Arap Dili Öğretiminde Derlem Dilbilim Tabanlı Pedagojik Yaklaşımların Geliştirilmesi: Kuramsal Bir Çerçeve ve Uygulama Önerileri

Yıl 2025, Sayı: Ö3 - Eğitim Bilimlerinde Yeni Yaklaşımlar, 203 - 244

Mustafa Kayapınar

Öz

Bu makale, Arapçanın yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde karşılaşılan so-runlara, özellikle diglossia (işlevsel dil ikiliği) ve doğal dil verilerine dayalı öğretim materyallerinin sınırlılığına bir çözüm olarak derlem dilbilim tabanlı pedagojik yaklaşımların potansiyelini incelemektedir. Çalışma, Arapçanın küresel önemine rağmen öğretiminde yaşanan zorlukları vurgulayarak baş-lamakta, ardından derlem dilbilimin dilin gerçek kullanım verilerine dayalı ampirik bir metodoloji olarak dil eğitimine getirdiği yenilikleri açıklamakta-dır. Geleneksel gramer-çeviri yönteminin iletişimsel yetersizliği ve modern yaklaşımların Arapçanın özgün yapısı karşısındaki sınırları, kanıta dayalı yeni modellere olan ihtiyacı ortaya koymaktadır. Bu ihtiyaca bir cevap ola-rak makale, Arapçanın doğasına uygun, çok katmanlı (Modern Standart Arapça, lehçeler, özel amaçlı metinler ve öğrenci metinleri) bir derlem mi-marisi üzerine kurulu kuramsal bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Bu çerçeve, derlem verilerinin sıklık listeleri, eşdizimlilik analizleri ve Veri Güdümlü Öğrenme (VGÖ) gibi tekniklerle sözcük bilgisi, dilbilgisi, telaffuz ve kültürel yeterlilik öğretiminde nasıl kullanılabileceğini detaylandırmaktadır. Teoriyi pratiğe dökmek amacıyla, öğretmenler için ders materyali geliştirme ve ispata dayalı geri bildirim verme; öğrenciler için özerk öğrenme ve kendi dilsel gelişimle-rini analiz etme; müfredat geliştiriciler için ise sıklık temelli ve doğal dil veri-lerine dayalı materyallere dayalı programlar tasarlama gibi somut uygulama önerileri sunulmaktadır. Sonuç olarak çalışma, derlem dilbilimin Arapça öğretimini öğreticinin sezgilerine dayalı bir uygulama alanından, ampirik verilere dayalı bir bilimsel sürece dönüştürme potansiyelini vurgulamakta ve alanda gelecekteki araştırmalar için Arapça öğrenci derlemlerinin oluştu-rulması, deneysel çalışmaların yapılması ve öğretmen eğitim programlarının geliştirilmesi gibi yönelimlere işaret etmektedir. Bu yaklaşım, Arapça öğreti-mini daha otantik, etkili ve öğrenci merkezli bir sürece dönüştürmek için bütüncül bir yol haritası sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Derlem Dilbilim , Arap Dili Öğretimi , Veri Güdümlü Öğrenme , Çiftdillilik , Öğrenci Derlemleri

The Development of Corpus Linguistics-Based Pedagogical Approaches in Arabic Language Teaching: Theoretical Framework and Application Proposals

Öz

This article examines the potential of corpus linguistics-based pedagogi-cal approaches as a solution to the structural challenges in Teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language (TAFL), particularly diglossia and the lack of authen-tic materials. The study begins by highlighting the difficulties in teaching Arabic despite its global importance, then explains the innovations that cor-pus linguistics, as an empirical methodology based on real language use da-ta, brings to language education. The communicative inadequacy of traditi-onal grammar-translation methods and the limitations of modern approac-hes in the face of Arabic's unique structure reveal the need for new, eviden-ce-based models. In response to this need, the article presents a theoretical framework built on a multi-layered corpus architecture (Modern Standard Arabic, dialects, specialized texts, and learner texts) tailored to the nature of Arabic. This framework details how corpus data can be used to teach voca-bulary, grammar, pronunciation, and cultural competence through tech-niques such as frequency lists, collocation analysis, and Data-Driven Lear-ning (DDL). To translate theory into practice, concrete application proposals are offered for key stakeholders: for teachers, developing course materials and providing evidence-based feedback; for learners, engaging in autono-mous learning and analyzing their own linguistic development; and for cur-riculum developers, designing programs based on frequency and authentic materials. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the potential of corpus lingu-istics to transform Arabic teaching from an intuitive art into a data-driven science. It points to future research directions, including the creation of Arabic learner corpora, conducting experimental studies, and developing teacher training programs. This approach offers a holistic roadmap for ma-king Arabic instruction a more authentic, effective, and student-centered process.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Corpus Linguistics , Teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language (TAFL) , Data-Driven Learning (DDL) , Diglossia , Learner Corpora

Kaynakça

• Abuhakema, Ghazi vd. “Annotating an Arabic Learner Corpus for Error”. Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Eva-luation (LREC 2008). Marrakech, 2008. https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~feldmana/publications/2008-LREC-ARIDA.pdf
• Alfaifi, Abdullah vd. “Arabic Learner Corpus (ALC) v2: A New Written and Spoken Corpus of Arabic Learners”. Learner Corpus Studies in Asia and the World 2 (2014). https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/docs/LDC2015S10/ALFAIFI_LCSAW2014.pdf
• Al-Wer, Enam. “The Arabic-Speaking Middle East”. The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World. ed. Martin J. Ball. 191-203. London: Routledge, 2010.
• Badawi, El-Said - Hinds, Martin. A Dictionary of Egyptian Arabic: Arabic-English. Beyrut: Librairie du Liban, 1986.
• Bassiouney, Reem. Arabic Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2. Basım, 2020.
• Biber, Douglas vd. Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
• Biber, Douglas. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
• Brustad, Kristen vd. Al-Kitaab fii Ta‘allum al-‘Arabiyya: A Textbook for Begin-ning Arabic, Part One. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 3. Basım, 2010.
• Buckwalter, Tim- Parkinson, Dilworth B. A Frequency Dictionary of Arabic: Core Vocabulary for Learners. London: Routledge, 2011.
• Cook, Guy. Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
• Diessel, Holger. “Usage-Based Linguistics”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.363
• Ferguson, Charles A. “Diglossia”. Word 15/2 (1959), 325.
• Firth, John R. “A Synopsis of Linguistic Theory, 1930–1955”. Studies in Lin-guistic Analysis. 11. Oxford: Blackwell, 1957.
• Graff, David vd. Arabic Gigaword. Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consor-tium, 2003.
• Granger, Sylviane. “A Bird’s-Eye View of Learner Corpus Research”. Com-puter Learner Corpora, Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching. ed. Sylviane Granger vd. 7-33. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2002.
• Granger, Sylviane. Learner English on Computer. London: Longman, 1998.
• Granger, Sylviane. “The Computer Learner Corpus: A Versatile New Sour-ce of SLA Research”. Learner English on Computer. ed. Sylviane Granger. London: Longman, 1998.
• Habash, Nizar. Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing. San Ra-fael, CA: Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2010.
• Habash, Nizar vd. “MADA+TOKAN: A Toolkit for Arabic Tokenization, Diacritization, Morphological Disambiguation, POS Tagging, Stemming and Lemmatization”. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Human Language Technology. 102-109. New York: Association for Com-putational Linguistics, 2009.
• Hoey, Michael. Lexical Priming: A New Theory of Words and Language. Lon-don and New York: Routledge, 2005.
• Hunston, Susan. Corpora in applied linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-versity Press, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524773
• Johns, Tim. “From Printout to Handout: Grammar and Vocabulary Teac-hing in the Context of Data-Driven Learning”. Classroom Concordan-cing. ed. Tim Johns - Philip King. Birmingham: University of Birming-ham, 1991.
• McEnery, Tony vd. Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London and New York: Routledge, 2006.
• McEnery, Tony - Hardie, Andrew. Corpus Linguistics: Method, Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
• McEnery, Tony - Wilson, Andrew. Corpus Linguistics: An Introduction. Edin-burgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2. Basım, 2001.
• Miller, Matthew T. vd. “Open Islamicate Texts Initiative (OpenITI): Develo-ping a Machine-Readable Corpus of Islamicate Texts”, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3082464
• Moser, Janelle. “Evaluating Arabic Textbooks: A Corpus-Based Lexical Frequency Study”. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 31/2 (2020), 248-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12321
• Nation, Paul. Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. Cambridge: Camb-ridge University Press, 2. Basım, 2013.
• O’Keeffe, Anne vd. From Corpus to Classroom: Language Use and Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
• Parkinson, Dilworth B. - Eid, Muhammad H. “Building Balanced Reference Corpora for Arabic: Challenges and Perspectives”. Perspectives on Ara-bic Linguistics X: Papers from the Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics. 97-118. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1997.
• Reppen, Randi. “Using Corpora in the Language Classroom”. Using Corpora in the Language Classroom. ed. Randi Reppen vd. 45-61. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
• Rissanen, Matti. “The Helsinki Corpus of English Texts: Diachronic and Synchronic Dimensions”. Studies in Early Modern English. ed. Dieter Kastovsky. 7-27. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1994.
• Ryding, Karin C. A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. Cambrid-ge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
• Scott, Mike. WordSmith Tools Version 5. Liverpool: Lexical Analysis Softwa-re, 2008.
• Sinclair, John. Collins COBUILD English Grammar. London: HarperCollins, 1990.
• Sinclair, John. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
• Sinclair, John (ed.). Looking Up: An Account of the COBUILD Project in Lexical Computing. London: Collins ELT, 1987.
• Sinclair, John. Reading Concordances: An Introduction. London: Pearson Edu-cation, 2003.
• Stubbs, Michael. Text and Corpus Analysis: Computer-Assisted Studies of Lan-guage and Culture. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.
• Stubbs, Michael. Words and Phrases: Corpus Studies of Lexical Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.
• Tognini-Bonelli, Elena. Corpus Linguistics at Work. Amsterdam: John Ben-jamins, 2001.
• Wightwick, Jane - Gaafar, Mahmoud. Mastering Arabic. London: Blo-omsbury, 3. Basım, 2020.
• Wolf, Hans-Georg - Polzenhagen, Frank. “Intonation and Discourse Mar-kers in Spoken Arabic”. The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics. ed. Elabbas Benmamoun - Reem Bassiouney. 391-405. London and New York: Routledge, 2018.