Examining The Relationship Between Posttraumatic Growth and Primary and Secondary Capabilities in The Context of Positive Psychotherapy

Öz

Posttraumatic growth is a concept that refers to positive psychological changes that develop after difficult life circumstances. From past to present, research has been conducted to examine the relationship between many concepts and psychological theoretical structures. In this context, the main purpose of the current study is to examine the relationships between primary and secondary abilities, which are one of the main structures of positive psychotherapy, and posttraumatic growth and to determine the predictive abilities in this relationship. The study group of the research, which was designed according to the relational screening model, consisted of 223 participants with traumatic experiences, 169 of whom were female and 54 of whom were male. Personal Information Form, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and Wiesbaden Positive Psychotherapy and Family Therapy Inventory were used in the study. According to the results of the study, statistically significant positive relationships were found between posttraumatic growth and the secondary abilities of order, success, obedience, justice and the primary abilities of patience, time, relationship, confidence, hope, softness/sexuality, love, and belief. According to another result of the study, relationship and hope abilities among the primary abilities predicted posttraumatic growth and explained 18% of the total variance, but secondary abilities did not predict posttraumatic growth. The research results can be used in the field of mental health, trauma intervention studies and trauma intervention studies to be developed based on positive psychotherapy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Positive Psychotherapy
• Posttraumatic Growth
• Primary Capabilities
• Secondary Capabilities

Travma Sonrası Büyüme İle Pozitif Psikoterapi Bağlamında Birincil ve İkincil Yetenekler Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi

Öz

Travma sonrası büyüme zorlu yaşam koşullarından sonra gelişen olumlu psikolojik değişimleri ifade eden bir kavramdır. Geçmişten bugüne birçok kavram ve psikoloji kuram yapıları ile ilişkileri inceleyen araştırmalar yapılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda mevcut araştırmada temel amaç pozitif psikoterapinin ana yapılarından biri olan birincil ve ikincil yetenekler ile travma sonrası büyüme arasındaki ilişkileri incelemek ve bu ilişkideki yordayıcı yetenekleri belirlemek hedeflenmektedir. İlişkisel tarama modeline göre göre tasarlanan araştırmanın çalışma grubu, 169’u kadın, 54’ü erkek olmak üzere toplamda 223 travmatik yaşantıya sahip katılımcı oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Travma Sonrası Gelişim Envanteri ve Wiesbaden Pozitif Psikoterapi ve Aile Terapisi Envanteri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre travma sonrası büyüme ile ikincil yeteneklerden düzen, başarı, itaat, adalet arasında ve birincil yeteneklerden sabır, zaman, ilişki, güven, umut, yumuşaklık/cinsellik, sevgi, inanç yetenekleri ile pozitif yönde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişkiler saptanmıştır. Araştırmanın diğer bir sonucuna göre ise birincil yeteneklerden ilişki ve umut yeteneklerinin travma sonrası büyümeyi yordadığı ve toplam varyansın %18’ini açıkladığı saptanmış, ancak ikincil yeteneklerin travma sonrası büyümeyi yordamadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları ruh sağlığı alanında, travma müdahale çalışmalarında ve pozitif psikoterapiye dayalı geliştirilecek travma müdahale çalışmalarında kullanılabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pozitif Psikoterapi
• Travma Sonrası Büyüme
• Birincil Yetenekler
• İkincil Yetenekler

Kaynakça

1. Ahmadi, K. (2023). The COVID-19 crisis as a practice of patience and an opportunity for post-traumatic growth: a narrative review. Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health Studies, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.5812/mejrh-134646
2. Aliche, C. J., Ifeagwazi, C. M., ve Ezenwa, M. O. (2023). Relationship between mindfulness, meaning in life and post-traumatic growth among Nigerian cancer patients. Psychology, Health ve Medicine, 28(2), 475-485. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2022.2095576
3. Bae, K. R., So, W. Y., ve Jang, S. (2023). Effects of a post-traumatic growth program on young Korean breast cancer survivors. Healthcare, 11(1), 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11010140
4. Bell, V., Robinson, B., Katona, C., Fett, A. K., ve Shergill, S. (2019). When trust is lost: The impact of interpersonal trauma on social interactions. Psychological medicine, 49(6), 1041-1046. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718001800
5. Bradley, R., Greene, J., Russ, E., Dutra, L., ve Westen, D. (2005). A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for PTSD. American journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 214-227. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.214
6. Byra, S. (2016). Posttraumatic growth in people with traumatic long-term spinal cord injury: predictive role of basic hope and coping. Spinal Cord, 54(6), 478-482. https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2015.177
7. Caglar, A., ve Deniz, M. E. (2023). The improvement of post-traumatic cognitive attribution scale: its relationship with loneliness and depression. Current Psychology, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04748-1
8. Calhoun, L. G., ve Tedeschi, R. G. (1999). Facilitating posttraumatic growth: A clinician's guide. Routledge.

9. Capaldi, J. M., Shabanian, J., Finster, L. B., Asher, A., Wertheimer, J. C., Zebrack, B. J., ve Shirazipour, C. H. (2024). Post-traumatic stress symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder, and post-traumatic growth among cancer survivors: a systematic scoping review of interventions. Health Psychology Review, 18(1), 41-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2022.2162947
10. Eryılmaz, A. (2020). Meta teori: Bir gelişim ve psikoterapi kuramı olarak pozitif psikoterapi. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
11. Garrido-Hernansaiz, H., Rodríguez-Rey, R., Collazo-Castiñeira, P., ve Collado, S. (2023). The posttraumatic growth inventory-short form (PTGI-SF): A psychometric study of the Spanish population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Current Psychology, 42(20), 17513-17522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02645-z
12. George, D., ve Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
13. Gökahmetoğlu, G. (2021). Algılanan sosyal destek ve yaşam amacının travma sonrası büyüme ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Kent Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
14. Joseph, S. ve Linley, P. A. (2008). Positive psychological perspectives on posttraumatic stress: An integrative psychosocial framework. In S. Joseph ve P. A. Linley (Eds.), Trauma, recovery, and growth positive psychological perspectives on posttraumatic stress (pp. 3-21). John Wiley ve Sons, Inc.
15. Karagiorgou, O., Evans, J. J., ve Cullen, B. (2018). Post-traumatic growth in adult survivors of brain injury: A qualitative study of participants completing a pilot trial of brief positive psychotherapy. Disability and rehabilitation, 40(6), 655-659. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2016.1274337
16. Koliouli, F., ve Canellopoulos, L. (2021). Dispositional optimism, stress, post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth in Greek general population facing the COVID-19 crisis. European Journal of Trauma ve Dissociation, 5(2), 100209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2021.100209
17. Liu, A., Xu, B., Liu, M., Wang, W., ve Wu, X. (2023). The reciprocal relations among self-compassion, posttraumatic stress disorder, and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake: a three-wave cross-lagged study. Journal of mental health, 32(3), 634-642. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2023.2182411
18. Magne, H., Jaafari, N., ve Voyer, M. (2020). Post-traumatic growth: some conceptual considerations. L'encephale, 47(2), 143-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.05.021
19. Mark, K. M., Stevelink, S. A., Choi, J., ve Fear, N. T. (2018). Post-traumatic growth in the military: a systematic review. Occupational and environmental medicine, 75(12), 904-915. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-105166
20. Nouzari, R., Najafi, S. S., ve Momennasab, M. (2019). Post-traumatic growth among family caregivers of cancer patients and its association with social support and hope. International journal of community based nursing and midwifery, 7(4), 319. 10.30476/IJCBNM.2019.73959.0
21. Ochoa-Arnedo, C., Casellas-Grau, A., Lleras, M., Medina, J. C., ve Vives, J. (2021). Stress management or post-traumatic growth facilitation to diminish distress in cancer survivors? A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 16(6), 715-725. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1765005
22. Park, C. L. (1998). Implication of posttraumatic growth for individuals. In R. G. Tedeschi, C. L. Park, ve L. G. Calhoun (Eds.), Posttraumatic growth: Positive change in the aftermath of crisis (pp. 153-177). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
23. Peseschkian, H., ve Remmers, A. (2020). Positive Psychotherapy: An Introduction. E. Messias, H. Peseschkian ve C. Cagande (Eds.), Positive Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychology: Clinical Applications (pp. 11-32). Springer.
24. Peseschkian, N. (1986). Oriental stories as tools in psychotherapy: The merchant and the parrot. Springer-Verlag.
25. Peseschkian, N. (1987). Positive psychotherapy: Theory and practice of a new method. Springer Science ve Business Media.
26. Peseschkian, N. (2012). Positive family therapy: The family as therapist. Springer Science ve Business Media. Peseschkian, N. ve Deidenbach, H. (1988). Wiesbadener inventar zur positiven psychtherapie und familien therapie (WIPPF). NewYork, Springer-Verlag.
27. Sarı, T., Eryılmaz, A. ve Varlıklı-Öztürk, G. (2010). Adaption of wıppf to Turkish culture. This Study Presented 5th World Congress on Positive Psychotherapy, 9-12 Oct, İstanbul/Turkey.
28. Sarı, T., ve Eryılmaz, A. (2020). Positive Psychotherapy in PTSD and Post-traumatic Growth. E. Messias, H. Peseschkian ve C. Cagande (Eds.), Positive Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychology: Clinical Applications (pp. 153- 163). Springer.
29. Schiraldi, G. R. (2009). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook. New York: McGraw-Hill.
30. Scrignaro, M., Barni, S., ve Magrin, M. E. (2011). The combined contribution of social support and coping strategies in predicting post‐traumatic growth: a longitudinal study on cancer patients. Psycho‐oncology, 20(8), 823-831. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1782
31. Tedeschi, R. G., Cann, A., Taku, K., Senol-Durak, E., ve Calhoun, L. G. (2017). The posttraumatic growth inventory: A revision integrating existential and spiritual change. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22155
32. Tedeschi, R. G., Park, C. L., ve Calhoun, L. G. (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual issues. In R. G. Tedeschi, C. L. Park, ve L. G. Calhoun (Eds.), Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis (pp. 1–22). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
33. Tedeschi, R. G., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Taku, K., ve Calhoun, L. G. (2018). Posttraumatic growth: Theory, research, and applications. Routledge.
34. Tedeschi, R. G., ve Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma and transformation. Sage.
35. Tedeschi, R. G., ve Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of traumatic stress, 9(3), 455-471. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02103658
36. Tedeschi, R. G., ve Calhoun, L. G. (2004). "Posttraumatic growth: conceptual foundations and empirical evidence". Psychological inquiry, 15(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
37. Yan, S., Yang, J., Ye, M., Chen, S., Xie, C., Huang, J., ve Liu, H. (2021). Post-traumatic growth and related influencing factors in discharged COVID-19 patients: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 658307. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.658307
38. Zhang, N., Bai, B., ve Zhu, J. (2023). Stress mindset, proactive coping behavior, and posttraumatic growth among health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 15(3), 515–523. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001377