiz Ahmad (2023), “Social Exchange Theory: Systematic Review and Future Directions”, Frontiers in Psychology, S.13(1015921), ss.1-13.
  • ARIA, Massimo ve CUCCURULLO, Corrado (2017), “Bibliometrix: An R Tool for Comprehensive Science Mapping Analysis”, Journal of Informetrics, S.11(4), ss.959-975.
  • ATALAY, Murat ve DAGISTAN, Umut (2024), “Quiet Quitting: A New Wine in an Old Bottle?”, Personnel Review, S.53(4), ss.1059-1974.
  • ANAND, Amitabh, DOLL, Jessica ve RAY, Prantika (2023), "Drowning in Silence: A Scale Development and Validation of Quiet Quitting and Quiet Firing", International Journal of Organizational Analysis, S.32(4), ss.721–743.
  • BARBALET, Jack (2017), “Social Exchange Theory”, The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Theory (Ed. Bryan Stanley Turner), John Wiley & Sons Publishing, New Jersey, ss.1-11.
  • BLAU, Peter Michael (1964), Exchange and Power in Social Life, John Wiley & Sons Publishing, New Jersey.
  • BOY, Yasemin ve SÜRMELİ, Mahmut (2023), “Quiet Quitting: A Significant Risk for Global Healthcare”, J Glob Health, S.13(03014), ss.1-4.
  • CROPANZANO, Russell ve MITCHELL, Marie (2005), “Social Exchange Theory: An Interdisciplinary Review”, Journal of Management, S.31(6), ss.874-900.
  • FORMICA, Sandro ve SFODERA, Fabiola (2022), “The Great Resignation and Quiet Quitting Paradigm Shifts: An Overview of Current Situation and Future Research Directions”, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, S.31(8), ss.899-907.
  • FULLER, Joseph ve KERR, William (2022), “The Great Resignation Didn’t Start with the Pandemic”, Harvard Business Review Kurumsal Web Sayfası (E-Makale), https://hbr.org/2022/03/the-great-resignation-didnt-start-with-the-pandemic (Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2025).
  • GALANIS, Petros, KATSIROUMPA, Aglaia, VRAKA, Irene, SISKOU, Olga, KONSTANTAKOPOULOU, Olympia, MOISOGLOU, Ioannis, GALLOS, Parisis ve KAITELIDOU, Daphne (2023), “The Quiet Quitting Scale: Development and Initial Validation”, AIMS Public Health, S.10(4), ss.828-848.
  • GALANIS, Petros, MOISOGLOU, Ioannis Malliarou, PAPATHANASIOU, Ioanna, KATSIROUMPA, Aglaia, VRAKA, Irene, SISKOU, Olga, KONSTANTAKOPOULOU, Olympia ve KAITELIDOU, Daphne (2023), “Quiet Quitting among Nurses Increases Their Turnover Intention: Evidence from Greece in the Post-COVID-19 Era”, Healthcare, S.12(1), ss.1-11.
  • GALANIS, Petros, MOISOGLOU, Ioannis, KATSIROUMPA, Aglaia, VRAKA, Irene, SISKOU, Olga, KONSTANTAKOPOULOU, Olympia ve KAITELIDOU, Daphne (2024), “Moral Resilience Reduces Levels of Quiet Quitting, Job Burnout, and Turnover Intention among Nurses: Evidence in the Post COVID-19 Era”, Nursing Reports, S.14(1), ss.254-266.
  • GALLUP (2022), “State of the Global Workplace: 2023 Report”, Gallup Kurumsal Web Sayfası (E-Haber), https://www.gallup.com/workplace/349484/state-of-the-global-workplace-2022-report.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 05.09.2025).
  • GREENER, Sue (2022). “Evaluating Literature with Bibliometrics”, Interactive Learning Environments, S.30(1), ss.1168-1169.
  • HAMOUCHE, Salima, KORITOS, Christos ve PAPASTATHOPOULOS, Avraam (2023), "Quiet Quitting: Relationship with Other Concepts and Implications for Tourism and Hospitality", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, S.35(12), ss.4297-4312.
  • HARTER, Jim (2023), “Is Quiet Quitting Real?”, Gallup Kurumsal Web Sayfası (E-Haber), https://www.gallup.com/workplace/ 398306/quiet-quitting-real.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2025).
  • KACHHAP, Vincy ve SINGH, Tripti (2024), “Quiet Quitting: A Comprehensive Exploration of Hidden Problems”, Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, S.38(5), ss.23-26.
  • KIM, Kwang Tae ve SOHN, Young Woo (2024), “The Impact of Quiet Quitting on Turnover Intentions in the Era of Digital Transformation: The Mediating Roles of Job Satisfaction and Affective Commitment, and the Moderating Role of Psychological Safety”, Systems, S.12(11), ss.1-17.
  • KLOTZ, Anthony C.ve BOLINO, Mark C. (2022), “When Quiet Quitting is Worse Than the Real Thing”, Harvard Business Review Kurumsal Web Sayfası (E-Makale), https://hbr.org/2022/09/when-quiet-quitting-is-worse-than-the-real-thing (Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2025).
  • LU, Mingxiao, AL MAMUN, Abdullah, CHEN, Xuelin, YANG, Qing ve MASUKUJJAMAN, Mohammad (2023), “Quiet Quitting During COVID-19: The Role of Psychological Empowerment”, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, S.10(1), ss.1-16.
  • MAHAND, Thalmus ve CALDWELL, Cam (2023), “Quiet Quitting – Causes and Opportunities”, Business and Management Researches, S.12(1), ss.9-18.
  • MASTERSON, Victoria (2022), “What Is Quiet Quitting?”, Dünya Ekonomik Forumu Kurumsal Web Sayfası (E-Makale), https://www.weforum.org/stories/2022/09/quiet-quitting-explained/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2025).
  • OĞAN, Ela ve ÇETİNER, Nurcan (2024), “Sessiz İstifa Kavramına Yönelik Bir Bibliyometrik Analiz”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, S.25(1), ss.203-221.
  • OLIVEIRA, Otávio José de, DA SILVA, Fabio Francisco da, JULIANI, Fernando, BARBOSA, Luis César Ferreira Motta ve NUNHES, Thaís Vieira (2019), “Bibliometric Method for Mapping the State-of-the-Art and Identifying Research Gaps and Trends in Literature: An Essential Instrument to Support the Development of Scientific Projects”, Scientometrics Recent Advances (Ed. Suad Kunosic, Enver Zerem), IntechOpen, United Kingdom, ss.1-20.
  • PASSAS, Ioannis (2024), “Bibliometric Analysis: The Main Steps”, Encyclopedia, S.4(2), ss.1014-1025.
  • PATEL, Pankaj C., GUEDES, Maria João, BACHRACH, Daniel G. ve CHO, Younsung (2025), “A Multidimensional Quiet Quitting Scale: Development and Test of a Measure of Quiet Quitting”, PLoS ONE, S.20(4), ss.1-47.
  • RAHMADARA, Belinda ve RACHMAWATI, Riani (2025), “Exploratory Study of the Phenomenon Quiet Quitting: Manager’s Perspective in a Digital Company”, Journal of Theory and Applied Management, S.18(1), ss.156-167.
  • SAFARIYANI, Eva ve FADILLAH, Alan Fajar (2025), “Identification of Factors Causing Quiet Quitting in Organizations Based on the Perspective of Literature Studies”, JENIUS (Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia), S.8(2), ss.272-278.
  • SARWAR, Abdullah, RAHMAN, Shaikh Fazlu, SHARIF, Suhaimi Bin Mhd ve SENG, Vincent Oh Kim (2024), “Quiet Quitting: A Millennial Perspective on Workplace Dissatisfaction and Retention Challenges”, Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance, S.20(1), ss.503-509.
  • SCHEYETT, Anna (2022), “Quiet Quitting”, Social Work, S.68(1), ss.5-7.
  • SERENKO, Alexander (2023), “The Human Capital Management Perspective on Quiet Quitting: Recommendations for Employees, Managers, and National Policymakers”, Journal of Knowledge Management, S.28(1), ss.27-43.
  • SRIVASTAVA, Ayushi, PANDEY, Agrata, SHARMA, Dheeraj ve GHOSH, Koustab (2024), “Apathy Under the Surface: Theorizing Quiet Quitting’s Impact on Organizational Learning”, Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, S.39(2), ss.15-17.
  • ŞAHİN, Yaşar (2024), “Örgütlerde Sessiz İstifanın Bibliyometrik Analizi”, İzmir Yönetim Dergisi, S.5(2), ss.153-165.
  • TALUKDER, Md Farid ve PRIETO, Leonel (2024), “A Quiet Quitting Scale: Development and Validation”, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, S.33(6), ss.1487-1510.
  • TOK, Hümeyra Hançer ve UZUN, Lütfiye Nur (2025), “Investigating Quiet Quitting Tendencies Among Nursing Students: A Descriptive Study”, BMC Nursing, S.24(902), ss.1-10.
  • XUEYUN, Zhong, AL MAMUN, Abdullah, MASUKUJJAMAN, Mohammad, RAHMAN, Muhammad Khalilur, GAO, Jingzu ve YANG, Qing (2023), “Modelling the Significance of Organizational Conditions on Quiet Quitting Intention Among Gen Z Workforce in an Emerging Economy”, Scientific Reports, S.13(1), ss.1-18.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Organizasyon, Organizasyonel Planlama ve Yönetim, Örgütsel Davranış
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hayri Cengiz 0000-0002-3394-349X

Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Kasım 2025
Kabul Tarihi 26 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Cengiz, H. (2025). Sessiz İstifa Araştırmalarının Bibliyometrik Analizi: Web of Science ve Scopus Veri Tabanları Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 8(4), 1054-1067. https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.1818770